Wavelength Division Multiplexing

In this book, Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is approached from a strictly practical and application-oriented point of view. Based on the characteristics and constraints of modern fiber-optic components, transport systems and fibers, the text provides relevant rules of thumb and practical hints for technology selection, WDM system and link dimensioning, and also for network-related aspects such as wavelength assignment and resilience mechanisms. Actual 10/40 Gb/s WDM systems are considered, and a preview of the upcoming 100 Gb/s systems and technologies for even higher bit rates is given as well.

Key features:

• Considers WDM from ULH backbone (big picture view) down to PON access (micro view).
• Includes all major telecom and datacom applications.
• Provides the relevant background for state-of-the-art and next-gen systems.
• Offers practical guidelines for system / link engineering.

Acknowledgments xi

1 Introduction to WDM 1

1.1 WDM Theory 1

1.2 History of WDM 2

References 4

2 Optical Fiber Effects 7

2.1 Linear Effects 7

2.2 Nonlinear Fiber Effects 25

References 51

3 Components and Subsystems 55

3.1 Transmitters 55

Laser Diodes 63

3.2 Transmission Line 84

3.3 Receivers 135

3.4 Digital Electronics 146

References 162

4 Nonfiber-Related Effects 177

4.1 Linear Cross Talk 177

4.2 Noise in Optical Transmission Systems 181

Chains 187

References 193

5 Modulation Formats For WDM 197

5.1 Basic Modulation 197

5.2 Pulse Shaping 202

5.3 Modulation Formats 206

5.4 Coherent Intradyne Dual-Polarization QAM Detection 231

5.5 Optical OFDM 240

5.6 Comparison of Modulation Formats 243

References 247

6 System Realization 253

6.1 Access Networks 253

Arrays 261

Transmitters 266

6.2 Corporate Networks (Storage Reach Extensions) 277

6.3 WDM Transport Encryption 287

6.4 Metro and Regional Networks 288

6.5 Long-Haul and Ultralong-Haul Systems 294

Dispersion 297

6.6 Future Network Configurations and Convergence 313

References 321

7 WDM Network Management 327

7.1 Layered Network 327

7.2 Management Approaches 329

7.3 Basic EMS NMS and OSS Functionality 331

7.4 Data Communications Network 334

7.5 Management System Interfaces 337

7.6 Control Plane 339

References 348

8 Selected Network Issues 349

8.1 Overview of the Optical Transport Network 349

8.2 Monitoring in WDM Systems 356

8.3 Flexible WDM Networks 375

8.4 Protection and Restoration 377

References 389

9 Standards Relevant for WDM 395

9.1 ITU-T Recommendations 395

9.2 Others 396

10 Practical Approximations and Tips 401

10.1 Conversion Between Bit Error Rate and Equivalent Q-Factor 401

10.2 Properties of a PRBS Signal 402

10.3 Chromatic Dispersion Values and Propagation Constants 403

References 404

Index 405

“This book would be an excellent reference for advanced undergraduate students and graduate researchers, as well as professional engineers.” (Optics & Photonics News, 6 June 2014)

KLAUS GROBE, Dr.-Ing, is Principal Engineer at ADVA Optical Networking SE. He is a member of the German VDE ITG Photonic Networks working group, the IEEE Photonics Society, and the OFC 2010 Subcommittee on Transmission Subsystems and Network Elements.

MICHAEL EISELT, Dr.-Ing, is Director of Advanced Technology at ADVA Optical Networking SE. He was Principal Technical Staff Member at the Lightwave Networks Research Department of AT&T Labs and the Principal Architect at Celion Networks.

A practical, application-oriented guide to state-of-the-art and next-gen WDM systems and networks

Written by an author team with unrivaled experience in both technical research and commercial applications, this book treats Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) from a purely practical, application-oriented point of view. Working from the ULH backbone down to the level of PON access, the authors discuss the major characteristics and constraints of modern fiber-optic components, transport systems, and fibers and their interrelation in state-of-the-art WDM systems and networks. In addition to considering major telecom and datacom applications—including a range of specific enterprise and inter-data-center applications—the authors provide a fascinating and informative look forward at next-gen systems.

Featuring a clear, accessible narrative and hundreds of equations and diagrams, Wavelength Division Multiplexing provides timely coverage of:

• System/link engineering—with practical guidelines
• Expert rules of thumb on technology selection and link dimensioning
• 10/40 Gb/s WDM systems—with real-world examples
• Emerging 100 Gb/s systems and technologies
• Developments in system access (passive WDM, WDM-PON)
• Coherent vs. non-coherent high-capacity transport
• Energy efficiency in WDM transport
• WDM system and network monitoring
• Protection and resilience techniques

Wavelength Division Multiplexing is a valuable working resource for engineers in transport-related departments at network operators and large enterprises. It also is a valuable reference for technicians in need of a guide to current and next-gen fiber-optic transport systems and networks.