{"product_id":"young-stalin-isbn-9781400096138","title":"Young Stalin","description":"\u003cb\u003eFrom the \u003ci\u003eNew York Times \u003c\/i\u003ebestselling author of \u003ci\u003eThe Romanovs\u003c\/i\u003e—and one of our pre-eminent historians—comes “a meticulously researched, authoritative biography” (\u003ci\u003eThe New York Times\u003c\/i\u003e), the companion volume to the prize-winning \u003ci\u003eStalin\u003c\/i\u003e, and essential reading for anyone interested in Russian history. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis revelatory account unveils how Stalin became Stalin, examining his shadowy journey from obscurity to power—from master historian Simon Sebag Montefiore.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eBased on ten years of research, \u003ci\u003eYoung Stalin\u003c\/i\u003e is a brilliant prehistory of the USSR, a chronicle of the Revolution, and an intimate biography.  Montefiore tells the story of a charismatic, darkly turbulent boy born into poverty, scarred by his upbringing but possessed of unusual talents. Admired as a romantic poet and trained as a priest, he found his true mission as a murderous revolutionary. Here is the dramatic story of his friendships and hatreds, his many love affairs, his complicated relationship with the Tsarist secret police, and how he became the merciless politician who shaped the Soviet Empire in his own brutal image.\u003cb\u003eWinner of the \u003ci\u003eLos Angeles \u003c\/i\u003eBook Prize for Biography \u003cbr\u003eWinner of the Costa Book Award for Biography\u003cbr\u003eA \u003ci\u003eChristian Science Monitor \u003c\/i\u003eand \u003ci\u003eSeattle Times\u003c\/i\u003e Best Book of the Year\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e“Brilliantly researched. . . . The portrait of Stalin that emerges from these pages  is more complete, more colorful, more chilling, and far more convincing than any  we have had before.” —\u003ci\u003eThe New York Review of Books\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e“\u003ci\u003eYoung Stalin \u003c\/i\u003eis brilliantly  readable, as intricately plotted and full of detail as a good novel, scrupulously  researched, and full of hitherto unknown (or unreported) facts about Stalin's life.” —\u003ci\u003eMen's Vogue\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e“A meticulously researched, authoritative biography. . . . Mr. Montefiore  has found the devil in the details, working his way with a fine-tooth comb through  previously unread archival material.” —\u003ci\u003eThe New York Times\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e“The most complete, accurate  account of the tyrant's early years-a fascinating tale of life in the revolutionary  underground, drenched in violence, fear and deceit, filled with a rogue's gallery  of bandits, double-agents and terrorists.\" —\u003ci\u003eThe Seattle Times\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cb\u003eSIMON SEBAG MONTEFIORE\u003c\/b\u003e is a historian of Russia and the Middle East. \u003ci\u003eCatherine the Great and Potemkin\u003c\/i\u003e was short-listed for the Samuel Johnson Prize. \u003ci\u003eStalin: The Court of the Red Tsar \u003c\/i\u003ewon the History Book of the Year Prize at the British Book Awards. \u003ci\u003eYoung Stalin \u003c\/i\u003ewon the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Biography, the Costa Biography Award, and le Grande Prix de la biographie politique. \u003ci\u003eJerusalem: The Biography \u003c\/i\u003ewas a worldwide best seller. Montefiore’s books are published in more than forty languages. He is the author of the novels \u003ci\u003eSashenka \u003c\/i\u003eand \u003ci\u003eOne Night in Winter, \u003c\/i\u003ewhich won the Paddy Power Political Fiction Book of the Year Award in 2014. A Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, Montefiore graduated from Cambridge University, where he received his PhD. He lives in London.\u003cb\u003ePROLOGUE: The Bank Robbery\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAt 10:30 a.m. on the sultry morning of Wednesday, 26 June 1907, in the seething central square of Tiflis, a dashing mustachioed cavalry captain in boots and jodhpurs, wielding a big Circassian sabre, performed tricks on horseback, joking with two pretty, well-dressed Georgian girls who twirled gaudy parasols–while fingering Mauser pistols hidden in their dresses.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRaffish young men in bright peasant blouses and wide sailor-style trousers waited on the street corners, cradling secreted revolvers and grenades. At the louche Tilipuchuri Tavern on the square, a crew of heavily armed gangsters took over the cellar bar, gaily inviting passers-by to join them for drinks. All of them were waiting to carry out the first exploit by Josef Djugashvili, aged twenty-nine, later known as Stalin, to win the attention of the world.[1]\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFew outside the gang knew of the plan that day for a criminal terrorist “spectacular,” but Stalin had worked on it for months. One man who did know the broad plan was Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik Party,[2] hiding in a villa in Kuokola, Finland, far to the north. Days earlier, in Berlin, and then in London, Lenin had secretly met with Stalin to order the big heist, even though their Social-Democratic Party had just strictly banned all “expropriations,” the euphemism for bank robberies. But Stalin’s operations, heists and killings, always conducted with meticulous attention to detail and secrecy, had made him the “main financier of the Bolshevik Centre.”[3]\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe events that day would make headlines all over the globe, literally shake Tiflis to its foundations, and further shatter the fragmented Social-Democrats into warring factions: that day would both make Stalin’s career and almost ruin it–a watershed in his life.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn Yerevan Square, the twenty brigands who formed the core of Stalin’s gang, known as “the Outfit,” took up positions as their lookouts peered down Golovinsky Prospect, Tiflis’s elegant main street, past the white Italianate splendour of the Viceroy’s Palace. They awaited the clatter of a stagecoach and its squadron of galloping Cossacks. The army captain with the Circassian sabre caracoled on his horse before dismounting to stroll the fashionable boulevard.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eEvery street corner was guarded by a Cossack or policeman: the authorities were ready. Something had been expected since January. The informers and agents of the Tsar’s secret police, the Okhrana, and his uniformed political police, the Gendarmes, delivered copious reports about the clandestine plots and feuds of the gangs of revolutionaries and criminals. In the misty twilight of this underground, the worlds of bandit and terrorist had merged and it was hard to tell tricks from truth. But there had been “chatter” about a “spectacular”–as today’s intelligence experts would put it–for months.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOn that dazzling steamy morning, the Oriental colour of Tiflis (now Tbilisi, the capital of the Republic of Georgia) hardly seemed to belong to the same world as the Tsar’s capital, St. Petersburg, a thousand miles away. The older streets, without running water or electricity, wound up the slopes of Mtatsminda, Holy Mountain, until they were impossibly steep, full of crookedly picturesque houses weighed down with balconies, entwined with old vines. Tiflis was a big village where everyone knew everyone else.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eJust behind the military headquarters, on genteel Freilinskaya Street, a stone’s throw from the square, lived Stalin’s wife, a pretty young Georgian dressmaker named Kato Svanidze, and their newborn son, Yakov. Theirs was a true love match: despite his black moods, Stalin was devoted to Kato, who admired and shared his revolutionary fervour. As she sunned herself and the baby on her balcony, her husband was about to give her, and Tiflis itself, an unholy shock.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis intimate city was the capital of the Caucasus, the Tsar’s wild, mountainous viceroyalty between the Black and the Caspian Seas, a turbulent region of fierce and feuding peoples. Golovinsky Prospect seemed Parisian in its elegance. White neo-classical theatres, a Moorish-style opera house, grand hotels and the palaces of Georgian princes and Armenian oil barons lined the street, but, as one passed the military headquarters, Yerevan Square opened up into an Asiatic potpourri.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eExotically dressed hawkers and stalls offered spicy Georgian \u003ci\u003elobio \u003c\/i\u003ebeans and hot \u003ci\u003ekhachapuri \u003c\/i\u003echeesecake. Water-carriers, street-traders, pickpockets and porters delivered to or stole from the Armenian and Persian Bazaars, the alleyways of which more resembled a Levantine souk than a European city. Caravans of camels and donkeys, loaded with silks and spices from Persia and Turkestan, fruit and wineskins from the lush Georgian countryside, ambled through the gates of the Caravanserai. Its young waiters and errand boys served its clientele of guests and diners, carrying in the bags, unharnessing the camels–and watching the square. Now we know from the newly opened Georgian archives that Stalin, Faginlike, used the Caravanserai boys as a prepubescent revolutionary street intelligence and courier service. Meanwhile in one of the Caravanserai’s cavernous backrooms, the chief gangsters gave their gunmen a pep talk, rehearsing the plan one last time. Stalin himself was there that morning.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe two pretty teenage girls with twirling umbrellas and loaded revolvers, Patsia Goldava and Anneta Sulakvelidze, “brown-haired, svelte, with black eyes that expressed youth,” casually sashayed across the square to stand outside the military headquarters, where they flirted with Russian officers, Gendarmes in smart blue uniforms, and bowlegged Cossacks.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTiflis was–and still is–a languid town of strollers and boulevardiers who frequently stop to drink wine at the many open-air taverns: if the showy, excitable Georgians resemble any other European people, it is the Italians. Georgians and other Caucasian men, in traditional \u003ci\u003echokha\u003c\/i\u003e–their skirted long coats lined down the chest with bullet pouches–swaggered down the streets, singing loudly. Georgian women in black headscarves, and the wives of Russian officers in European fashions, promenaded through the gates of the Pushkin Gardens, buying ices and sherbet alongside Persians and Armenians, Chechens, Abkhaz and Mountain Jews, in a fancy-dress jamboree of hats and costumes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGangs of street urchins–\u003ci\u003ekinto\u003c\/i\u003es–furtively scanned the crowds for scams. Teenage trainee priests, in long white surplices, were escorted by their berobed, bearded priest-teachers from the pillared white seminary across the street, where Stalin had almost qualified as a priest nine years earlier. This un-Slavic, un-Russian and ferociously Caucasian kaleidoscope of East and West was the world that nurtured Stalin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChecking the time, the girls Anneta and Patsia parted, taking up new positions on either side of the square. On Palace Street, the dubious clientele of the notorious Tilipuchuri Tavern–princes, pimps, informers and pickpockets–were already drinking Georgian wine and Armenian brandy, not far from the plutocratic grandeur of Prince Sumbatov’s palace.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eJust then David Sagirashvili, another revolutionary who knew Stalin and some of the gangsters, visited a friend who owned a shop above the tavern and was invited in by the cheerful brigand at the doorway, Bachua Kupriashvili, who “immediately offered me a chair and a glass of red wine, according to the Georgian custom.” David drank the wine and was about to leave when the gunman suggested “with exquisite politeness” that he stay inside and “sample more snacks and wine.” David realized that “they were letting people \u003ci\u003einto \u003c\/i\u003ethe restaurant but would not let them \u003ci\u003eout\u003c\/i\u003e. Armed individuals stood at the door.”\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSpotting the convoy galloping down the boulevard, Patsia Goldava, the slim brunette on lookout, sped round the corner to the Pushkin Gardens where she waved her newspaper to Stepko Intskirveli, waiting by the gate.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e“We’re off!” he muttered.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStepko nodded at Anneta Sulakvelidze, who was across the street just outside the Tilipuchuri, where she made a sign summoning the others from the bar. The gunmen in the doorway beckoned them. “At a given signal” Sagirashvili saw the brigands in the tavern put down their drinks, cock their pistols and head out, spreading across the square–thin, consumptive young men in wide trousers who had barely eaten for weeks. Some were gangsters, some desperadoes and some, typically for Georgia, were poverty-stricken princes from roofless, wall-less castles in the provinces. If their deeds were criminal, they cared nothing for money: they were devoted to Lenin, the Party and their puppet-master in Tiflis, Stalin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e“The functions of each of us had been planned in advance,” remembered a third girl in the gang, Alexandra Darakhvelidze, just nineteen, a friend of Anneta, and already veteran of a spree of heists and shootouts.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe gangsters each covered the square’s policemen–the \u003ci\u003egorodovoi, \u003c\/i\u003eknown in the streets as \u003ci\u003epharaoh\u003c\/i\u003es. Two gunmen marked the Cossacks outside the City Hall; the rest made their way to the corner of Velyaminov Street and the Armenian Bazaar, not far from the State Bank itself. Alexandra Darakhvelidze, in her unpublished memoirs, recalled guarding one of the street corners with two gunmen.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNow Bachua Kupriashvili, nonchalantly pretending to read a newspaper, spotted in the distance the cloud of dust thrown up by the horses’ hooves. They were coming! Bachua rolled up his newspaper, poised . . . The cavalry captain with the flashing sabre, who had been promenading the square, now warned passers-by to stay out of it, but when no one paid any attention he jumped back onto his fine horse. He was no officer but the ideal of the Georgian \u003ci\u003ebeau sabreur \u003c\/i\u003eand outlaw, half-knight, half-bandit. This was Kamo, aged twenty-five, boss of the Outfit and, as Stalin put it, “a master of disguise” who could pass for a rich prince or a peasant laundrywoman. He moved stiffly, his half-blind left eye squinting and rolling: one of his own bombs had exploded in his face just weeks before. He was still recuperating.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eKamo “was completely enthralled” by Stalin, who had converted him to Marxism. They had grown up together in the violent town of Gori forty-five miles away. He was a bank robber of ingenious audacity, a Houdini of prison-escapes, a credulous simpleton–and a half-insane practitioner of psychopathic violence. Intensely, eerily tranquil with a weird “lustreless face” and a blank gaze, he was keen to serve his master, often begging Stalin: “Let me kill him for you!” No deed of macabre horror or courageous flamboyance was beyond him: he later plunged his hand into a man’s chest and cut out his heart.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThroughout his life, Stalin’s detached magnetism would attract, and win the devotion of, amoral, unbounded psychopaths. His boyhood henchman Kamo and these gangsters were the first in a long line. “Those young men followed Stalin selflessly . . . Their admiration for him allowed him to impose on them his iron discipline.”[4] Kamo often visited Stalin’s home, where he had earlier borrowed Kato’s father’s sabre, explaining that he was “going to play an officer of the Cossacks.”[5] Even Lenin, that fastidious lawyer, raised as a nobleman, was fascinated by the daredevil Kamo, whom he called his “Caucasian bandit.” “Kamo,” mused Stalin in old age, “was a truly amazing person.”[6]\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e“Captain” Kamo turned his horse towards the boulevard and trotted audaciously right past the advancing convoy, coming the other way. Once the shooting started, he boasted, the whole thing “would be over in three minutes.”\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Cossacks galloped into Yerevan Square, two in front, two behind and another alongside the two carriages. Through the dust, the gangsters could make out that the stagecoach contained two men in frockcoats–the State Bank’s cashier Kurdyumov and accountant Golovnya–and two soldiers with rifles cocked, while a second phaeton was packed with police and soldiers. In the thunder of hooves, it took just seconds for the carriages and horsemen to cross the square ready to turn into Sololaki Street, where stood the new State Bank: the statues of lions and gods over its door represented the surging prosperity of Russian capitalism.[7]\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBachua lowered his newspaper, giving the sign, then tossed it aside, reaching for his weapons. The gangsters drew out what they nicknamed their “apples”–powerful grenades which had been smuggled into Tiflis by the girls Anneta and Alexandra, hidden inside a big sofa.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe gunmen and the girls stepped forward, pulled the fuses and tossed four grenades which exploded under the carriages with a deafening noise and an infernal force that disemboweled horses and tore men to pieces, spattering the cobbles with innards and blood. The brigands drew their Mauser and Browning pistols and opened fire on the Cossacks and police around the square who, caught totally unawares, fell wounded or ran for cover. More than ten bombs exploded. Witnesses thought they rained from every direction, even the rooftops: it was later said that Stalin had thrown the first bomb from the roof of Prince Sumbatov’s mansion.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe bank’s carriages stopped. Screaming passers-by scrambled for cover. Some thought it was an earthquake: was Holy Mountain falling on to the city? “No one could tell if the terrible shooting was the boom of cannons or explosion of bombs,” reported the Georgian newspaper \u003ci\u003eIsari \u003c\/i\u003e(Arrow). “The sound caused panic everywhere . . . almost across the whole city, people started running. Carriages and carts were galloping away . . .” Chimneys had toppled from buildings; every pane of glass was shattered as far as the Viceroy’s Palace.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eKato Svanidze was standing on her nearby balcony tending Stalin’s baby with her family, “when all of a sudden we heard the sound of bombs,” recalled her sister, Sashiko. “Terrified, we rushed into the house.” Outside, amid the yellow smoke and the wild chaos, among the bodies of horses and mutilated limbs of men, something had gone wrong.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOne horse attached to the front carriage twitched, then jerked back to life. Just as the gangsters ran to seize the moneybags in the back of the carriage, the horse reared up out of the mayhem and bolted down the hill towards the Soldiers Bazaar, disappearing with the money that Stalin had promised Lenin for the Revolution.[8]\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003eNOTES\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e[1] This account of the Tiflis expropriation is based on the many sources listed in this note. On her role and that of others: GF IML 8.2.2.64, Alexandra Darakhvelidze- Margvelashvili, recorded 21 Feb. 1959. On his role, on cowardly comrades, who did what: GF IML 8.2.1.624.1—26, Bachua Kupriashvili. Kote Tsintsadze, \u003ci\u003eRogor vibrdzolot proletariatis diktaturistvis: chemi mogonebani \u003c\/i\u003e(henceforth Tsintsadze), pp. 40—49.\u003cbr\u003eGF IML 8.5.384.3—10, Autobiographical notes by Kamo; GF IML 8.5.380.5—6, Personal File and Questionnaire, filled in by Kamo on day of his death. GF IML 8.2.1.50.239—55, D. A. Khutulashvili (sister of Kamo). The gang; Eliso hides; Stalin head of that organization: Archives of the Hoover Institution of War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford (henceforth Stanford), Boris Nikolaevsky Collection (henceforth Nikolaevsky), box 207, folder 207—10, letter from Tatiana Vulikh; folder 207—11. Tiflis Committee approves robbery: Razhden Arsenidze, interviews nos. 1—3, 103—4, Nikolaevsky box 667, series 279, folder 4-5, Inter-University Project on History of Menshevik Movement.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOn Okhrana investigation\/suspicions of coming robbery in Caucasus; 14 and 18 Jan. 1908: Stanford, Paris Okhrana archives, box 209, folder XXB.2, letter on suspects, 13 Feb. 1907. Arrest of Kamo and full biography, 31 Oct.\/13 Nov. and 27\/14 Nov. 1908; and 14 Nov.\/21 Oct. 1907: Suspect in Tiflis expropriation–Josef\/Soso Davrichewy: Stanford, Okhrana box 209, folder XXB.1.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLetter, R. Arsenidze to Boris Nikolaevsky, 8 Jan. 1957, on investigation by Silvester Jibladze and fights with Menshevik about Kvirili expropriation money: Nikolaevsky box 472, folder 2.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGrigory Uratadze, \u003ci\u003eVospominaniya \u003c\/i\u003e(henceforth Uratadze), pp. 163—66–Stalin, the main financier of the Bolshevik centre, did not participate personally; pp. 71—72 on giving expro money to Shaumian.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOn Kamo’s role: I. M. Dubinsky-Mukhadze, \u003ci\u003eKamo, \u003c\/i\u003epp. 71—84; David Shub, “Kamo.” Obeying Stalin from Gendarme report, R. Imnaishvili, \u003ci\u003eKamo, \u003c\/i\u003esection 1, pp. 52—55; the expropriation, p. 59; betrayal of Kamo by Arsen Karsidze, p. 34. Account of expropriation as told by Kamo to his wife: S. F. Medvedeva-Ter-Petrossian, “Tovarish\u003cbr\u003eKamo.” Jacques Baynac, \u003ci\u003eKamo, \u003c\/i\u003epp. 90—100. Anna Geifman, \u003ci\u003eThou Shalt Kill, \u003c\/i\u003epp. 112-16, 212 and 299, including Kamo killing for Stalin. On psychology of Kamo and terrorists: “Introduction” in Anna Geifman (ed.), \u003ci\u003eRussia under the Last Tsar, \u003c\/i\u003epp. 1—14. Jonathan Daly, \u003ci\u003eThe Watchful State, \u003c\/i\u003ep. 67. Radzinsky, \u003ci\u003eStalin, \u003c\/i\u003ep. 61. Robert C. Williams, \u003ci\u003eThe Other Bolsheviks \u003c\/i\u003e(henceforth Williams), pp. 113—15.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePretty girls, Stalin’s iron discipline: Khariton Chavichvili, \u003ci\u003ePatrie, prison, exil, \u003c\/i\u003ep. 145. Lenin under attack from Mensheviks: Khariton Chavichvili, \u003ci\u003eRévolutionnaires russes à Genève en 1908, \u003c\/i\u003epp. 80—83. Stalin and Shaumian in London, permission for expropriation, morning meeting, division of spoils: G. S. Akopian, \u003ci\u003eStepan Shaumian, \u003c\/i\u003epp. 44, 64. Vahtang Guruli, \u003ci\u003eSvodnaya Gruzia \u003c\/i\u003eno. 152 (225), 24 Sept. 1994, p. 4: SR theory and also Kamo accompanied by daughter of deputy police chief of Shorapani. On Okhrana informer reports that SRs conducted Tiflis expropriation and money stolen by Kamo, Tiflis Okhrana agents “N” and “Bolshaya” on 2 July and 15 July 1907:Vahtang Guruli, \u003ci\u003eJosef Stalin Materials for the Biography, \u003c\/i\u003epp. 9—11, in Central Georgian State Historical Archive 95.1.82.15, 21, 23.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLenin and Krasin create the “Technical Group,” bombs and money: L. B. Krasin, “Bolshevistskaya partiianaya tekhnika,” pp. 8—13.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLenin and Krasin fight for the money under Menshevik attack: Boris Nikolaevsky, “Bolshevistskiy Tsentre,” \u003ci\u003eRodina \u003c\/i\u003eno. 2, 1992, pp. 33—35, and no. 5, pp. 25—31. Kamo on train with girl, policeman’s daughter: Baron Bibineishvili, \u003ci\u003eZa chetvet veka \u003c\/i\u003e(henceforth Bibineishvili), pp. 92—94.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMemoir of boys working for Stalin and other comrades by D. Chachanidze: GF IML 8.1.2.4. Joint operations and assassinations with Anarchists and no mention of arrest at time of expropriation: Tsintsadze, p. 111. Kamo confides in Davrichewy that Stalin in charge, viceroy furious, Stalin’s operations; Stalin opens era of the holdup, Gori connection, Kamo kills for Stalin: Josef Davrichewy, \u003ci\u003eAh! Ce qu’on rigolait bien avec mon copain Staline \u003c\/i\u003e(henceforth Davrichewy), pp. 237—39, 174—77, 188—89. Stalin in Tiflis engaged in preparations, in Baku by 17 June, quote from L. D. Trotsky, Stalin on roof by G. Besedovsky, expulsion from Caucasus Regional Committee but supported by Lenin and CC: Alexander Ostrovsky, \u003ci\u003eKto stoyal za spinoi Stalina? \u003c\/i\u003e(henceforth Ostrovsky), pp. 259—62. The other insider in bank\/mail, G. Kasradze introduced to Kamo and Kasradze later interrogated by N. Jordania and admitted role in expropriation thanks to Stalin: GF IML 8.2.1.22.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThat day on Yerevan Square: Roy Stanley De Lon, \u003ci\u003eStalin and Social Democracy,\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003e1905—1922: The Political Diaries of David A. Sagirashvili \u003c\/i\u003e(henceforth Sagirashvili), pp.\u003cbr\u003e183—86. Candide Charkviani, “Memoirs,” p. 15, on Kamo and Kote. Robert Service,\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eStalin, \u003c\/i\u003ep. 163. Okhrana on Kamo spending all July with Lenin at dacha: Edward\u003cbr\u003eEllis Smith, \u003ci\u003eThe Young Stalin \u003c\/i\u003e(henceforth Smith), pp. 200—206. Boris Souvarine,\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eStaline, \u003c\/i\u003epp. 93—110. Essad Bey, \u003ci\u003eStalin \u003c\/i\u003e(henceforth Essad Bey), p. 82. L. D. Trotsky,\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eStalin, \u003c\/i\u003epp. 96—100. Miklos Kun, \u003ci\u003eStalin: An Unknown Portrait \u003c\/i\u003e(henceforth Kun), pp.\u003cbr\u003e73—75.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOn Tiflis: Stephen F. Jones, \u003ci\u003eSocialism in Georgian Colors \u003c\/i\u003e(henceforth Jones), pp. 160—67. Razhden Arsenidze, “Iz vospominaniya o Staline” (henceforth Arsenidze). Boris Bazhanov, \u003ci\u003eStalin, \u003c\/i\u003ep. 107. A. V. Baikaloff, \u003ci\u003eI Knew Stalin, \u003c\/i\u003ep. 20. Arrest of Djugashvili, known as teacher of workers and said to be always holding himself apart: GMIKA 116, Report of Chief of Kutaisi Province Gendarmerie to the Police Department, 9 Apr. 1902. \u003ci\u003eArmenian Review \u003c\/i\u003eno. 2 (3), 7 Sept. 1949, p. 114. Martov libel case: RGASPI 558.2.42. Kun, pp. 81—84; \u003ci\u003ePravda, \u003c\/i\u003e1 April 1918; \u003ci\u003eVperod, \u003c\/i\u003e31 March 1918. Stalin’s role: interviews with Voznesensky, 20 Sept. 1907, and 10 June 1908, and with Comrade Koba ( J. Stalin), 19 Mar. 1908: RGASPI 332.1.53: 15 (2) O2. 23 (10), 1905—1910, TSL Organized Committee to Investigate Tiflis Expropriation. Stalin on the bank robbery: GDMS 87.1955-368.11—13, Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze: Kamo’s sword. The other inside man: GF IML 8.2.1.54.214—15, Kote Charkviani, in which the memoirist, recording his memoirs in 1936, specifies how Stalin and Kamo groomed Gigo Kasradze, who was the brother-in-law of the priest’s son Kote Charkviani. International newspapers: \u003ci\u003eMoskovskie Vedomosti, \u003c\/i\u003e14, 15, 16, 17, 21 June 1907. \u003ci\u003eIsari, \u003c\/i\u003e14 July 1907. \u003ci\u003eLe Temps, \u003c\/i\u003e27 June 1907. \u003ci\u003eDaily Mirror, \u003c\/i\u003e27 June 1907. \u003ci\u003eThe Times, \u003c\/i\u003e27 and 29 June 1907.\u003cbr\u003e[2] In 1903, the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party split into two factions, the Bolsheviks under Lenin and the Mensheviks under Martov, who fought one another but remained part of the same party until 1912 when they formally divided, never to reunite. Lenin organized and led a secret three-man cabal called the Bolshevik Centre to raise money using bank robbery and organized crime rackets.\u003cbr\u003e[3] Berlin: Ostrovsky, pp. 256—59. I. V. Stalin, \u003ci\u003eSochineniya, \u003c\/i\u003e13:122 Stalin to Ludwig; also Smith, pp. 198—99.Trotsky, \u003ci\u003eStalin, \u003c\/i\u003epp. 96—107.\u003cbr\u003e[4] Arsenidze, p. 220–young men followed Stalin. GF IML 8.5.384.3—10, Autobiographical notes by Kamo. Stalin’s magnetism by Kamo’s sister Dzhavaira Khutulashvili: Kun, p. 75. Kamo’s face: Sergei Alliluyev and Anna Alliluyeva, \u003ci\u003eAlliluyev Memoirs, \u003c\/i\u003epp. 220—21. Role of girls, etc.: GF IML 8.2.1.624.1—26, Bachua Kupriashvili.\u003cbr\u003e[5] GDMS 87.1955-368.11—13: Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze.\u003cbr\u003e[6] Davrichewy, pp. 174—77, 188—89, 237—39. Charkviani, “Memoirs,” p. 15–Kamo truly amazing.\u003cbr\u003e[7] The distances in this urban village are tiny. The seminary, Stalin’s family home, the Viceroy’s Palace and the bank are all about two minutes’ walk from the site of the bank robbery. Most of the buildings in Yerevan (later Beria, then Lenin, now Freedom) Square that feature here remain standing: the Tilipuchuri Tavern (now empty of any princes or brigands), the seminary (now a museum), the City Hall, the HQ of the Caucasus Command, the State Bank and the Viceroy’s Palace (where Stalin’s mother lived so long) are all unchanged. The Caravanserai, Pushkin Gardens, Adelkhanov Shoe Warehouse (where Stalin had worked) and the bazaars are gone.\u003cbr\u003e[8] On the balcony as the bombs explode: GDMS 87.1955-368.11—13, Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze.","brand":"Vintage","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46303919243493,"sku":"NP9781400096138","price":19.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781400096138.jpg?v=1767744789","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/young-stalin-isbn-9781400096138","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}