Undue Hate

How to understand the mistakes we make about those on the other side of the political spectrum—and how they drive the affective polarization that is tearing us apart.

It’s well known that the political divide in the United States—particularly between Democrats and Republicans—has grown to alarming levels in recent decades. Affective polarization—emotional polarization, or the hostility between the parties—has reached an unprecedented fever pitch. In Undue Hate, Daniel F. Stone tackles the biases undergirding affective polarization head-on. Stone explains why we often develop objectively false, and overly negative, beliefs about the other side—causing us to dislike them more than we should.

Approaching affective polarization through the lens of behavioral economics, Undue Hate is unique in its use of simple mathematical concepts and models to illustrate how we misjudge those we disagree with, for both political and nonpolitical issues. Stone argues that while our biases may vary, just about all of us unwisely exacerbate conflict at times—managing to make ourselves worse off in the long run. Finally, the book offers both short- and long-term solutions for tempering our bias and limiting its negative consequences—and, just maybe, finding a way back to understanding one another before it is too late.I The Biased Righteous Mind 1
Introduction 3
1 Affective Polarization Bias: Theory 15
2 Affective Polarization Bias: Evidence 29
II Explanations 49
3 Overarching Biases 51
4 Tastes and Truth 67
5 Strategy and Repeated Interactions 85
6 Information 119
III Implications 149
7 Undoing Hate? 151
Acknowledgments 171
Notes 173
References 183
Index 211“[Provides] a carefully qualified account of how a handful of universal cognitive biases play a significant role in exacerbating perceived divisions. . . . Getting rid of the ‘undue hate’ Stone helps us understand would help us address real problems with factually-supported solutions.”
—Salon“This truly groundbreaking book takes a novel behavioral economics approach to explain why polarization has come to define American politics.”
—James N. Druckman, Payson S. Wild Professor of Political Science, Northwestern University
 
"In a book at once profound and accessible, Stone offers a fresh take on the drivers of polarization that is in the end surprisingly optimistic."
—Matthew Gentzkow, Professor of Economics, Stanford University
 
“We will all benefit from the perspective and ideas in this exciting book.”
—Jesse Shapiro, George Gund Professor of Economics and Business Administration, Harvard University

“A root cause of extreme us-vs-them polarization problem is how we so often form distorted views of the ‘other side.’ Stone does a great job examining the causes for those distorted perceptions, and how we might work on making those perceptions more accurate.”
—Zachary Elwood, host of People Who Read People: A Behavior and Psychology Podcast Daniel F. Stone is Associate Professor of Economics at Bowdoin College. His research is on belief formation, political media, and polarization, and he has taught behavioral economics since 2011. He is also cocreator of the website MediaTrades.org, a participant in Stanford University’s “Strengthening Democracy Challenge,” and a member of the Braver Angels Scholars Council.