{"product_id":"understanding-diabetes-isbn-9781118350096","title":"Understanding Diabetes","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA clear explanation of the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten for a broad range of readers, including students, researchers, policymakers, health care providers, and diabetes patients and caregivers, this book explains the underlying biochemistry and physiology of diabetes mellitus. Each chapter contains a glossary that defines key terms, a summary that highlights essential concepts discussed in each section of the chapter, as well as a set of simple problems to help readers gain a richer and deeper understanding of diabetes, from its history to treatment options.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eUnderstanding Diabetes\u003c\/i\u003e begins with an overview of the disease, its worldwide prevalence and cost, and its connection to the global obesity epidemic. The author then explores the history of diabetes, including the first documented description of the disease dating back to 3400 BCE in Ancient Egypt. The next chapter, A Glucose Metabolism Primer, sets forth the pathways for the metabolism of glucose. Next, the book covers:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eRegulation of glucose metabolism and glucose metabolism gone wrong\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiabetes classification system\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiagnosis, including current laboratory tests\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComplications, such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eHereditary transmission\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePrevention and treatment, including emerging research\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough a cure has still not been found, this book demonstrates that researchers are continuing to make major breakthroughs on all fronts in the fight against diabetes, including a better understanding of its causes and an improved ability to diagnose and treat the disease.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003ePREFACE xvii\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 1 DIABETES MELLITUS: A PANDEMIC IN THE MAKING 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Diabetes Prevalence and Cost in the United States 2\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e A Dire Prediction Based on Alarming Data 2\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Increase of Diabetes in Youths 4\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Cost 6\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Diabetes Prevalence and Cost Worldwide 7\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e A Worldwide Epidemic 7\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Numbers of Cases of Diabetes 7\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Cost 7\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Obesity and Overweight; Another Epidemic in the United States 9\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e A Parallel Pandemic 9\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Definitions of Overweight and Obesity 9\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Overweight and Obesity among Adults in the United States 9\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Obesity and Overweight among Children and Adolescents in the United States 12\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Overweight and Obesity Worldwide 14\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Overweight and Obesity Globally in Adults 14\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Overweight and Obesity in Children 16\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Relationship Between Obesity and Diabetes 16\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Projects and Questions 18\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glossary 18\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e References 19\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 2 AN EARLY HISTORY OF DIABETES MELLITUS 23\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Translation 24\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e More simply stated 24\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Ebers Papyrus 24\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Neandertals 25\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Hippocrates, Aretaeus, and Demetrius 25\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Galen 26\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Sushruta 27\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 28\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Yellow Emperor 29\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Japanese Medicine 29\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Paracelsus (Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim) 30\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Thomas Willis 31\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Johann Conrad Brunner 31\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Matthew Dobson 31\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e John Rollo and William Cruickshane 32\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Thomas Cawley 33\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Michel Eugene Chevreul 34\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Claude Bernard 34\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Paul Langerhans (Edouard Laguesse and Eugene L. Opie) 35\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Oscar Minkowski and Josef von Mering 36\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Advances in Sugar (Glucose) Determinations 37\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Earliest Approaches—Taste and Fermentation 37\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Evaporation of Urine to Yield Sugar Crystals 38\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Moore’s Test 38\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Trommer’s Test 39\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Barreswil and Fehling’s Solutions 39\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Frederick Pavy 40\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Benedict’s Solution 40\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Folin–Wu Determination of Blood Glucose 41\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Banting, Best, and MacLeod 43\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Leonard Thompson 44\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e John Jacob Abel 45\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Frederick Sanger 45\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Pedro Cuatrecasas 48\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Questions and Crossword Puzzle 50\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e References 52\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 3 A PRIMER: GLUCOSE METABOLISM 55\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Prolog 55\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Carbohydrates and their Function 56\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates 57\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Salivary and Pancreatic Amylase 57\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Disaccharidases 58\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Absorption 59\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Overview of Glucose Metabolism 60\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Adenosine 5 -Triphosphate (ATP) 61\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glucose Metabolism 63\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glucose Transport into Cells 63\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Phosphorylation of Glucose 64\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Introduction to Glycogen Synthesis and Hydrolysis 65\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Beautiful Concepts 65\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glycogen Synthesis 66\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Uridine Bisphosphate Glucose (UBP-Glucose) 67\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glycogen Synthase 67\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Branching Enzyme 69\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glycogenolysis 69\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Debranching Enzyme 70\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glycogen Phosphorylase 71\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Phosphoglucomutase 71\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glucose 6-Phosphatase 72\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e α(1 → 4)-Glucosidase  72\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Synchronization of Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis (A Beautiful Pathway) 72\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Dephosphorylation 73\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Effectors 73\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glycolysis (Glycolytic Pathway) 75\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Phosphoglucose Isomerase 75\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Phosphofructokinase 76\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Aldolase 76\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Triose Phosphate Isomerase 76\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 77\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Erythrocyte Bisphosphoglyceromutase and Bisphosphoglycerate Phosphatase 77\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 3-Phosphoglycerate Kinase 78\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Phosphoglyceromutase 78\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Enolase 78\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Pyruvate Kinase 78\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Lactate Dehydrogenase 79\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 80\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Coenzymes: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FADH) 81\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Steps in the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 83\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Pyruvate Dehydrogenase; Acetyl CoA 83\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Pyruvate Decarboxylase 84\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Dihydrolipoyl Transacetylase 85\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Dihydrolipoyl Dehydrogenase 86\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Citrate Synthase 86\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Aconitase 86\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 87\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase  87\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Succinate Dehydrogenase 88\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Fumarase 89\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e l-Malate Dehydrogenase  89\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Pyruvate Carboxylase 89\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glycolysis 90\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 90\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Sum Total of Glycolysis and Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 90\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Summary 90\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Electron Transport System and Oxidative Phosphorylation 91\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Steps in the Electron Transport System 92\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Oxidative Phosphorylation (ATP Synthase) 95\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Shuttles 97\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glycerol 3-Phosphate Shuttle 97\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Malate–Aspartate Shuttle 97\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Moles ATP Produced by Oxidative Phosphorylation from 1 mol of Glucose 97\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Phosphogluconate Oxidative Cycle 98\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Steps in The Phosphogluconate Oxidative Cycle 99\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase; Lactonase 99\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Transaldolase 101\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Transketolase 101\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Fate of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 101\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Uronic Acid Pathway 103\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Hexosamine Biosynthesis Pathway 104\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Steps of Gluconeogenesis 105\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Conclusions 108\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Questions 108\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glossary 109\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 4 REGULATION OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM 113\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Insulin 114\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Structure 114\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Transport and Secretion of Insulin 114\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Insulin Signaling Pathways 118\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Akt Pathway 119\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e GLUT4 Translocation 120\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Insulin-Stimulated Glycogenesis 121\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Insulin-Stimulated Inhibition of Gluconeogenesis 123\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Insulin-Stimulated Protein Synthesis 123\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Insulin-Stimulated Lipogenesis (Fatty Acid Synthesis) 124\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Insulin-Inhibited Lipolysis (Fatty Acid Hydrolysis) 124\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Scaffold Proteins 125\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Incretin Hormones (Incretins) 128\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Amylin 131\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Other Hormones 133\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glucagon 133\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Epinephrine 135\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Somatotropin (Growth Hormone) 137\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Somatostatin (SST) 139\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Cortisol 140\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Adrenocorticotropin 142\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Thyroid Hormones 143\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) 146\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 146\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Adenosine 5 -Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase 147\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glossary 149\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e References 150\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 5 GLUCOSE METABOLISM GONE WRONG 153\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Pancreatic β-Cell Mass 156\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glucose Transport and Hexokinase 158\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glycogen Synthesis and Breakdown 160\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glycogen Cycling 161\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis 164\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glycolysis, Glucose Oxidation, and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase 166\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Mitochondrial Defects 169\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Tricarboxylic Acid Pathway and Oxidative Phosphorylation 169\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Hexosamine Biosynthesis Pathway 174\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Techniques Used in the Investigations 175\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Clamp 175\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Vastus Lateralis Muscle Biopsy 176\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glossary 176\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e References 177\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 6 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR DIABETES MELLITUS 183\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e T1D 184\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Latent Autoimmune Diabetes (LADA) or Type 1.5 184\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e T2D 187\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Hybrid 187\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Idiopathic Diabetes (T1b) 187\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Secondary 187\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Genetic Defects of β-islet Function 188\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Mody 188\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Other Genetic Defects of the β-cell 189\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Genetic Defects in Insulin Action 189\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Diseases of the Exocrine Pancreas 190\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Endocrinopathies 190\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Drug or Chemically Caused Diabetes 190\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Infections 191\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Uncommon Forms of Immune-Mediated Diseases 191\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Other Genetic Syndromes Sometimes Associated With Diabetes 192\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Prediabetes 192\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) 193\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Statistical Risk Classes 194\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Metabolic Syndrome 195\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glossary 197\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e References 198\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 7 DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS 201\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e PART 1: Establishing a Normal Range 201\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Concept of Normal and Abnormal Populations 201\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Probability Factor in Diagnosing Disease 203\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Probability of Disease and Prevalence 203\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Normal Range 204\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Assay Sensitivity and Specificity 205\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Relationships Among Sensitivity, Specificity, Prevalence, Predictability, and Normal Range 207\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Exercise 208\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e How Does One Choose a Normal Range?  209\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Truthfulness (Efficiency) 209\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Non-gaussian Distribution 210\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Effect of Reproducibility on Sensitivity and Specificity 210\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Severity of Disease and Assay Results 211\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Parallel and Series Multiparameter Testing 212\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Exercise 213\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Example 215\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Example 216\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e References 216\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e PART 2: Modern Techniques for the Quantitation of Glucose 216\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Methods of Historical Interest 216\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Modern-day Methods of Measuring Glucose 218\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glucose OxidasePeroxidaseChromogen 218\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e HexokinaseNADP 220\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Exercise 221\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glycated Hemoglobin 221\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Specimen Collection 223\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Exercise 225\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Gold Standard 225\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Instrumentation 226\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e References 229\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e PART 3: Symptoms and Tools for the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus 230\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus 231\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Individuals Who Should be Tested for Diabetes 231\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Tools for the Diagnosis of Diabetes 233\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Urinary Glucose 233\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Fasting Blood Glucose 233\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Oral Glucose Tolerance Test 234\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e HbA1c 235\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Cut Points for the Diagnosis of Diabetes 237\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Diagnosis of Diabetes Using FBG, 2-h PG, or HbA1c 239\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 239\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Autoimmune Antibodies as Predictors for T1D And LADA 241\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glossary 245\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e References 246\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 8 COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND THEIR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 249\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Complications of Diabetes Mellitus 249\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Retinopathy and Other Eye Complications 249\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Neuropathy and Related Conditions 252\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Nephropathy, Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD), and End-Stage Renal Disease 254\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), Hypertension, Coronary Heart Disease or Coronary Artery Disease (CHD), Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA), Pathophysiology of CVD: Endothelial Dysfunction 258\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Pathophysiology of CVD: Endothelium Dysfunction 260\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) 265\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Syndrome 266\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Hypoglycemia 266\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Infections 267\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Alzheimer’s Disease or Alzheimer Disease (AD) 269\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Diabetes and Cancer 270\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Pathophysiology of Diabetic Complications 272\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glycation 272\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Sorbitol Accumulation 275\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Diabetes 275\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glossary 278\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e References 278\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 9 HEREDITARY TRANSMISSION OF DIABETES MELLITUS 283\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Inheritance of T1D in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins 284\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Pairwise and Probandwise Concordance in T1D 284\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Pairwise and Probandwise Concordance in T2D 286\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Diabetes in Offspring of One or Two Diabetic Conjugal (Biological) Parents 288\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Diabetes in Siblings of Diabetics 289\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Summary 289\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Genetic Component of Diabetes Mellitus 290\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins or Human Lymphocyte Antigens and Disease 290\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 293\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e HLA Nomenclature 294\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e HLas and Diabetes Mellitus 295\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e T1D and Class II Genes 295\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e T1D and Class I Genes 297\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Non-HLA T1D Promoting Alleles 298\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Genetics of T2D 298\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e T1D and Environment 306\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Enteroviruses (Coxsackie B Virus) 308\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Rubella Virus (German Measles) 309\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Mumps Virus 310\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Cytomegalovirus 310\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Retrovirus 310\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Reovirus and Rotavirus 310\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Epstein–Barr Virus 311\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Viruses that Need More Evidence for the Assumption that They Promote T1D in Humans 311\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Viruses That Produce T1D in Animals but so Far no Evidence in Humans 311\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Other Environmental Factors 312\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Early Exposure to Cow’s Milk as Opposed to Breast Milk 312\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Vitamin D 313\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Summary 314\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Genes and Obesity 314\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The FTO Gene 315\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The KLF14 Gene 316\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Projects 317\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glossary 317\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e References 318\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 10 TREATMENT 323\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e PART 1: Medicinal Treatment 323\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Insulin (Early Treatment) 323\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e It is Not Your Father’s Insulin Any More Modern-Day Human Insulin 326\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Genetically Engineered Insulin Derivatives 327\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Other Modes of Delivering Insulin: Tablets or Capsules, Inhalable Insulin and Nasal Spray Insulin 330\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery (Artificial Pancreas) 330\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Islet Transplantation and Stem Cell Therapy 331\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Antidiabetic Oral Drugs 332\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Sulfonylureas 332\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Biguanides 333\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Thiazolidinediones 335\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Incretin-Based Inhibitors 335\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Exenatide 337\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Liraglutide 337\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Albiglutide and Taspoglutide (Long-Acting Release) 337\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, and Saxagliptin 337\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Amylin Derivatives (Pramlintide) 339\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glucokinase Activators (GKA): Potential Anti Diabetic Compounds 340\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e α-Glucosidase Inhibitors  341\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Other New Strategies that are in the Clinical Trials Phase 342\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e SGLT2 Inhibitors 342\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitors 342\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e References 343\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e PART 2: Prevention, Delay and Management 345\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Prevention and Delay 345\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Exercise 346\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Evidence 347\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Diet 349\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Biochemistry of the Beneficial Effects of Exercise 349\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Gastric Bypass Surgery (A Cure for T2D?) 350\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Project 352\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Glossary 352\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e References 352\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e POSTSCRIPT 355\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Future 355\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e APPENDIX A 357\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e General Assembly 358\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The White House 359\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e APPENDIX B 361\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Problems 361\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e INDEX 377 \u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e“I think that it would be of most use to young diabetologists and chemical pathologists early in their training to ensure that they understand the foundations and principles of the condition they are seeing every day.”  (\u003ci\u003eDiabetes Update\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 October 2013)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“Without doubt, this is an interesting and unique book with major merits.  It succeeds in closing a gap not filled by other books and in giving fresh insights into biochemistry.”  (\u003ci\u003eChemMedChem\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 August 2013)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRICHARD F. DODS, PhD, D.ABCC,\u003c\/b\u003e has studied, taught, and written about diabetes mellitus for many years, beginning as a research associate at New York University Medical School. As Director of Clinical Chemistry at the Louis A. Weiss Memorial Hospital, Dr. Dods published pioneering papers on the use of HbA1c as a test for monitoring diabetes mellitus. Later, he established his own company, Clinical Laboratory Consultants, which advised hospital and commercial laboratories on the implementation and interpretation of assays and the use of instruments for the diagnosis and monitoring of disease, including diabetes.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA clear explanation of the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten for a broad range of readers, including students, researchers, policymakers, health care providers, and diabetes patients and caregivers, this book explains the underlying biochemistry and physiology of diabetes mellitus. Each chapter contains a glossary that defines key terms, a summary that highlights essential concepts discussed in each section of the chapter, as well as a set of simple problems to help readers gain a richer and deeper understanding of diabetes, from its history to treatment options.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eUnderstanding Diabetes\u003c\/i\u003e begins with an overview of the disease, its worldwide prevalence and cost, and its connection to the global obesity epidemic. The author then explores the history of diabetes, including the first documented description of the disease dating back to 3400 BCE in Ancient Egypt. The next chapter, A Glucose Metabolism Primer, sets forth the pathways for the metabolism of glucose. Next, the book covers:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eRegulation of glucose metabolism and glucose metabolism gone wrong\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiabetes classification system\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiagnosis, including current laboratory tests\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComplications, such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eHereditary transmission\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePrevention and treatment, including emerging research\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough a cure has still not been found, this book demonstrates that researchers are continuing to make major breakthroughs on all fronts in the fight against diabetes, including a better understanding of its causes and an improved ability to diagnose and treat the disease.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990428958949,"sku":"NP9781118350096","price":119.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118350096.jpg?v=1761787790","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/understanding-diabetes-isbn-9781118350096","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}