{"product_id":"toxicology-and-epigenetics-isbn-9781119976097","title":"Toxicology and Epigenetics","description":"\u003cp\u003eEpigenetics is the study of both heritable and non-heritable changes in the regulation of gene activity and expression that occur without an alteration in the DNA sequence\u003cb\u003e.\u003c\/b\u003e This dynamic and rapidly developing discipline is making its impact across the biomedical sciences, in particular in toxicology where epigenetic differences can mean that different individuals respond differently to the same drug or chemical.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eToxicology and Epigenetics\u003c\/i\u003e reflects the multidimensional character of this emerging area of toxicology, describing cutting-edge molecular technologies to unravel epigenetic changes, the use of \u003ci\u003ein vivo\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003ein vitro\u003c\/i\u003e models, as well as the potential use of toxicological epigenetics in regulatory environments. An international team of experts consider the interplay between epigenetics and toxicology in a number of areas, including environmental, nutritional, pharmacological, and computational toxicology, nanomaterials, proteomics and metabolomics, and cancer research.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopics covered include:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eenvironment, epigenetics and diseases\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDNA methylation and toxicogenomics\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003echromatin at the intersection of disease and therapy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eepigenomic actions of environmental arsenicals\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eenvironment, epigenetics and cardiovascular health\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003etoxicology, epigenetics and autoimmunity\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eocular epigenomics: potential sites of environmental impact in development and disease\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003enuclear RNA silencing and related phenomena in animals\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eepigenomics – impact for drug safety sciences\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003emethods of global epigenomic profiling\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003etranscriptomics: applications in epigenetic toxicology\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eToxicology and Epigenetics\u003c\/i\u003e is an essential insight into the current trends and future directions of research in this rapidly expanding field for investigators, toxicologists, risk assessors and regulators in academia, industry and government.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePreface xxi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAcknowledgments xxiii\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eList of Contributors xxv\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSaura C. Sahu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Environment, Epigenetics, and Diseases 5\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eRobert Y.S. Cheng and Wan-yee Tang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Perceptions of epigenetics 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Environmental epigenetics and human diseases 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Implications of environmental epigenetics and future prospects 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Key questions to be answered 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 DNA Methylation and Toxicogenomics 25\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eDeepti Deobagkar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Toxicology 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Toxicogenomics 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Epigenetics 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 DNA methylation 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 DNA methyltransferases 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 DNA methylation is alteres upon exposure to chemicals and toxins 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Toxicogenomics and epigenetics 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Hydroxymethyl cytosine and toxicogenomics 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 MicroRNAs 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 DNA methylation in cancer 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Bioinformatics approach 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Summary 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Chromatin at the Intersection of Disease and Therapy 51\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eDelphine Qu\u003c\/i\u003eé\u003ci\u003enet, Marcin Walkiewicz, and Yamini Dalal\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Epigenetic marks on chromatin: a complex pathway with high flexibility 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Epigenetic approaches to treatment of cancer 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Epigenetic modifications and potential therapy in other diseases 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Conclusion 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Molecular Epigenetic Changes Caused by Environmental Pollutants 73\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSolange S. Lewis, Gregory J. Weber, Jennifer L. Freeman, and Maria S. Sepúlveda\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Mechanisms of molecular epigenetic changes 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Epigenetic assays 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Epigenetic changes induced by organic chemicals 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Epigenetic changes induced by metals 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Concluding remarks 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Epigenetic Mediation of Environmental Exposures to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 111\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBekim Sadikovic and David I. Rodenhiser\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Epigenetic modifications: DNA methylation 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 DNA methylation and cancer 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Epigenetic histone modifications 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Benzo(a)pyrene – a prototype PAH and environmental carcinogen 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Molecular mechanisms of benzopyrene carcinogenicity: geno- and epigeno-toxicity 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Epigenetic effects of multiple\/synergistic carcinogen exposures 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Summary and future considerations 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Epigenomic Actions of Environmental Arsenicals 129\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003ePaul L. Severson and Bernard W. Futscher\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Arsenicals in relation to human health 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Arsenical mechanisms of action 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Models to study arsenical action 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Models used to study epigenetic action 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Epigenetic effects of arsenicals 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Perspectives 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Arsenic-Induced Changes to the Epigenome 149\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eKathryn A. Bailey and Rebecca C. Fry\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Arsenic exposure and DNA methylation 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 DNA methylation changes associated with arsenic exposure 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Histone modifications associated with arsenic exposure 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 MicroRNA (miRNA) alterations associated with arsenic exposure 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Conclusions and future directions 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Environmental Epigenetics, Asthma, and Allergy: Our Environment’s Molecular Footprints 191\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eStephanie Lovinsky-Desir and Rachel L. Miller\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Asthma environmental toxicants associated with epigenetic regulation 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Epigenetic changes and asthma phenotype 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 ‘Pharmacoepigenetics’ 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Conclusion 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 miRNAs in Human Prostate Cancer 205\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eErnest K. Amankwah and Jong Y. Park\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Biogenesis, function, and target of miRNA 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 miRNA and human cancer 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 miRNAs as oncogenes and tumor suppressors 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Expression profile of miRNA in prostate cancer 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 miRNA as therapeutic targets for prostate cancer 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Conclusion and future directions 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Environment, Epigenetics, and Cardiovascular Health 219\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSanjukta Ghosh and Andrea Baccarelli\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Epidemiological evidence of environmental factors affecting cardiovascular health 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Cause and effect relation between environmental exposure and cardiovascular diseases 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Cardiovascular epigenetic signatures as risk factors and biomarkers for environmental exposure 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Conclusion 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Toxicology, Epigenetics, and Autoimmunity 241\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eCraig A. Cooney and Kathleen M. Gilbert\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Drugs and toxicants in epigenetics 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Metabolic requirements for epigenetics 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Autoimmunity and epigenetics 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Conclusion 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Toxicoepigenomics in Lupus 261\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eDonna Ray and Bruce C. Richardson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Etiology of lupus 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Epigenetics and lupus 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Environmental contributions to lupus 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Summary 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Ocular Epigenomics: Potential Sites of Environmental Impact in Development and Disease 275\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eKenneth P. Mitton\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Gene expression in ocular development 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Epigenetic regulation in ocular development 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 DNA-methylation changes in ocular disease 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Inherited and age-related diseases of the eye 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Pharmacological effects on retinal function 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Future research 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Nuclear RNA Silencing and Related Phenomena in Animals 297\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eRadek Malik and Petr Svoboda\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Conclusion 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Epigenetic Biomarkers in Cancer Detection and Diagnosis 317\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAshley G. Rivenbark and William B. Coleman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 DNA methylation 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Epigenetics of cancer 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Epigenetic biomarkers for cancer diagnostics: DNA methylation 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Application of aberrant DNA methylation to cancer diagnostics 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Epigenetic biomarkers in breast cancer 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Epigenetic biomarkers in prostate cancer 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Epigenetic biomarkers in lung cancer 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Epigenetic biomarkers in colorectal cancer 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Epigenetic biomarkers in liver cancer 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Cancer detection and diagnosis 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Epigenetic Histone Changes in the Toxicologic Mode of Action of Arsenic 339\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eJohn F. Reichard and Alvaro Puga\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Epigenetics and cancer 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Epigenetics effects of arsenic 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Conclusions 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Irreversible Effects of Diethylstilbestrol on Reproductive Organs and a Current Approach for Epigenetic Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 357\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eShinichi Miyagawa, Ryohei Yatsu, Tamotsu Sudo, Katsuhide Igarashi, Jun Kanno, and Taisen Iguchi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Adverse effects of perinatally-exposed DES on the mouse vagina 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 MeDIP-ChIP 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Future research needs 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Epigenomics – Impact for Drug Safety Sciences 365\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eHarri Lempi\u003c\/i\u003eä\u003ci\u003einen, Rapha\u003c\/i\u003eë\u003ci\u003elle Luisier, Arne M\u003c\/i\u003eü\u003ci\u003eller, Philippe Marc, David Heard, Federico Bolognani,\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePierre Moulin, Philippe Couttet, Olivier Grenet, Jennifer Marlowe, Jonathan Moggs, and R\u003c\/i\u003eé\u003ci\u003emi Terranova\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction – the dynamic epigenome and perturbations in disease 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Relevance of epigenetics for toxicology 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Towards identifying epigenetic biomarkers of drug-induced toxicity 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Challenges of integrating epigenetic analysis into toxicity testing 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Practical considerations 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Bioinformatics and modeling of epigenomic data 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Case study: identification of early mechanism and biomarkers for non-genotoxic carcinogenesis (NGC) 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Conclusions 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Archival Toxicoepigenetics: Molecular Analysis of Modified DNA from Preserved Tissues in Toxicology Studies 387\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eB. Alex Merrick\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Preservation of tissue: effects on protein and nucleic acids 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Extraction of nucleic acids from fixed or embedded tissues 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Analysis of methylated DNA for epigenetics 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Survey of epigenetic studies using formalin preserved tissues 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Prospects for toxicoepigenetics in preserved tissues 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 Conclusion 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Nanoparticles and Toxicoepigenomics 409\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eManasi P. Jain, Angela O. Choi, and Dusica Maysinger\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Nanoparticles 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Particles and the environment 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Nanoparticles in soil 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Nanoparticles in water 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Nanoparticles in air 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Nanoparticles in medicine 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7 Nanotoxicology 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8 Nanotoxicology in humans and experimental animals 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.9 Complications with nanotoxicological studies 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.10 Molecular mechanisms of nanoparticle toxicity and cellular defense mechanisms 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.11 Molecular mechanisms of nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.12 Nano-epigenomcs and epigenetics 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.13 Conclusion 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Methods of Global Epigenomic Profiling 427\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eMichael W.Y. Chan, Zhengang Peng, Jennifer Chao Weber, Ying-Wei Li, Matthew T. Zuzolo, and Huey-Jen L. Lin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 DNA methylation 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Histone modifications and chromatin remodeling 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Noncoding RNA 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Summary and discussion 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Transcriptomics: Applications in Epigenetic Toxicology 445\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003ePius Joseph\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Microarray analysis of gene expression profiles 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Gene expression studies – challenges 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Conclusions 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisclaimer 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Carcinogenic Metals Alter Histone Tail Modifications 459\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eYana Chervona and Max Costa\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Epigenetics and histone tail modifications 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Arsenic 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Nickel 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Hexavalent chromium (Cr [VI]) 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Cadmium 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7 Summary 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Prediction of Epigenetic and Stochastic Gene Expression Profiles of Late Effects after Radiation Exposure 475\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eYoko Hirabayashi and Tohru Inoue\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Introduction – pathological profiling (diagnostic endpoint) and toxicological profiling (probabilistic endpoint) 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Radiation exposure and dosimetric quantum biology 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Common gene expression profiles after subacute and prolonged effects after radiation exposure 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Stochastic expression gene profiles after radiation exposure 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Conclusions 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix B 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix C 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Modulation of Developmentally Regulated Gene Expression Programs through Targeting of Polycomb and Trithorax Group Proteins 511\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eMarjorie Brand and F.J. Dilworth\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Polycomb group (PcG) proteins 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Trithorax group genes 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Model for the transcriptional regulation of developmentally regulated genes by PcG and TrxG 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 PcG and TrxG proteins in disease 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6 Targeting PcG and TrxG proteins in disease 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Chromatin Insulators and Epigenetic Inheritance in Health and Disease 539\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eJingping Yang and Victor G. Corces\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Introduction 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Structure and organization of insulators 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 Insulators and chromatin architecture 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 Regulation of insulator function 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 Insulators and the external\/internal cellular environment 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6 Insulators and disease 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7 Concluding remarks 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Bioinformatics for High-Throughput Toxico-Epigenomics Studies 569\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eMaureen A. Sartor, Dana C. Dolinoy, Laura S. Rozek, and Gilbert S. Omenn\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Introduction 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Evaluating environmental influences on the epigenome 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3 Establishment of the field of environmental epigenomics 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 An evolutionary perspective: the case of genomic imprinting 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 Transitioning from epigenetics to epigenomics and related bioinformatics 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6 Observational studies in epigenomics 576\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7 Integrative analyses with epigenomics data 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8 Gene set enrichment and concept tools for pathway analyses 578\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9 Databases and resources 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.10 Illustrative applications from environmental exposures\/perturbations 581\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.11 University of Michigan NIEHS center approach to Lifestage Exposures and Adult Disease (LEAD) 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.12 Future directions 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29 Computational Methods in Toxicoepigenomics 589\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eJoo Chuan Tong\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1 Introduction 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2 Data sources 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3 Computational tools 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4 Conclusion 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30 Databases and Tools for Computational Epigenomics 595\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eV. Umashankar and S. Gurunathan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1 Introduction 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2 Epigenetics and computational epigenetics 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3 Epigenomics and computational epigenomics 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4 Human epigenome project (HEP) 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5 Epigenome prediction mechanism 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6 Epigenomics databases 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7 Tools employed in computational epigenomics 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.8 Sophisticated algorithms 611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.9 Conclusion 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWebsite references 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31 Interface of Epigenetics and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment 615\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003ePaul Nioi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.1 Introduction 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2 Key epigenetic changes implicated in carcinogenesis 616\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3 DNA methylation changes in chemical carcinogenesis 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4 Methods of detecting alterations in the genomic methylome 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5 Conclusions 624\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 627\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32 Epigenetic Modifications in Chemical Carcinogenesis 631\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIgor P. Pogribny, Igor Koturbash, and Frederick A. Beland\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1 Introduction 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.2 Epigenetic alterations in cancer cells 632\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.3 Role of epigenetic alterations in chemical carcinogenesis 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.4 Future perspectives: epigenetic alterations and cancer risk assessment 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e33 Application of Cancer Toxicoepigenomics in Identifying High-Risk Populations 645\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eMukesh Verma and Krishna K. Banaudha\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.1 Introduction: epigenetic mechanisms and cancer 645\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.2 Toxicity and cancer epigenetics 646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3 Advantages of using a cohort consortia approach to studying toxicoepigenomics in cancer 649\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4 Data integration 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.5 Challenges and future directions 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 651\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthor Index 653\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSubject Index 655\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e“Despite some of the issues with the structure, Toxicology and Epigenetics is an important, timely book that provides world-class, expert opinion on a broad range of topics in a fast moving highly relevant branch of toxicology.”  (\u003ci\u003eBritish Toxicology Society\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 July 2013)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDr. Saura C. Sahu\u003c\/strong\u003e, Research Chemist, Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration.\u003cbr\u003eDr. Sahu is the US Editor for the \u003cem\u003eJournal of Applied Toxicology\u003c\/em\u003e and the editor of \u003cem\u003eHepatotoxicity\u003c\/em\u003e (Wiley, 2007), \u003cem\u003eToxicogenomics\u003c\/em\u003e (Wiley, 2008), \u003cem\u003eNanotoxicity\u003c\/em\u003e (Wiley, 2009), and \u003cem\u003eHandbook of Systems Toxicology\u003c\/em\u003e (Wiley, 2011).   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEpigenetics is the study of both heritable and non-heritable changes in the regulation of gene activity and expression that occur without an alteration in the DNA sequence\u003cb\u003e.\u003c\/b\u003e This dynamic and rapidly developing discipline is making its impact across the biomedical sciences, in particular in toxicology where epigenetic differences can mean that different individuals respond differently to the same drug or chemical.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eToxicology and Epigenetics\u003c\/i\u003e reflects the multidimensional character of this emerging area of toxicology, describing cutting-edge molecular technologies to unravel epigenetic changes, the use of \u003ci\u003ein vivo\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003ein vitro\u003c\/i\u003e models, as well as the potential use of toxicological epigenetics in regulatory environments. An international team of experts consider the interplay between epigenetics and toxicology in a number of areas, including environmental, nutritional, pharmacological, and computational toxicology, nanomaterials, proteomics and metabolomics, and cancer research.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopics covered include:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eenvironment, epigenetics and diseases\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDNA methylation and toxicogenomics\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003echromatin at the intersection of disease and therapy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eepigenomic actions of environmental arsenicals\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eenvironment, epigenetics and cardiovascular health\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003etoxicology, epigenetics and autoimmunity\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eocular epigenomics: potential sites of environmental impact in development and disease\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003enuclear RNA silencing and related phenomena in animals\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eepigenomics – impact for drug safety sciences\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003emethods of global epigenomic profiling\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003etranscriptomics: applications in epigenetic toxicology\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eToxicology and Epigenetics\u003c\/i\u003e is an essential insight into the current trends and future directions of research in this rapidly expanding field for investigators, toxicologists, risk assessors and regulators in academia, industry and government.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990399893733,"sku":"NP9781119976097","price":278.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119976097.jpg?v=1761787674","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/toxicology-and-epigenetics-isbn-9781119976097","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}