{"product_id":"vsc-facts-hvdc-isbn-9781119973980","title":"VSC-FACTS-HVDC","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAn authoritative reference on the new generation of VSC-FACTS and VSC-HVDC systems and their applicability within current and future power systems\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eVSC-FACTS-HVDC and PMU: Analysis, Modelling and Simulation in Power Grids\u003c\/i\u003e provides comprehensive coverage of VSC-FACTS and VSC-HVDC systems within the context of high-voltage Smart Grids modelling and simulation. Readers are presented with an examination of the advanced computer modelling of the VSC-FACTS and VSC-HVDC systems for steady-state, optimal solutions, state estimation and transient stability analyses, including numerous case studies for the reader to gain hands-on experience in the use of models and concepts.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey features:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eWide-ranging treatment of the VSC achieved by assessing basic operating principles, topology structures, control algorithms and utility-level applications.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetailed advanced models of VSC-FACTS and VSC-HVDC equipment, suitable for a wide range of power network-wide studies, such as power flows, optimal power flows, state estimation and dynamic simulations.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eContains numerous case studies and practical examples, including cases of multi-terminal VSC-HVDC systems.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes a companion website featuring MATLAB software and Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) scripts which are provided to enable the reader to gain hands-on experience.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetailed coverage of electromagnetic transient studies of VSC-FACTS and VSC-HVDC systems using the de-facto industry standard PSCAD\/EMTDC simulation package.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn essential guide for utility engineers, academics, and research students as well as industry managers, engineers in equipment design and manufacturing, and consultants.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Book xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Flexible Electrical Energy Systems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Classification of Flexible Transmission System Equipment 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 SVC 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 STATCOM 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 SSSC 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Compound VSC Equipment for AC Applications 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 CSC-HVDC Links 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.6 VSC-HVDC 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Flexible Systems Vs Conventional Systems 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Transmission 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.1 HVAC Vs HVDC Power Transmission for Increased Power Throughputs 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.2 VAR Compensation 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.3 Frequency Compensation 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Generation 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.1 Wind Power Generation 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.2 Solar Power Generation 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Distribution 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.1 Load Compensation 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.2 Dynamic Voltage Support 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.3 Flexible Reconfigurations 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.4 AC-DC Distribution Systems 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.5 DC Power Grids with Multiple Voltage Levels 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.6 Smart Grids 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Phasor Measurement Units 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Future Developments and Challenges 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Generation 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Transmission 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Distribution 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Power Electronics for VSC-Based Bridges \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e53\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Power Semiconductor Switches 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 The Diode 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 The Thyristor 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 The Bipolar Junction Transistor 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 The Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 The Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 The Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.7 The MOS-Controlled Thyristor 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.8 Considerations for the Switch Selection Process 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Voltage Source Converters 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Basic Concepts of PulseWidth Modulated-Output Schemes and Half-Bridge VSC 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Single-Phase Full-Bridge VSC 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.1 PWM with Bipolar Switching 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.2 PWM with Unipolar Switching 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.3 Square-Wave Mode 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.4 Phase-Shift Control Operation 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Three-Phase VSC 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Three-Phase Multilevel VSC 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4.1 The Multilevel NPC VSC 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4.2 The Multilevel FC VSC 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4.3 The Cascaded H-Bridge VSC 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4.4 PWM Techniques for Multilevel VSCs 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4.5 An Alternative Multilevel Converter Topology 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 HVDC Systems Based on VSC 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusions 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Power Flows \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e99\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Power Network Modelling 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Transmission Lines Modelling 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Conventional Transformers Modelling 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 LTC Transformers Modelling 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Phase-Shifting Transformers Modelling 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Compound Transformers Modelling 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.6 Series and Shunt Compensation Modelling 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.7 Load Modelling 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.8 Network Nodal Admittance 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Peculiarities of the Power Flow Formulation 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 The Nodal Power Flow Equations 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 The Newton-Raphson Method in Rectangular Coordinates 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 The Linearized Equations 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Convergence Characteristics of the Newton-Raphson Method 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Initialization of Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solutions 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Incorporation of PMU Information in Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solutions 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 The Voltage Source Converter Model 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 VSC Nodal Admittance Matrix Representation 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Full VSC Station Model 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 VSC Nodal Power Equations 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4 VSC Linearized System of Equations 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.5 Non-Regulated Power Flow Solutions 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.6 Practical Implementations 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.6.1 Control Strategy 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.6.2 Initial Parameters and Limits 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.7 VSC Numerical Examples 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 The STATCOM Model 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 STATCOM Numerical Examples 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 VSC-HVDC Systems Modelling 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.1 VSC-HVDC Nodal Power Equations 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.2 VSC-HVDC Linearized Equations 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.3 Back-to-Back VSC-HVDC Systems Modelling 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.4 VSC-HVDC Numerical Examples 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Three-Terminal VSC-HVDC System Model 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1 VSC Types 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.2 Power Mismatches 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.3 Linearized System of Equations 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC System Model 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.1 Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC System with Common DC Bus Model 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.2 Unified Solutions of AC-DC Networks 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.3 Unified vs Quasi-Unified Power Flow Solutions 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.4 Test Case 9 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Conclusions 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.A Appendix 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.B Appendix 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Optimal Power Flows \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e159\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Power Flows in Polar Coordinates 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Optimal Power Flow Formulation 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 The Lagrangian Methods 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Necessary Optimality Conditions (Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Conditions) 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 AC OPF Formulation 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Objective Function 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Linearized System of Equations 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Augmented Lagrangian Function 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Selecting the OPF Solution Algorithm 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.5 Control Enforcement in the OPF Algorithm 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.6 Handling Limits of State Variables 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.7 Handling Limits of Functions 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.8 A Simple Network Model 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.8.1 Step One – Identifying State and Control Variables 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.8.2 Step Two – Identifying Constraints 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.8.3 StepThree – Forming the Lagrangian Function 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.8.4 Step Four – Linearized System of Equations 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.8.5 Step Five – Implementation of the Augmented Lagrangian 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.9 Recent Extensions in the OPF Problem 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.10 Test Case: IEEE 30-Bus System 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.10.1 Test System 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.10.2 Problem Formulation 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.10.3 OPF Test Cases 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.10.4 Benchmark Test Case (With No Voltage Control) 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.10.5 Test Case with Voltage Control Using Variable Transformers Taps (Case I) 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.10.6 Test Case with Nodal Voltage Regulation (Case II) 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.10.7 Test Case with Nodal Voltage Regulation (Case III) 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.10.8 A Summary of Results 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Generalization of the OPF Formulation for AC-DC Networks 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Inclusion of the VSC Model in OPF 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 VSC Power Balance Equations 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 VSC Control Considerations 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 VSC Linearized System of Equations 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 The Point-to-Point and Back-to-Back VSC-HVDC Links Models in OPF 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.1 VSC-HVDC Link Power Balance Formulation 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.2 VSC-HVDC Link Control 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.3 VSC-HVDC Full Set of Equality Constraints 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.4 Linearized System of Equations 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Systems in OPF 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.1 The Expanded, General Formulation 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2 Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Test Case 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2.1 DC Network 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2.2 AC Network 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2.3 Objective Function 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2.4 Summary of OPF Results 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDC Network 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2.5 Converter Outputs – No Converter Losses 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2.6 Converter Outputs –With Converter Losses 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAC Network 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2.7 Power Flows in AC Transmission Lines –With No Converter Losses 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2.8 Power Flows in AC Transmission Lines –With Converter Losses 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Conclusion 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 State Estimation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e203\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 State Estimation of Electrical Networks 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Network Model and Measurement System 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Topological Processing 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Network Model 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 The Measurements System Model 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Calculation of the Estimated State 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Solution by the Normal Equations 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Equality-Constrained WLS 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Observability Analysis and Reference Phase 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Weighted Least Squares State Estimator (WLS-SE) Using Matlab Code 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Bad Data Identification 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Bad Data 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 The Largest Normalized Residual Test 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Bad Data Identification Using WLS-SE 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 FACTS Device State Estimation Modelling in Electrical Power Grids 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Incorporation of New Models in State Estimation 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Voltage Source Converters 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 STATCOM 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4 STATCOM Model in WLS-SE 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.5 Unified Power Flow Controller 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.6 The UPFC Model in WLS-SE 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.7 High Voltage Direct Current Based on Voltage Source Converters 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.8 VSC-HVDC Model in WLS-SE 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.9 Multi-terminal HVDC 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.10 MT-VSC-HVDC Model in WLS-SE 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Incorporation of Measurements Furnished by PMUs 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Incorporation of Synchrophasors in State Estimation 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Synchrophasors Formulations 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3 Phase Reference 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.4 PMU Outputs in WLS-SE 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.A Appendix 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.A.1 Input Data and Output Results in WLS-SE 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.A.1.1 Input Data 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.A.1.2 Network Data 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.A.1.3 Measurements Data 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.A.1.4 State Estimator Configuration 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.A.2 Output Results 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Dynamic Simulations of Power Systems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e247\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Modelling of Conventional Power System Components 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Modelling of Synchronous Generators 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Synchronous Generator Controllers 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2.1 Speed Governors 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2.2 Steam Turbine and Hydro Turbine 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2.3 Automatic Voltage Regulator 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2.4 Transmission Line Model 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2.5 Load Model 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Time Domain Solution Philosophy 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Numerical Solution Technique 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Benchmark Numerical Example 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Modelling of the STATCOM for Dynamic Simulations 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Discretization and Linearization of the STATCOM Differential Equations 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Numerical Example with STATCOMs 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Modelling of VSC-HVDC Links for Dynamic Simulations 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Discretization and Linearization of the Differential Equations of the VSC-HVDC 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Validation of the VSC-HVDC Link Model 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Numerical Example with an Embedded VSC-HVDC Link 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Dynamic Model of the VSC-HVDC Link with Frequency Regulation Capabilities 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4.1 Linearization of the Equations of the VSC-HVDC Model with Frequency Regulation Capabilities 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4.2 Validation of the VSC-HVDC LinkModel Providing Frequency Support 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4.3 Numerical Example with a VSC-HVDC Link Model Providing Frequency Support 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Modelling of Multi-terminal VSC-HVDC Systems for Dynamic Simulations 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Three-terminal VSC-HVDC Dynamic Model 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Validation of the Three-Terminal VSC-HVDC Dynamic Model 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Dynamic Model 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.4 Numerical Example with a Six-Terminal VSC-HVDC Link Forming a DC Ring 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.4.1 Disconnection of a DC Transmission Line 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.4.2 Three-Phase Fault Applied to AC3 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Conclusion 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Electromagnetic Transient Studies and Simulation of FACTS-HVDC-VSC Equipment \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e321\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 The STATCOM Case 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 STATCOM Based on Multilevel VSC 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Example of HVDC based on Multilevel FC Converter 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Example of a Multi-Terminal HVDC System Using Multilevel FC Converters 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusions 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 377\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProfessor Enrique Acha, \u003ci\u003eLaboratory of Electrical Energy Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Finland\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDr Pedro Roncero-ánchez, \u003ci\u003eDepartment of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Control Systems, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDr Antonio de la Villa-Jaén, \u003ci\u003eDepartment of Electrical Engineering, University of Seville, Spain\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDr Luis M. Castro, \u003ci\u003eFaculty of Engineering, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDr Behzad Kazemtabrizi, \u003ci\u003eSchool of Engineering, Durham University, UK\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eAn authoritative reference on the new generation of VSC-FACTS and VSC-HVDC systems and their applicability within current and future power systems\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eVSC-FACTS-HVDC: Analysis, Modelling and Simulation in Power Grids\u003c\/i\u003e provides comprehensive coverage of VSC-FACTS and VSC-HVDC systems within the context of high-voltage Smart Grids modelling and simulation. Readers are presented with an examination of the advanced computer modelling of the VSC-FACTS and VSC-HVDC systems for steady-state, optimal solutions, state estimation and transient stability analyses, including numerous case studies for the reader to gain hands-on experience in the use of models and concepts.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey features:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eWide-ranging treatment of the VSC achieved by assessing basic operating principles, topology structures, control algorithms and utility-level applications.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetailed advanced models of VSC-FACTS and VSC-HVDC equipment, suitable for a wide range of power network-wide studies, such as power flows, optimal power flows, state estimation and dynamic simulations.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eContains numerous case studies and practical examples, including cases of multi-terminal VSC-HVDC systems.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes a companion website featuring MATLAB software and Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) scripts which are provided to enable the reader to gain hands-on experience.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetailed coverage of electromagnetic transient studies of VSC-FACTS and VSC-HVDC systems using the de-facto industry standard PSCAD™\/EMTDC™ simulation package.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn essential guide for utility engineers, academics, and research students as well as industry managers, engineers in equipment design and manufacturing, and consultants.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990462611685,"sku":"NP9781119973980","price":141.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119973980.jpg?v=1761787925","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/vsc-facts-hvdc-isbn-9781119973980","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}