{"product_id":"wind-energy-essentials-isbn-9781118877890","title":"Wind Energy Essentials","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExamines the possible societal impacts of wind energy projects and explains the potential issues faced when siting, constructing, and operating a wind energy project.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis book begins with a history of wind power and the social impacts of both electricity and wind power from a historical perspective, a discussion of basic electrical terms, and a primer on the conversion of power in the wind to electricity. Much of the second half of the book is devoted to comparing wind energy to other forms of electric generation, both renewable and non-renewable sources. In order to have a true understanding of the impact of wind energy on society, one also has to have a thorough understanding of the impacts that other sources of electric generation have, such as fossil-fuelled plants or nuclear power plants. The comparison of electric generation sources includes a review of how such sources are typically utilized within the electric system, as well as the economic factors and environmental considerations that affect which resources utilities or operators of electric grids have to take into account. The authors conclude with a discussion of energy policies in the U.S., individual states, and foreign nations, how these policies influence the use of renewable energy, and what our future may hold in terms of energy supply and demand. Some highlights of this book are:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e \u003cli class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\"\u003eDiscusses the wind energy impacts on the environment, local economy, electric utilities, individuals and communities\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\"\u003eProvides a visual explanation of wind energy principles through tables, graphs, maps, illustrations and photographs\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\"\u003eOffers a comprehensive overview of the issues associated with the creation and use of wind energy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\"\u003eModels chapters around an existing university curriculum\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e Spanning the broad range of environmental, financial, policy and other topics that define and determine the relationships between wind energy technology and our energy-dependent society, \u003ci\u003eWind Energy Essentials\u003c\/i\u003e is a resource for students, universities, and the entire wind energy industry. \u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Authors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDedication and Acknowledgments xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Impacts of Energy and Electricity on Society 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 What are “Social and Environmental Impacts”? 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Early Wind Power Innovation and Discovery 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Impact of Electricity on Society 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 History of Wind Energy for Electricity Production 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Renewables and Electrification in Third World Countries 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 The Nexus of Wind, Water, and Electricity 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 The Basics of Electricity 34\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Units of Electrical Measurement 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Descriptions of Common Electrical Equipment 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Types of Companies or Business Units within the Electric Industry 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Frequently Asked Questions 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Overview of Wind Energy and Other Sources of Electricity 48\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Defining Renewable Energy 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Sources and Uses of Energy 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Growth of Renewable Energy in the United States 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Use of Renewable Energy for Electricity Production in the United States 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Growth of Wind Power Capacity in the United States 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Subsidies or Incentives for Wind Energy 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Potential for Increased Use of Wind Energy in the United States 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Wind Resources in the United States 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Overview of Other Sources of Electric Generation in the United States 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Conversion of Power in the Wind to Electricity 71\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Wind Power Plants and Wind Turbines 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Atmospheric Science 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Wind Statistics 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 The Wind Energy Development Process 100\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Requirements for an Economically Viable Wind Energy Project 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Other Factors that Contribute to the Success of a Wind Energy Project 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Potential “Fatal Flaws” 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Coordination of the Wind Energy Project Development Process 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Timeline for Developing a Wind Energy Project 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Major Steps in the Early Stage Wind Project Development Process 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Major Steps in Latter Stage Wind Energy Project Development 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Final Steps in Developing a Wind Energy Project 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Conclusions 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Overview of Issues Faced by Wind Energy 115\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 The Need to Understand and Respond 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Community Relationships and Public Outreach 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 General Categorization of Issues 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Wind and Wildlife: Siting Issues and Challenges 122\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Overview of Wildlife-Related Issues Faced by the Wind Industry 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 State and Federal Regulations Relevant to Wind Development’s Impact on Wildlife 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 USFWS Guidelines for Wind Development 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Best Management Practices for Wind Energy Development Included as Chapter 7 of the USFWS\u003ci\u003e Land-Based Wind Energy Guidelines\u003c\/i\u003e 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Bird \u003ci\u003eDe\u003c\/i\u003eaths Due to Collisions with Wind Turbine Blades 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Wind Generation Wildlife Issues Not Limited to Avian Collisions 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Avian Species of Concern 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Bat Deaths due to Wind Energy Development 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Organizations Studying Ways to Minimize Effects of Wind Development on Birds and Other Wildlife 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Conclusions 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans: Public Health Issues 145\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Overview of Environmental and Ecological Impacts on Humans 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Wind Turbine Noise: Key Terms 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Estimates of Noise from Wind Turbines 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Potential Health Effects of Audible or Subaudible Noise from Wind Turbines 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Noise Ordinances 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Technological Advances that can Reduce Turbine Noise 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Siting Procedures for Noise Mitigation 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Shadow Flicker 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Mitigation of Shadow Flicker 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Electric and Magnetic Fields 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Mitigating EMF Exposure from Wind Projects 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12 Solid and Hazardous Wastes 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13 Mitigation of Solid and Hazardous Waste Issues 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14 Conclusions 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans: Public and Workforce Safety Issues 160\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Overview of Workforce and Public Safety Issues 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Things Can Go Wrong Anytime Humans are Involved (in any Industry) 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Ice Shedding 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Mitigating Ice Shedding Issues 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Blade Throw 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Mitigating Blade Throw Issues 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Risk of Fire 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Mitigating Risk of Fire 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Lightning 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Other Weather Emergencies: Hurricanes, Tornadoes, and Hail 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 The Impact of Wind Energy on Vehicular Traffic 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Planning for and Addressing Transportation Issues 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.13 Electrical and Pipeline Safety: Height, Depth, and Location of Electric Lines 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.14 Other Wind Energy Industry Workforce Safety Issues 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.15 Conclusions 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Wind Energy’s Impact on Aviation, Radar, and Telecommunications 175\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Impact of Wind Energy on Military and Civilian Aviation 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Regulatory Requirements and FAA Permitting Process 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 FAA Screening Tools 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 FAA Requirements for Marking or Lighting of Obstructions 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Marking and\/or Lighting of Meteorological Towers 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Potential Impact of Wind Turbines on Aviation or Navigation Radar 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Potential Impact of Wind Turbines on Weather Radar 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Potential Impact of Wind Turbines on Telecommunications 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Other Environmental Issues of Wind Energy Development: Aesthetics, Cultural Resources, Land Use Compatibility, Water Resources, and Site Restoration 194\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Aesthetic Issues: Wind Energy’s Impact on Scenery or Viewshed 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Mitigating Aesthetic Impacts and Issues 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Impact of Wind Energy on Cultural Resources 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Compatibility of Wind Energy Development with Existing Land Use 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Impact of Wind Energy Development on Water Resources 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Removal of Retired Equipment and Restoration of Property 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Best Management Practices for Decommissioning of Wind Energy Projects (from USFWS\u003ci\u003e Land-Based Wind Energy Guidelines\u003c\/i\u003e), 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Impact of Wind Energy on the Electric Grid 218\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Overview of Wind Integration Issues 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 The Electric Grid 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Wind Penetration 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Issues that Arise due to Integration of Wind Energy 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Capability of Wind Turbines to Meet Applicable Standards for Grid Interconnection 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Conclusions 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Non Wind Renewable Energy Sources Used to Meet Electricity Needs 234\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Comparing Sources of Electric Generation: Attributes That Will Be Considered 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Renewable Energy Generation Resources in the United States 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Hydroelectric Generation 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Solar Energy 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Biomass Energy 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Municipal Solid Waste 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Landfill Gas 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Geothermal Energy 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Energy from the Ocean: Tidal Power and Wave Power 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Hydrogen 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Nonrenewable Energy Sources Used to Meet Electricity Needs 256\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Comparing Sources of Electric Generation 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Processes or Technologies Used to Produce Electricity 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Comparing Efficiencies of Generation Technologies 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Generation Resources in the United States 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Nuclear Energy 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Coal-Fired Generation 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Natural Gas–Fired Generation 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Oil-Fired Generation 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Methane Hydrates 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Energy Efficiency and Conservation: “Less is More” and “Doing Without” 277\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Overview 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Concepts 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Consumer Efficiency and DSM 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Generation and Transmission Efficiency 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Conserving Resources and Reducing Emissions 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Positive Attributes of Energy Efficiency and Conservation 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Limits to Electric Energy Efficiency and Conservation 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 298\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Overview 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 The Greenhouse Effect 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Fossil Fuels and their Contribution to GHG Levels 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 International Political and Economic Issues of Controlling GHG Emissions 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Public Opinion and Policy 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Potential Effects of Global Climate Change 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Methods and Costs of Mitigation 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Conclusions 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Siting and Permitting of Electric Generation Projects 315\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Federal Law, Regulations, and Permitting Requirements 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Federal Permits, Approvals, or Consultations 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 State and Local Permitting 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Public Opposition to Power Plants and Transmission Lines 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Examples of Renewable Energy Projects Experiencing Difficulty in Obtaining Required Permits or Approvals 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Examples of Fossil-Fueled or Nuclear Generation Projects Experiencing Difficulty in Obtaining Required Permits or Approvals 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Transmission Line Projects Experiencing Difficulty in Obtaining Required Permits or Approvals 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 Checklist for Governmental Approvals 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Economics of Electricity Generation 333\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Sources of Electricity Generation 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Electrical Demand versus Supply 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Marginal Cost of Electricity\/Energy Value 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Effect of Generation Resource Diversity on Electricity Market Price 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Capacity Value of Electric Generation 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Effect of Capacity Factor on the Economics of Electricity Generation 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Effect of Expected Useful Life or Economic Life of Power Plants on the Economics of Electricity Generation 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Book Depreciation versus Depreciation for Tax Purposes 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Ad Valorem or Property Taxes 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10 Federal Support and Subsidies 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.11 Environmental Externalities 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12 Using Levelized Cost of Energy to Compare Competing Technologies 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.13 Conclusions 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Economic Impacts and Benefits of Wind Energy Projects and Other Sources of Electric Generation 357\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Potential Economic Benefits of Electric Generation Projects 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Potentially Detrimental Economic Impacts of Electric Generation Projects 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Tax Abatements or other Incentives to Attract Generation Projects 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Summary of Studies Assessing the Economic Impacts of Wind Plants 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Studies on Economic Benefits of Non-Wind Electric Generation Projects 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Opportunities Created by a Transition to a “Clean Energy Economy” 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Conclusions 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Environmental Impacts and Economics of Offshore Wind Energy 374\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Offshore Wind Resource Areas in the United States 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Economics of Offshore Wind vs. Onshore Wind 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Environmental Impacts Unique to Offshore Wind Energy 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Potential Impact of Hurricanes 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 State and National Energy Policies 383\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 History of US Energy Policy 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Keys Issues within Energy Policy 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Energy Imports 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Governmental Mandates, Targets, or Goals 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Federal Tax Incentives 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7 Public Benefit Funds 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8 Feed-in Tariffs 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.9 Net Metering 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.10 Research and Development 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.11 Increasing Restrictions on Fossil-Fueled Power Plant Emissions 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.12 Carbon Taxes\/Cap-and-Trade Programs 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.13 Conclusions 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Global Wind Energy Policy and Development 405\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Renewable Energy Development—A Global Perspective 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 The Wind Energy Industry’s Role in the Global Energy Market 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Wind Energy by Region 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Conclusions 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Wind Energy Workforce, Education, and Jobs 429\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Historic Growth of the Wind Energy Industry 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Sectors and Locations of Jobs within the Wind Energy Industry 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Projected Growth of the Wind Energy Industry 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Types of Jobs within the Wind Energy Industry 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 The Future of Electric Energy 446\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Supply and Use Projections of Fossil Fuels 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Eighty Percent Renewables by 2050 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Wind Energy Research and Development 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Smart Grid\/Infrastructure Updates 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 The Consumer of the Future\/Consumer Applications 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Energy Storage 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7 Clean Energy Transportation: The Role for Wind Energy and Other Renewables in Reducing National Dependence on Petroleum Imports 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8 Energy and Clean Water: Using Wind to Desalinate and Purify Water 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.9 Electrification in Third-World Countries 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A Wind Energy Reference Tables for Units, Conversions, Symbols, and Energy Equivalents 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix B List of Acronyms 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix C Glossary 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 479\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cb\u003eRichard Walker\u003c\/b\u003e has many years of experience in both the electric power and the wind energy industries, in addition to teaching wind energy at Texas Tech University.  During his career, he has been involved in electric transmission engineering, solar energy, research and development, state and federal governmental affairs, and the development of over 1,600 MW of wind farms currently in operation (including the first utility-scale wind farm in Texas and the 782 MW Roscoe wind farm, which for several years was the world's largest wind energy project).\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eAndrew Swift\u003c\/b\u003e is presently Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Associate Director of the National Wind Institute at Texas Tech University, where his focus is on wind energy education and workforce development. His previous academic appointments include Director of the Wind Science and Engineering Research Center at Texas Tech and Dean of the College of Engineering at the University of Texas at El Paso.  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExamines\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ethe possible societal impacts of wind energy projects and explains the potential issues faced when siting, constructing, and operating a wind energy project.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis book begins with a history of wind power and the social impacts of both electricity and wind power from a historical perspective, a discussion of basic electrical terms, and a primer on the conversion of power in the wind to electricity. Much of the second half of the book is devoted to comparing wind energy to other forms of electric generation, both renewable and non-renewable sources. In order to have a true understanding of the impact of wind energy on society, one also has to have a thorough understanding of the impacts that other sources of electric generation have, such as fossil-fuelled plants or nuclear power plants. The comparison of electric generation sources includes a review of how such sources are typically utilized within the electric system, as well as the economic factors and environmental considerations that affect which resources utilities or operators of electric grids have to take into account. The authors conclude with a discussion of energy policies in the U.S., individual states, and foreign nations, how these policies influence the use of renewable energy, and what our future may hold in terms of energy supply and demand. Some highlights of this book are:\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiscusses the wind energy impacts on the environment, local economy, electric utilities, individuals and communities\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eProvides a visual explanation of wind energy principles through tables, graphs, maps, illustrations and photographs\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eOffers a comprehensive overview of the issues associated with the creation and use of wind energy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eModels chapters around an existing university curriculum\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Spanning the broad range of environmental, financial, policy and other topics that define and determine the relationships between wind energy technology and our energy-dependent society, \u003ci\u003eWind Energy Essentials\u003c\/i\u003e is a resource for students, universities, and the entire wind energy industry.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eRichard Walker\u003c\/b\u003e has many years of experience in both the electric power and the wind energy industries, in addition to teaching wind energy at Texas Tech University.  During his career, he has been involved in electric transmission engineering, solar energy, research and development, state and federal governmental affairs, and the development of over 1,600 MW of wind farms currently in operation (including the first utility-scale wind farm in Texas and the 782 MW Roscoe wind farm, which for several years was the world's largest wind energy project).\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eAndrew Swift\u003c\/b\u003e is presently Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Associate Director of the National Wind Institute at Texas Tech University, where his focus is on wind energy education and workforce development. His previous academic appointments include Director of the Wind Science and Engineering Research Center at Texas Tech and Dean of the College of Engineering at the University of Texas at El Paso.","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990494101733,"sku":"NP9781118877890","price":139.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118877890.jpg?v=1761788051","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/wind-energy-essentials-isbn-9781118877890","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}