{"product_id":"understanding-solids-isbn-9781119716501","title":"Understanding Solids","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExplore a comprehensive and illuminating introductory text to the science of solid materials from a leading voice in the field\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe newly revised Third Edition of \u003ci\u003eUnderstanding Solids: The Science of Materials\u003c\/i\u003e delivers a complete yet concise treatment of the basic properties and chemical and physical behaviors of solid materials. Following a completely revised opening set of chapters in which the basic properties of solids—including atomic structure, chemical bonding, crystallography, and phase relationships—are discussed, the book goes on to describe new developments in the areas of batteries and fuel cells, perovskite solar cells, lighting and displays, nanoparticles, whiskers, and sheets.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distinguished author has also added sections about organic framework structures, superionic conductors, mechanochemistry, bi-layer graphene, hologram formation and recording, and the optics of nanoparticle arrays and thermochromic materials. Each chapter includes a Further Reading section to help students accumulate additional knowledge on the topic within and new problems have been added throughout the book. Readers will also enjoy the inclusion of:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to the states of aggregation, including atoms and bonding, microstructures and phase relationships, and crystal structures and defects\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eA comprehensive overview of different categories of solids, including metals, crystalline silicates, inorganic ceramics, and silicate glasses\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eAn exploration of reactions and transformations, including diffusion and ionic conductivity, phase transformations, and phase reactions\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eA treatment of oxidation and reduction, including galvanic cells and chemical analysis\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for undergraduate students in sciences, engineering, and technology, \u003ci\u003eUnderstanding Solids: The Science of Materials\u003c\/i\u003e will also earn a place in the libraries of anyone seeking a thoroughly up to date, one-stop reference to the science of solid materials.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart I States of Aggregation 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Atoms and Bonding 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 The Electron Structure of Atoms 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Hydrogen 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Many Electron Atoms 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 Orbital Shapes 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.4 Electron Spin and Electron Configuration 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.5 Atomic Energy Levels 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Ionic Bonding 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Ionic Size and Bonding 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Lattice Energies 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Atomistic Simulation 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Covalent Bonding 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Bond Geometry 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Bond Energies 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Metallic Bonding 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Molecular Orbitals and Energy Bands 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 The Free Electron Gas 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Energy Bands 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.4 Bands in Ionic and Covalent Solids 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Weak Chemical Bonds 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Computation of Material Properties 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Following References Expand the Material in this Chapter 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Dictionary of Quantum Mechanical Language and Expressions is 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIonic Radii are Discussed and Tabulated by 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Computation of Properties is Described in 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and Exercises 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations and Questions 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Microstructures and Phase Relationships 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Macrostructure, Microstructure, and Nanostructure 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Crystalline Solids 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Non-crystalline Solids 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 Partly Crystalline Solids 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.4 Nanoparticles and Nanostructures 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The Development of Microstructures 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Solidification 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Processing 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Phase Diagrams 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 One-Component (Unary) Systems 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Two-Component (Binary) Systems 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.1 Simple Binary Diagrams: Nickel–Copper as an Example 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.2 Binary Systems Containing a Eutectic Point: Tin–Lead as an Example 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.3 Intermediate Phases 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.4 The Iron–Carbon System Close to Iron 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Ternary Systems 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and Exercises 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations and Questions 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Crystal Structures and Defects 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Crystal Geometry 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Crystal Systems 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Crystal Lattices 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Symmetry and Crystal Classes 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Crystal Structures 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Unit Cells and Atomic Coordinates 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Crystal Structures 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.1 The Face-Centred Cubic (fcc, A1) Structure 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.2 The Body-Centred Cubic (bcc, A2) Structure 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.3 The Hexagonal Close-Packed (hcp, A3) Structure 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.4 The Diamond Structure 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.5 The Graphite Structure 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.6 The Halite (Rock Salt, Sodium Chloride) Structure 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.7 The Perovskite Structure 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.8 The Spinel Structure 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.9 Lattice Parameters and Vegard’s Law 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Crystal Planes and Directions 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Miller Indices 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Hexagonal Crystals and Miller–Bravais Indices 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Directions 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Interplanar Spacings 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Crystal Density 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Density Estimation 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 The Density of NaCl 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 The Density of Crystals with a Variable Composition 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Structural Relationships 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Sphere Packing 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Ionic Structures in Terms of Anion Packing 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Polyhedral Representations 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Point Defects 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Point Defects in Crystals of the Elements 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Solid Solutions 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 The Schottky and Frenkel Defects 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4 Non-stoichiometric Compounds 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.5 Point Defect Notation 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Linear, Planar, and Volume defects 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Dislocations 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Planar Defects 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3 Volume Defects: Precipitates 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystal Structures 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefects 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and Exercises 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations and Questions 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Solids: Overview 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Metals 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Structures 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Metallic Radii 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Alloy Solid Solutions 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4 Metallic Glasses and Quasicrystals 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.5 The Principal Properties of Metals 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Crystalline Silicates and Inorganic Ceramic Materials 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Silicate Structures 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Some Non-silicate Ceramics 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 The Preparation and Processing of Ceramics 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 The Principal Properties of Ceramics 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Silicate Glasses 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Bonding and Structure of Silicate Glasses 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Glass Deformation 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Strengthened Glass 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Glass-Ceramics 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Polymers and Organic Materials 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Polymers 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Polymer Formation 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Microstructures of Polymers 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Elastomers 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.5 Production of Polymers 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.6 Organic Framework Structures: MOFs and COFs 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.7 The Principal Properties of Polymers 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Composite Materials 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Fibre-Reinforced Materials 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Cement and Concrete 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetals 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBulk Metallic Glasses 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCeramics and Glass 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZeolites 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolymers 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetal-organic Frameworks 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCovalent Organic Frameworks 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposites 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and Exercises 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations and Questions 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart II Reactions and Transformations 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Diffusion and Ionic Conductivity 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Self-Diffusion and Tracer Diffusion 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Non-steady-state and Steady-State Diffusion 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Temperature Variation of Diffusion Coefficient 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 The Effect of Impurities 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 RandomWalk Diffusion 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Diffusion in Solids 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Self-Diffusion in One Dimension 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Self-Diffusion in Crystals 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 The Arrhenius Equation and Point Defects 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Correlation Factors for Self-Diffusion 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Ionic Conductivity 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 The Relationship Between Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion Coefficient 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 Superionic Conductors 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13.1 Disordered Cation Compounds 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13.2 β-Alumina Oxides 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13.3 Stabilised Zirconia Oxides 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13.4 NASICON-Related Crystals 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuperionic Conductors: See Also References Therein 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and Exercises 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations and Questions 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Phase Transformations and Reactions 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Sintering 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Sintering and Reaction 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 The Driving Force for Sintering 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 The Kinetics of Neck Growth and Grain Growth 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4 Rapid Sintering 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Phase Transitions 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 First-Order Phase Transitions 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Second-Order Transitions 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Displacive and Reconstructive Transitions 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Displacive Transitions 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Reconstructive Transitions 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Order–Disorder Transitions 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Positional Ordering 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Orientational Ordering 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Martensitic Transformations 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 The Austenite–Martensite Transition 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Martensitic Transformations in Zirconia 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Martensitic Transitions in Ni–Ti Alloys 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Shape-Memory Alloys 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Phase Diagrams and Microstructures 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Equilibrium Solidification of Simple Binary Alloys 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Non-equilibrium Solidification and Coring 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Solidification in Systems Containing a Eutectic Point 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.4 Equilibrium Heat Treatment of Steel in the Fe–C Phase Diagram 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 High Temperature Oxidation of Metals 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Direct Corrosion 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 The Rate of Oxidation 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3 Oxide Film Microstructure 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.4 Film Growth via Diffusion 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.5 Alloys 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Solid-State Reactions 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.1 Spinel Formation 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.2 Photoresists 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3 Mechanochemistry 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSintering and 3D Printing 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh Temperature Oxidation and Solid-State Reactions 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Mechanochemistry See 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and Exercises 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations and Questions 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Oxidation and Reduction 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Galvanic Cells 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Cell Basics 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Standard Electrode Potentials 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Cell Potential, Gibbs Energy, and Concentration Dependence 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Chemical Analysis Using Galvanic Cells 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 pH Meters 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Ion Selective Electrodes 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Oxygen Sensors 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Batteries 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Primary Batteries 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.1 ‘Dry’ and Alkaline Primary Batteries 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.2 Lithium-Ion Primary Batteries 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.3 Lithium–Air Batteries 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Fuel Cells 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Secondary Batteries 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.1 The Lead-Acid Battery 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.3 Dual-Ion Batteries 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Corrosion 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 The Reaction of Metals withWater and Aqueous Acids 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Dissimilar Metal Corrosion 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Single Metal Electrochemical Corrosion 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Electrolysis 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Electrolytic Cells 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Electroplating 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 The Amount of Product Produced During Electrolysis 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4 The Electrolytic Preparation of Titanium by the FFC Cambridge Process 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Pourbaix Diagrams 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Passivation, Corrosion, and Leaching 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 The Stability Field ofWater 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Pourbaix Diagrams for a Metal Showing Two Valence States 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 Pourbaix Diagram Displaying Tendency for Corrosion 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor a General Introduction to Electrochemistry See 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure-property Relations and Defects in Electrode and Electrolyte Solids is\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescribed in 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatteries 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolid Oxide Fuel Cells 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrosion 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectroplating 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and Exercises 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations and Questions 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart III Physical Properties 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Mechanical Properties of Solids 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Strength and Hardness 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Strength 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Stress and Strain 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Toughness and Stiffness 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.4 Superelasticity 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.5 Hardness 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Elastic Moduli 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Young’s Modulus (The Modulus of Elasticity) (E or Y) 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Poisson’s Ratio (𝜈) 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 The Longitudinal or Axial Modulus (L or M) 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 The Shear Modulus (G or 𝜇), Bulk Modulus (K or B), and Lamé Modulus (𝜆) 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Relationships Between the Elastic Moduli 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6 UltrasonicWaves in Elastic Solids 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Deformation and Fracture 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Brittle Fracture 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Plastic Deformation of Metals 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Brittle and Ductile Materials 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Plastic Deformation of Polymers 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Fracture Following Plastic Deformation 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.6 Strengthening 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.7 Computation of Deformation and Fracture 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Time-Dependent Properties 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Fatigue 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Creep 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Nanoscale Properties 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Solid Lubricants 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Auxetic Materials 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Thin Films and Nanowires 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Composite Materials 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Elastic Modulus of Fibre Reinforced Composites 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Elastic Modulus of a Two-Phase System 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuctility and Fracture 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical Properties of Biological Materials 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHall–Petch Effect 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputation of Properties 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinite Element Methods 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanoscale Methods 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposites 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and Exercises 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations and Questions 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Insulating Solids 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Dielectrics 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Relative Permittivity and Polarisation 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Polarisability 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 The Relative Permittivity of Crystals 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Piezoelectrics, Pyroelectrics, and Ferroelectrics 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 The Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Effects 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Crystal Symmetry and the Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Effects 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Piezoelectric Mechanisms 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Quartz Oscillators 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Piezoelectric Polymers and Biomolecular Materials 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Ferroelectrics 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric Crystals 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Hysteresis and Domain Growth in Ferroelectric Crystals 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 The Temperature Dependence of Ferroelectricity and Antiferroelectricity 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Ferroelectricity Due to Hydrogen Bonds 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Ferroelectricity Due to Polar Groups 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6 Ferroelectricity Due to Medium-Sized Transition-Metal Cations 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.7 Modification of Properties 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.8 Relaxor Ferroelectrics 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.9 Ferroelectric Nanoparticles, Thin Films, and Superlattices 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.10 Flexoelectricity in Ferroelectrics 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlexoelectric Effect 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroductory Crystallography with Respect to the Dielectric Properties 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Dielectric, Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Properties of Perovskite Structures are\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetailed in 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiomolecular Materials are Described in 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanoparticle, Thin Films and Superlattices 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and Exercises 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations and Questions 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Magnetic Solids 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Magnetic Materials 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Characterisation of Magnetic Materials 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Magnetic Dipoles and Magnetic Flux 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Atomic Magnetism 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4 Overview of Magnetic Materials 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Paramagnetic Materials 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 The Magnetic Moment of Paramagnetic Atoms and Ions 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 High and Low Spin: Crystal Field Effects 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Temperature Dependence of Paramagnetic Susceptibility 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Pauli Paramagnetism 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Ferromagnetic Materials 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Ferromagnetism 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Exchange Energy 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Domains 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Hysteresis 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5 Hard and Soft Magnetic Materials 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Antiferromagnetic Materials and Superexchange 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Ferrimagnetic Materials 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Cubic Spinel Ferrites 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Garnet Structure Ferrites 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Hexagonal Ferrites 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4 Double Exchange 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Nanostructures 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Small Particles and Data Recording 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Superparamagnetism and Thin Films 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3 Perovskite Superlattices 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.4 Photoinduced Magnetism 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Magnetic Defects 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.1 Magnetic Defects in Semiconductors 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.2 Charge and Spin States in Cobaltites and Manganites 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnetic States 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Starting Point for the Detection of Magnetic Fields by Animals 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity Functional Theory Calculations of Magnetic Properties is Outlined by 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnetic Superlattices 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Starting Point for Studies on Photomagnetism 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and Exercises 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations and Questions 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 Electronic Conductivity in Solids 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Metals 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Electronic Conductivity 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3 Resistivity 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Semiconductors 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Band Gap Measurement 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Extrinsic Semiconductors 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Carrier Concentrations in Extrinsic Semiconductors 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.5 Characterisation 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.6 The p–n Junction Diode 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Metal–Insulator Transitions 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Metals and Insulators 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Electron–Electron Repulsion 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Modification of Insulators 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Transparent Conducting Oxides 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Conducting Polymers 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Superconductivity 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Superconductors 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 The Effect of Magnetic Fields and Current 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.3 The BCS Theory of Superconductivity 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.4 Josephson Junctions 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.5 Cuprate High Temperature Superconductors 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.5.1 Lanthanum Cuprate, La2CuO4 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.5.2 Neodymium Cuprate, Nd2CuO4 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.5.3 Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide, YBa2Cu3O7 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.5.4 Perovskite-Related Structures and Series 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.6 Bi-layer Graphene 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Nanostructures and Quantum Confinement of Electrons 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Band Theory Definition of a Semiconductor is Due to A.H. Wilson 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConductivity of (Mainly) Inorganic Solids Due to Defects is Covered In 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Metal-Insulator Transition in VO2 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolymers 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuperconductivity 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Following Articles in Scientific American Give a Good Overview of the Early Years\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eof High Temperature Superconductivity 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGraphene Bilayers 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantum Hall Effect 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and Exercises 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations and Questions 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 Optical Aspects of Solids 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Light 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 LightWaves 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Photons 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Colour and Appearance 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Sources of Light 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Incandescence 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Luminescence 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Fluorescent Lamps 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.5 Organic Light Emitting Devices\/Diodes (OLEDs) 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.6 Solid-State Lasers 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.6.1 The Ruby Laser: Three-Level Lasers 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.6.2 The Neodymium (Nd3+) Solid State Laser: Four-Level Lasers 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.6.3 Semiconductor Lasers 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Refraction 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 The Refractive Index 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Refractive Index and Structure 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Reflection 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Reflection from a Surface 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Reflection from a Transparent Thin Film 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Low-Reflectivity (Antireflection) and High-Reflectivity Coatings 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Multiple Thin Films and Dielectric Mirrors 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Scattering and Attenuation 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Scattering 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Attenuation 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Diffraction 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Diffraction by an Aperture 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Diffraction Gratings 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Diffraction from Crystal-like Structures 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.4 Holograms 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.4.1 Hologram Formation 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.4.2 Hologram Recording Media 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Fibre Optics 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 Attenuation in Glass Fibres 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2 Dispersion and Optical Fibre Design 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.3 Optical Amplification 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Energy Conversion 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.1 Photoconductivity and Photovoltaic Solar Cells 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.2 Dye-Sensitised Solar Cells 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.3 Perovskite Solar Cells 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Nanostructures 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.1 The Optical Properties of QuantumWells 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.2 The Optical Properties of Nanoparticles 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.3 Nanoparticle Arrays 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuch of the Material in this Chapter is Covered in Greater Detail in 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Properties of Light with Respect to Colour are Found in 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Engineering Aspects of Optical Fibres are Described by 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerovskite Solar Cells are Described in 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Nanostructures and Surfaces See the Following Review Articles and References\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherein 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and Exercises 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations and Questions 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 Thermal Properties of Solids 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Heat Capacity 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 The Heat Capacity of a Solid 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 Theories of Heat Capacity 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.3 Heat Capacity at Phase Transitions 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Thermal Conductivity 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Heat Transfer 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Thermal Conductivity and Microstructure 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Expansion and Contraction 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Thermal Expansion 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Thermal Expansion and Interatomic Potentials 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Thermal Contraction 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 Zero Thermal Contraction Materials 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Thermoelectric Effects 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Thermoelectric Coefficients 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Thermoelectric Effects and Charge Carriers 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 The Seebeck Coefficient of Solids Containing Point Defect Populations 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 Thermocouples, Power Generation, and Refrigeration 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 The Magnetocaloric Effect 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 The Magnetocaloric Effect and Adiabatic Cooling 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 The Giant Magnetocaloric Effect 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Thermochromic Effects 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Liquid Crystal Display Thermometers 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Vanadium Dioxide 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Interactive Demonstration of the Debye Formula for the Heat Capacity of\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolids Is 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal Conductivity 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative and Zero Thermal Expansion 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Magnetocaloric Effect in Alloys 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermoelectric Materials 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and Exercises 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations and Questions 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart IV Nuclear Properties of Solids 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Radioactivity 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Elements 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2 Isotopes and Nuclides 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.3 Nuclear Equations 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.4 Radioactive Series 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.4.1 The Uranium Series 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.4.2 The Thorium Series 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.4.3 The Actinium Series 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.4.4 The Neptunium\/Plutonium Series 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.5 Nuclear Stability 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Artificial Radioactive Atoms 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Heavy Elements 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Artificial Radioactivity in Light Elements 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Nuclear Decay 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 The Rate of Nuclear Decay 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Radioactive Dating 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Nuclear Energy 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 The Binding Energy of Nuclides 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Nuclear Fission 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Thermal Reactors for Power Generation 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Fuel for Space Exploration 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.5 Fast Breeder Reactors 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.6 Fusion and Solar Cycles 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 NuclearWaste 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Nuclear Accidents 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 The Storage of NuclearWaste 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Search for New Heavy Elements 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadioactive Dating 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear Reactors 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclearWaste 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and Exercises 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations and Questions 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix B Energy Levels and Terms of Many-Electron Atoms 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.1 Derivation of Atomic Terms 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.2 The Ground State Term of an Atom 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.3 Energy Levels of Many Electron Atoms 575\u003c\/p\u003e Index 577 \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExplore a comprehensive and illuminating introductory text to the science of solid materials from a leading voice in the field\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe newly revised Third Edition of \u003ci\u003eUnderstanding Solids: The Science of Materials\u003c\/i\u003e delivers a complete yet concise treatment of the basic properties and chemical and physical behaviors of solid materials. Following a completely revised opening set of chapters in which the basic properties of solids—including atomic structure, chemical bonding, crystallography, and phase relationships—are discussed, the book goes on to describe new developments in the areas of batteries and fuel cells, perovskite solar cells, lighting and displays, nanoparticles, whiskers, and sheets.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe distinguished author has also added sections about organic framework structures, superionic conductors, mechanochemistry, bi-layer graphene, hologram formation and recording, and the optics of nanoparticle arrays and thermochromic materials. Each chapter includes a Further Reading section to help students accumulate additional knowledge on the topic within and new problems have been added throughout the book. Readers will also enjoy the inclusion of:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to the states of aggregation, including atoms and bonding, microstructures and phase relationships, and crystal structures and defects\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA comprehensive overview of different categories of solids, including metals, crystalline silicates, inorganic ceramics, and silicate glasses\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAn exploration of reactions and transformations, including diffusion and ionic conductivity, phase transformations, and phase reactions\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA treatment of oxidation and reduction, including galvanic cells and chemical analysis\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerfect for undergraduate students in sciences, engineering, and technology, \u003ci\u003eUnderstanding Solids: The Science of Materials\u003c\/i\u003e will also earn a place in the libraries of anyone seeking a thoroughly up to date, one-stop reference to the science of solid materials.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990433054949,"sku":"NP9781119716501","price":60.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119716501.jpg?v=1761787809","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/understanding-solids-isbn-9781119716501","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}