{"product_id":"veterinary-epidemiology-isbn-9781118280287","title":"Veterinary Epidemiology","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA comprehensive introduction to the role of epidemiology in veterinary medicine\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis fully revised and expanded edition of \u003ci\u003eVeterinary Epidemiology\u003c\/i\u003e introduces readers to the field of veterinary epidemiology. The new edition also adds new chapters on the design of observational studies, validity in epidemiological studies, systematic reviews, and statistical modelling, to deliver more advanced material.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis updated edition begins by offering an historical perspective on the development of veterinary medicine. It then addresses the full scope of epidemiology, with  chapters covering causality, disease occurrence, determinants, disease patterns, disease ecology, and much more.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eVeterinary Epidemiology, Fourth Edition\u003c\/i\u003e:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e●      Features updates of all chapters to provide a current resource on the subject of veterinary epidemiology\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e●      Presents new chapters essential to the continued advancement of the field\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e●      Includes examples from companion animal, livestock, and avian medicine, as well as aquatic animal diseases\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e●      Focuses on the principles and concepts of epidemiology, surveillance, and diagnostic-test validation and performance\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e●      Includes access to a companion website providing multiple choice questions\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eVeterinary Epidemiology\u003c\/i\u003e is an invaluable reference for veterinary general practitioners, government veterinarians, agricultural economists, and members of other disciplines interested in animal disease. It is also essential reading for epidemiology students at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels.\u003c\/p\u003eEine umfassende Einführung zur Rolle der Epidemiologie in der Veterinärmedizin.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Die vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Ausgabe von Veterinary Epidemiology führt den Leser in das Fachgebiet der Veterinärepidemiologie ein. Diese neue Auflage bietet auch neue Kapitel zur Konzeption von Beobachtungsstudien, Validität von epidemiologischen Studien, zu systematischen Prüfungen und zu statistischen Modellen.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Die aktualisierte Auflage beginnt mit einem historischen Blick auf die Entwicklung der Veterinärmedizin. Im Anschluss wird die Fachrichtung Epidemiologie umfassend beleuchtet. Kapitel befassen sich mit den Aspekten Kausalität, Auftreten von Krankheiten, Bestimmungsfaktoren, Krankheitsmustern, Krankheitsökologie u.v.m.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Veterinary Epidemiology, 4. Auflage:\u003cbr\u003e - Alle Kapitel wurden aktualisiert. Entstanden ist ein modernes Referenzwerk zum Thema Veterinärepidemiologie.\u003cbr\u003e - Enthält neue Kapitel, die für die Entwicklung des Fachgebiets maßgeblich sind.\u003cbr\u003e - Bietet Beispiele zu Haustieren, Nutztieren und Vögeln sowie zu Krankheiten bei Wassertieren.\u003cbr\u003e - Richtet den Fokus auf Prinzipien und Konzepte der Epidemiologie, der Überwachung, der Validierung und Leistungsfähigkeit diagnostischer Tests.\u003cbr\u003e - Begleitende Website mit Multiple-Choice-Fragen.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003cp\u003eContributors xviii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the preface to the first edition xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the preface to the second edition xx\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the preface to the third edition xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface to the fourth edition xxii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the companion website xxiv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 The development of veterinary medicine 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical perspective 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDomestication of animals and early methods of healing 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanging concepts of the cause of disease 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpetus for change 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantification in medicine 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContemporary veterinary medicine 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent perspectives 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fifth period 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent trends 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 The scope of epidemiology 28\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of epidemiology 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe uses of epidemiology 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of epidemiological investigation 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemiological subdisciplines 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents of epidemiology 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualitative investigations 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative investigations 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemiology’s locale 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interplay between epidemiology and other sciences 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationship between epidemiology and other diagnostic disciplines 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemiology within the veterinary profession 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Causality 42\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhilosophical background 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCausal inference 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods of acceptance of hypotheses 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKoch’s postulates 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvans’ rules 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of association 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-statistical association 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical association 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfounding 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCausal models 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormulating a causal hypothesis 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods of deriving a hypothesis 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinciples for establishing cause: Hill’s criteria 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Describing disease occurrence 58\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome basic terms 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic concepts of disease quantification 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe structure of animal populations 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContiguous populations 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeparated populations 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasures of disease occurrence 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevalence 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncidence 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationship between prevalence and incidence rate 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication of prevalence and incidence values 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMortality 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurvival 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample of calculation of prevalence, incidence, mortality, case fatality and survival 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatios, proportions and rates 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMapping 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographic base maps 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Determinants of disease 86\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of determinants 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost determinants 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotype 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies and breed 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehaviour 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther host determinants 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgent determinants 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVirulence and pathogenicity 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGradient of infection 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcome of infection 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial colonization of hosts 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental determinants 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusbandry 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStress 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiological interaction 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical interaction 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cause of cancer 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 The transmission and maintenance of infection 115\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorizontal transmission 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of host and vector 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with the spread of infection 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoutes of infection 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods of transmission 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong-distance transmission of infection 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical transmission 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes and methods of vertical transmission 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunological status and vertical transmission 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransovarial and trans-stadial transmission in arthropods 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaintenance of infection 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHazards to infectious agents 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaintenance strategies 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransboundary diseases 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 The ecology of disease 138\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic ecological concepts 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distribution of populations 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulation of population size 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe niche 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome examples of niches relating to disease 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationships between different types of animals and plants 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcosystems 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of ecosystem 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLandscape epidemiology 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNidality 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObjectives of landscape epidemiology 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLandscape characteristics determining disease distribution 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Patterns of disease 168\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemic curves 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKendall’s Threshold Theorem 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic reproductive number (R 0) 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDissemination rate 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon-source and propagating epidemics 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Reed–Frost model 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKendall’s waves 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrends in the temporal distribution of disease 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShort-term trends 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclical trends 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong-term (secular) trends 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrue and false changes in morbidity and mortality 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetecting temporal trends: time series analysis 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrends in the spatial and temporal distribution of disease 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpatial trends in disease occurrence 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpace–time clustering 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Comparative epidemiology 189\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of biological model 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCancer 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonitoring environmental carcinogens 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying causes 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing ages 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome other diseases 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiseases with a major genetic component 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome non-infectious diseases 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiseases associated with environmental pollution 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReasoning in comparative studies 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 The nature of data 201\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of data 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScales (levels) of measurement 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposite measurement scales 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData elements 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature and classification of disease 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic criteria 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity and specificity 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccuracy, refinement, precision, reliability and validity 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBias 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepresentation of data: coding 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCode structure 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumeric codes 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlpha codes 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlphanumeric codes 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoosing a code 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eError detection 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Data collection and management 219\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData collection 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestionnaires 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality control of data 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData storage 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDatabase models 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-computerized recording techniques 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputerized recording techniques 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVeterinary recording schemes 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScales of recording 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVeterinary information systems 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome examples of veterinary databases and information systems 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographical information systems 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Presenting numerical data 251\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield and Robert Christley\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome basic definitions 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome descriptive statistics 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasures of position 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasures of spread 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical distributions 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Normal distribution 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe binomial distribution 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Poisson distribution 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther distributions 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransformations 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal approximations to the binomial and Poisson distributions 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimation of confidence intervals 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe median 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA proportion 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Poisson distribution 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome epidemiological parameters 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther parameters 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBootstrap estimates 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisplaying numerical data 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisplaying qualitative data 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisplaying quantitative data 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonitoring performance: control charts 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Surveys 270\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield and Helen Brown\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling: some basic concepts 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of sampling 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-probability sampling methods 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProbability sampling methods 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat sample size should be selected? 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimation of disease prevalence 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetecting the presence of disease 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cost of surveys 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculation of confidence intervals 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Demonstrating association 296\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome basic principles 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe principle of a significance test 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe null hypothesis 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eErrors of inference 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple significance testing 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne- and two-tailed tests 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent and related samples 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParametric and non-parametric techniques 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothesis testing versus estimation 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample-size determination 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical versus clinical (biological) significance 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterval and ratio data: comparing means 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothesis testing 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculation of confidence intervals 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat sample size should be selected? 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrdinal data: comparing medians 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothesis testing 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculation of confidence intervals 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat sample size should be selected? 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNominal data: comparing proportions 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothesis testing 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculation of confidence intervals 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat sample size should be selected? 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ2 test for trend 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical packages 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Observational studies 319\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of observational study 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasures of association 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative risk 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttributable risk 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttributable proportion 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe additive model 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBias 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControlling bias 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat sample size should be selected? 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculating the power of a study 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculating upper confidence limits 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Design considerations for observational studies 339\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRobert Christley and Nigel French\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive observational studies 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalytical observational studies 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign of cohort studies 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign of case-control studies 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign of cross-sectional analytical studies 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverview of other study designs 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Clinical trials 361\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of a clinical trial 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign, conduct and analysis 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe trial protocol 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primary hypothesis 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental unit 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental population 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdmission and exclusion criteria 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlinding 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandomization 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrial designs 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat sample size should be selected? 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLosses to follow-up 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompliance 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminating a trial 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpretation of results 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeta-analysis 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoals of meta-analysis 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents of meta-analysis 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSources of data 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData analysis 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Validity in epidemiological studies 383\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRobert Christley and Nigel French\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of epidemiological error 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccuracy, precision and validity in epidemiological studies 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBackground factors 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpretation bias 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelection bias 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamples of selection biases 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformation bias 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamples of information biases 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical interaction and effect-measure modification 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfounding 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriteria for confounding 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfounding and causal diagrams 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControlling confounding 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eErrors in analysis 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunication bias 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Systematic reviews 397\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnnette O’Connor, Jan Sargeant and Hannah Wood\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvidence synthesis 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverview of systematic reviews 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferences between systematic reviews and narrative reviews 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions that are suitable for systematic reviews 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of review questions suitable for systematic reviews 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtensive search of the literature 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment of risk of bias in a systematic review 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteps of a systematic review 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 1: Define the review question and the approach to conduct of the review (i.e., create a protocol) 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 2: Comprehensive search for studies 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 3: Select relevant studies from the search results 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 4: Collect data from relevant studies 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 5: Assess the risk of bias in relevant studies 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 6: Synthesize the results 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 7: Presenting the results 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 8: Interpret the results and discussion 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Diagnostic testing 421\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerological epidemiology 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssaying antibodies 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods of expressing amounts of antibody 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantal assay 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerological estimations and comparisons in populations 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibody prevalence 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate of seroconversion 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of antibody levels 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpreting serological tests 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefinement 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccuracy 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluation and interpretation of diagnostic tests 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity and specificity 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYouden’s index 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic odds ratio 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictive value 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLikelihood ratios 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eROC curves 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAggregate-level testing 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple testing 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic tests in import risk assessment 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuidelines for validating diagnostic tests 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValidating diagnostic tests when there is no gold standard 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgreement between tests 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical application of diagnostic tests 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Surveillance 457\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome basic definitions and principles 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of surveillance 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoals of surveillance 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of surveillance 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome general considerations 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSources of data 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanisms of surveillance 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurveillance networks 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurveillance in less-economically-developed countries: participatory epidemiology 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinciples of participatory epidemiology 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechniques of data collection 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrengths and weaknesses of participatory epidemiology 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome examples of participatory epidemiology 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompanion-animal surveillance 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWildlife surveillance 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAquatic-animal surveillance 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessing the performance of surveillance systems 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproving the performance of surveillance: risk-based surveillance 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Statistical modelling 492\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRobert Christley and Peter J. Diggle\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimple linear regression models 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey assumptions of linear regression models 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModelling more than one input variable 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHandling categorical input variables 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-linear modelling of quantitative input variables 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditive models 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategorization of the input variable 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransformation of the input and\/or output variable 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePiece-wise regression 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModelling interactions 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel selection 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModelling binary outcomes 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneralized linear models 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe multiple logistic regression model 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel selection for logistic regression models 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic checking of logistic regression models 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneralized additive models 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModelling clustered data 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Mathematical modelling 520\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of model 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModelling approaches 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeterministic differential calculus modelling 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStochastic differential calculus modelling 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmpirical simulation modelling 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess simulation modelling 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonte Carlo simulation modelling 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatrix population modelling 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork population modelling 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContact-network modelling 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystems modelling 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rational basis of modelling for active disease control 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable knowledge, and the functions of models 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom theory to fact 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel building 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Risk analysis 540\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield and Louise Kelly\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of risk 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk analysis and the ‘precautionary principle’ 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk analysis in veterinary medicine 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents of risk analysis 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHazard identification 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk assessment 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk management 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk communication 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualitative or quantitative assessment? 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSemi-quantitative risk assessment 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualitative risk analysis 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFramework for qualitative risk assessment 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualitative risk assessment during epidemics 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative risk analysis 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFramework for quantitative risk assessment 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat level of risk is acceptable? 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Economics and veterinary epidemiology 565\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKeith Howe and Michael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral economic concepts 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction functions 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease and animal production functions 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue and money 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoney and prices 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpportunity cost 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnical and economic efficiency 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive and normative economics 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevels of aggregation 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease contained at farm level 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease not contained at farm level 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZoonotic disease 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease at international level 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating disease-control policies 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents of disease costs 576\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptimum control strategies 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartial budgets 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial cost–benefit analysis (CBA) 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of methods 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther study 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Health schemes 586\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate health and productivity schemes 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure of private health and productivity schemes 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDairy health and productivity schemes 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePig health and productivity schemes 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSheep health and productivity schemes 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeef health and productivity schemes 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNational schemes 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccredited\/attested herds 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth schemes 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompanion-animal schemes 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 The control and eradication of disease 604\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Thrusfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of ‘control’ and ‘eradication’ 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrategies of control and eradication 605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant factors in control and eradication programmes 616\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutbreak investigation 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCause known: foot-and-mouth disease 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCause unknown: chronic copper poisoning 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe epidemiological approach to investigation of outbreaks 626\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVeterinary medicine in the 21st century 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLivestock medicine 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompanion-animal medicine 629\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 630\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral reading 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendices 635\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix I: Glossary of terms 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix II: Basic mathematical notation and terms 641\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix III: Some computer software 643\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix IV: Veterinary epidemiology on the Internet 648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix V: Student’s t-distribution 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix VI: Multipliers used in the construction of confidence intervals based on the Normal distribution, for selected levels of confidence 651\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix VII: Values of exact 95% confidence limits for proportions 652\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix VIII: Values from the Poisson distribution for calculating 90%, 95% and 99% confidence intervals for observed numbers from 0 to 100 658\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix IX: The χ 2 distribution 660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix X: Technique for selecting a simple random sample 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix XI: Sample sizes 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix XII: The probability of detecting a small number of cases in a population 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix XIII: The probability of failure to detect cases in a population 671\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix XIV: Sample sizes required for detecting disease with probability, p 1 , and threshold number of positives 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix XV: Probabilities associated with the upper tail of the Normal distribution 676\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix Xvi: Lower- and Upper-tail Probabilities for W X , the Wilcoxon–mann–whitney Rank-sum statistic 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix XVII: Critical values of T + for the Wilcoxon signed ranks test 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix XVIII: Values of K for calculating 95% confidence intervals for the difference between population medians for two independent samples 685\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix XIX: Values of K ∗ for calculating 95% confidence intervals for the difference between population medians for two related samples 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix XX: Common logarithms (log 10) of factorials of the integers 1–999 689\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix XXI: The correlation coefficient 691\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix XXII: The variance-ratio (F) distribution 692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 694\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 841\u003c\/p\u003e   \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMICHAEL THRUSFIELD\u003c\/strong\u003e is Professor of Veterinary Epidemiology at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies in the University of Edinburgh in Edinburgh, UK.  \t \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eROBERT CHRISTLEY\u003c\/strong\u003e is Professor of Epidemiology and One Health at the Institute of Infection and Global Health and the Institute of Veterinary Science in the University of Liverpool in Liverpool, UK.\t    \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA comprehensive introduction to the role of epidemiology in veterinary medicine\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis fully revised and expanded edition of \u003ci\u003eVeterinary Epidemiology \u003c\/i\u003eintroduces readers to the field of veterinary epidemiology. The new edition also adds new chapters on the design of observational studies, validity in epidemiological studies, systematic reviews, and statistical modelling, to deliver more advanced material.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis updated edition begins by offering an historical perspective on the development of veterinary medicine. It then addresses the full scope of epidemiology, with chapters covering causality, disease occurrence, determinants, disease patterns, disease ecology, and much more.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eVeterinary Epidemiology, Fourth Edition:\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eFeatures updates of all chapters to provide a current resource on the subject of veterinary epidemiology\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePresents new chapters essential to the continued advancement of the field\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes examples from companion animal, livestock, and avian medicine, as well as aquatic animal diseases\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFocuses on the principles and concepts of epidemiology, surveillance, and diagnostic-test validation and performance\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes access to a companion website providing multiple choice questions\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eVeterinary Epidemiology \u003c\/i\u003eis an invaluable reference for veterinary general practitioners, government veterinarians, agricultural economists, and members of other disciplines interested in animal disease. It is also essential reading for epidemiology students at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990450487525,"sku":"NP9781118280287","price":90.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118280287.jpg?v=1761787879","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/veterinary-epidemiology-isbn-9781118280287","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}