{"product_id":"visualizing-weather-and-climate-isbn-9780470418123","title":"Visualizing Weather and Climate","description":"\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003eVisualizing Weather and Climate Change\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e will capture the reader's interest in weather and climate and then use that interest to engage them in activities that demonstrate the science that serves as the basis of the discipline. Sections such as Eye on the Atmosphere use beautiful imagery to help them see the atmosphere through the eyes of a meteorologist and ask scientific questions that place significant features in atmospheric context. It also includes expanded coverage of global change and recent phenomena. Chapter summaries, self-tests and critical thinking questions help prepare readers for quizzes and tests while the illustrated case studies offer a wide variety of in-depth examinations that address important issues in the field of environmental science. \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introducing Weather and Climate 2\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroducing Weather and Climate 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeather 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Actual Temperatures and Temperature Departures 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeather and Climate 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisualizing Weather and Climate 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGraphs 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaps 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Measurements in Weather and Climate 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 The Earth’s Atmosphere 28\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition of the Atmosphere 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiatively and Chemically Inactive Gases 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiatively and Chemically Active Gases 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOzone in the Upper Atmosphere 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOzone in the Lower Atmosphere 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature Structure of the Atmosphere 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Temperature Changes Along a Mountain Slope 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTroposphere 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStratosphere 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ionosphere 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtmospheric Pressure and Density 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Air Pressure and Density Change with Altitude 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ideal Gas Law 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The Earth’s Global Energy Balance 50\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectromagnetic Radiation 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiation and Temperature 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar Radiation 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongwave Radiation from the Earth 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Global Radiation Balance 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographic Variations in Energy Flow 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsolation Over the Globe 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet Radiation, Latitude, and the Energy Balance 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensible and Latent Heat Transfer 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Global Energy System 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar Energy Losses in the Atmosphere 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlbedo 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Surface Characteristics and Albedo 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCounterradiation and the Greenhouse Effect 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Energy Budgets of the Atmosphere and Surface 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate and Global Change 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Surface Temperature and Its Variation 82\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Earth’s Rotation and Orbit 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s Rotation 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Earth’s Revolution Around the Sun 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolstice and Equinox 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariations in Insolation Over the Globe 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar Heating of Land and Water 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir Temperature 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban Heat Island 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Urban and Rural Surfaces 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Daily Cycle of Air Temperature 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily Insolation and Net Radiation 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors that Influence Daily Temperatures 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Annual Cycle of Air Temperature 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet Radiation and Temperature 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand and Water Contrasts 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld Patterns of Air Temperature 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors Controlling Air Temperature Patterns 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement of Air Temperature 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplications of Temperature Data 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Atmospheric Moisture 120\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtmospheric Moisture and Precipitation 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree States of Water 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hydrosphere and the Hydrologic Cycle 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hydrologic Cycle and Global Water Balance 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumidity 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific Humidity 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaturation Specific\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumidity 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative Humidity 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Adiabatic Process 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry Adiabatic Rate 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoist Adiabatic Rate 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClouds 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCloud Forms 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFog 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Smog 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation Processes 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Precipitation 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring Precipitation 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Winds 154\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWinds 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement of Wind 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWinds and Pressure Gradients 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWinds and Pressure Gradients 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure and Temperature Gradients 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal Winds 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Winds and Fire 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Coriolis Effect and Winds Aloft 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Geostrophic Wind 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclones and Anticyclones in Upper Air 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWinds at the Surface 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclones and Anticyclones at the Surface 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivergence and Convergence 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Global Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation 182\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Winds 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Wind and Pressure Patterns 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWinds Aloft 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Circulation at Upper Levels 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJet Streams and the Polar Front 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisturbances in the Jet Stream 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOceanic Circulation 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature Layers of the Oceans 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Currents 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Three Images of the Gulf Stream 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeep Currents and Thermohaline Circulation 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat and Moisture Transport 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Midlatitude Weather Systems 216\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir Masses 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCold, Warm, and Occluded Fronts 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMidlatitude Anticyclones and Cyclones 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnticyclones 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Surface Winds and Cloud Cover Associated with Midlatitude Cyclones and Anticylcones 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclones 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMidlatitude Cyclones 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMidlatitude Cyclones and Upper-Air Disturbances 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVorticity 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclone Tracks and Cyclone Families 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCold Air Outbreaks 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Tropical Weather Systems 244\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTropical Cyclone Structure 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEasterly Waves 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTropical Cyclones 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Rainfall within a Tropical Cyclone 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment and Movement of Tropical Cyclones 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTropical Cyclone Tracks 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpacts of Tropical Cyclones 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in Weather and Sea Level 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpacts on Coastal Communities 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in Tropical Cyclone Activity 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes 268\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThunderstorms 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir-Mass Thunderstorms 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesoscale Convective Systems 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThunder and Lightning 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharge Separation 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThunder 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTornadoes 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTornado Characteristics 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTornado Development 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeather Conditions Leading to Tornado Formation 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTornado Alley 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTornado Destruction 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Doppler Radar Images of Tornadoes 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTornado Forecasting 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 The Global Scope of Climate 298\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors Controlling Climate 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature and Precipitation Regimes 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature Regimes 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation Regimes 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeasonality of Precipitation 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Drought and Vegetation 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate Classification 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverview of Climates 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry and Moist Climates 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKöppen Climate Classification System 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Climates of the World 320\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow-Latitude Climates 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWet Equatorial Climate 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Rainforests and Agriculture 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Trade-Wind Coastal Climate 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Wet-Dry Tropical Climate 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonsoon Climates 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Dry Tropical Climate 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMidlatitude Climates 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Dry Subtropical Climate 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoist Subtropical Climate 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Mediterranean Climate 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Marine West-Coast Climate 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry Midlatitude Climate 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoist Continental Climate 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh-Latitude Climates 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoreal Forest Climate 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTundra Climate 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ice Sheet Climate 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Climate Variability 352\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnual to Centennial Climate Variations 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Record 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Ice Cores and Temperature Records 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolcanoes 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEl Niño and La Niña 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePacific Decadal Oscillation 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth Atlantic Oscillation 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtlantic Thermohaline Circulation 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMillennial Climate Variations 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in Earth’s Rotation and Revolution 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate Feedbacks 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongwave–Temperature Feedback 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Vapor–Temperature Feedback 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIce–Albedo Feedback 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCloud-Cover Feedback 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiological Feedback 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOcean Feedback 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeological Feedback 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Human Interaction with Weather and Climate 384\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere Weather 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat Waves 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCold Waves 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlooding 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere Climate 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrought 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamine 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Drought and Famine in the Sahel 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFire 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamples of Changes in Severe Weather 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShifts in Climate Regimes 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Impact on Weather and Climate 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePollution 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand-Cover Change 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Weather Forecasting and Numerical Modeling 412\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal and Synoptic Weather Forecasting 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal Weather Forecasting 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynoptic Weather Forecasting 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Using Visual Information 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumerical Weather Forecasting 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisualization 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperational Weather Forecasting 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of Synoptic Charts 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of the Analog Method 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of Numerical Forecasts 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of Local Observations 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWatches, Warnings, and Advisories 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValidation 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Human-Induced Climate Change and Climate Forecasting 440\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreenhouse Gases 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanging Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSources and Sinks of Anthropogenic CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidence Time 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture Emissions 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumerical Modeling 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOcean Models 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand-Surface Models 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModeling “Experiments” 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate-Change Predictions 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal and Regional Temperature Forecasts 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal and Regional Precipitation Forecasts 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSea-Level Rise 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in Extreme Weather Events 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChange in the Thermohaline Circulation 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Scientist Sees: Observed and Predicted Changes in Arctic Sea Ice 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Impacts 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMitigation and Adaptation Strategies 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Units of Measurement and Conversion 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB The U.S. Standard Atmosphere 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC Weather Station and Map Symbols 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD Self-Test Answer Key 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCredits 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cb\u003eBruce T. Anderson\u003c\/b\u003e is an Associate Chair of the Department of Geography and Environment at Boston University. He is also an Associate Professor in the Department. He serves as a Research Consultant for the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA) project and heads the Experimental Center for Remote Observations of Production (ECROP). He serves on the Membership Committee for the American Meteorological Society. He has been a National Research Council Fellow and a NOAA Visiting Scientist Fellow. He has over 25 peer-reviewed articles published or in press over the last 5 years and has been the invited speaker at both national and international universities, conferences, and workshops. His research interests include regional impacts of climate variability, large-scale and regional atmospheric dynamics and hydrology, coupled ocean-atmosphere variability, and climate\/vegetation interactions and feedbacks. He received his Ph.D. from Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1998 and graduated with a B.S. in Physics from University of California, Santa Barbara in 1994.","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990459891941,"sku":"NP9780470418123","price":111.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470418123.jpg?v=1761787914","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/visualizing-weather-and-climate-isbn-9780470418123","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}