{"product_id":"toxicological-assessment-of-combined-chemicals-in-the-environment-isbn-9781394158324","title":"Toxicological Assessment of Combined Chemicals in the Environment","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComprehensive resource covering toxicology fundamentals, distribution of pollutants in the environment, and research methodologies for toxicological assessment of chemical mixtures\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eToxicological Assessment of Combined Chemicals in the Environment\u003c\/i\u003e offers an in-depth exploration of various approaches and molecular mechanisms regarding how minor alterations in chemical mixtures can influence an organism’s toxicity, along with discussion of the challenges associated with assessing mixtures. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first section of the book provides a concise introduction to the background and significance of combined toxicity. Section two delves into the primary sources and enrichment mechanisms of different chemical mixtures, elucidating the biological exposure pathways of these compounds. Section three introduces both classical and emerging toxicological research models in detail. Building on the descriptions of compound emission, migration, accumulation, and transformation processes, and the analysis of combined molecular toxicity in the preceding sections, section four introduces computer mathematical modeling methods for hazard assessment of compound mixtures. The final section details the challenges and future trends in this field. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWritten by a highly qualified author and seasoned research contributor in the field, \u003ci\u003eToxicological Assessment of Combined Chemicals in the Environment\u003c\/i\u003e covers sample topics including: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe degradation, oxidation, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of various compounds in both the environment and in organisms\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e A variety of cell models and in vivo research models of model organisms, supplemented with case studies\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Combined molecular toxicity mechanisms of heavy metals, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Principal sources, fate, and mechanism of chemical mixtures in the environment, as well as experimental designs and sampling strategies for combined toxicity studies based on concentrations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eToxicological Assessment of Combined Chemicals in the Environment\u003c\/i\u003e serves as a valuable reference for researchers, students, and policymakers involved in environmental management and protection. It is particularly relevant for toxicologists, risk assessors, and those engaged in the molecular modeling of toxic mixtures. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eForeword xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction to Combined Toxicology, Background, Key Terminologies, and Significance 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYingjie Xia\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Key Terminologies 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Significance 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Toxicokinetics of Chemical Mixture Exposure in the Environment 13\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbdul Wahab Hussain, Mehvish Mumtaz, Asad Ullah Saeed, Maryam Mumtaz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Unveiling Toxicokinetics 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Toxicokinetics and Chemical Mixture Assessment 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 List of Toxic Chemicals\/Pollutants Present in the Environment 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Toxicokinetics of Selected Organohalide Compounds\/Mixtures 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusions 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Toxicodynamics of Chemical Mixtures Exposure in the Organism Body 29\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChunjiao Lu, Ting Yang, Xin Meng, Xiaojun Yang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Chemical Mixtures in Environment 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Model Organism in Toxicology 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Toxicodynamics of Chemical Mixtures 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Conclusions 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Principal Sources, Fate, and Mechanism of Chemical Mixtures in the Environment 47\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBao-Fu Zhang, Yiyun Liu, De-Sheng Pei\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 MP Mixtures 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Pesticide Mixtures 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 HM and Metalloid Metal Mixtures 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Nanoparticle Mixtures 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Persistent Organic Pollutants 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Antibiotic Mixtures 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Conclusions 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Experimental Designs and Sampling Strategies for Combined Toxicity Studies Based on Concentrations 61\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eManoharan Saravanan, Karunanithi Vidhya\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Need for Risk Assessment Studies 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Risk Assessment of Mixture Toxicity 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Experimental Designs and Methodologies for Mixture Toxicity 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Concentration of Mixture Substances 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Concentration-based Strategy 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Ecotoxicity Tests: Acute (Short-term Exposure) and Chronic Test (Long-term Exposure) 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Sampling of Biomarkers 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Animal Models for Combined Toxicity 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Conclusions 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Migration and Transformation of Chemical Pollutants as Mixtures 83\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eXiang Ge, Yingxin Yu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Volatile Organic Compounds 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Tetrabromobisphenol A and Its Derivatives 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Organophosphorus Flame Retardants 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Phthalic Acid Esters 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Alkylphenols 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Methylsiloxanes 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Analytical Techniques Used to Detect Chemical Mixtures in the Environment 103\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eThodhal Yoganandham Suman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Navigating the Complexities of Mixture Toxicity: A Persistent Challenge in Environmental Health 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Advancing Environmental Monitoring: Toward a Holistic Understanding of Chemical Mixtures 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Sample Preparation: Enhancing Specificity and Efficiency in Mixture Analysis 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Expanding the Analytical Toolbox: Emerging Extraction Techniques for Complex Environmental Matrices 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Organic Pollutants: Advancing Beyond Traditional Approaches 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Outlook: Toward Holistic Environmental Monitoring with Advanced Analytical Tools 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Common Toxicological Experimental Models 115\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eXuan Ma, Dejun Huang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Male Reproductive Function 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Female Reproductive Function 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Heavy Metals Mixtures 125\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKusheng Wu, Yuequn Chen, Wenlong Huang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction: Heavy Metal Exposures Are Everywhere 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Cardiovascular System 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Nervous System 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Male Reproductive System 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Female Reproductive System 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Liver 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Immune System 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Combined Toxicity of Heavy Metals Mixture in the Regulation of Immune Mediators 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Combined Toxicity of Heavy Metals Mixture in the Immune Response to the Immunogen 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Tumorigenesis 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Orofacial Clefts 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Olfactory System 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Pesticide Mixtures 173\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAli Omar Jimale, Yiyun Liu, De-Sheng Pei\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Epidemiology of Pesticide Pollution 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Diseases Caused by Pesticides 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 The Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanisms of Pesticide Mixtures 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Summary 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Persistent Organic Pollutant Mixtures 183\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRuijia Zhang, Tiangang Luan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Design of the Components of POP Mixtures and Their Concentrations 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Developmental Toxicity of POP Mixtures 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Endocrine Effects of POP Mixtures 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Molecular Toxicity Mechanisms of POPs 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Conclusions 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Emerging Pollutant Mixtures 195\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eXiangsheng Hong\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 ADIs or Reactions of Pharmaceutical Mixtures 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Mechanistic Toxicology of PPCP Mixtures 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Studies 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Phthalate Mixtures 209\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYiyun Liu, De-Sheng Pei\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Human Exposure of Phthalates 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 PAEs and Diseases 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 The Toxic Molecular Mechanisms of PAEs Mixture 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Conclusion 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Microplastics Mixtures 239\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYa Liu, Yin Liu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Heavy Metals 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Persistent Organic Pollutants 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Pathogens 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Engineered Nanomaterials 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Other Contaminants 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Conclusion and Prospect 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Flame Retardant Mixtures 249\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eXinyan Li, Tiangang Luan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Synergistic Effects of OFR Co-exposure on Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Synergistic Effects of OFR Co-exposure on Endocrine Disruption and Reproduction Toxicity 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Synergistic Effects of OFR Co-exposure on Neurotoxicity 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Synergistic Effects of OFR Co-exposure on Immunotoxicity 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Synergistic Effects of OFR Co-exposure on Growth, Development, and Organ 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Antagonism Effects of OFR Co-exposure on Growth, Development, and Organ 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Summary and Perspectives 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) of Combined Pollutant Mixtures and Their Toxicogenetic Endpoints 275\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHossam El Din H. Abdelhafez, Mohamed Bedair M. Ahmed, Magdy Moheb El-Dein Saad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Originated AOP and Approaches of Research in Public Databases 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 AOP Development Program 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Pollutants 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Conclusion 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Mathematical Model for Combined Toxicity Prediction 293\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFasiha Javaid, De-Sheng Pei\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Significance of Predicting Combined Toxicity 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Fundamental Concepts of Combined Toxicity 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Relevance of Combined Toxicity in Environmental Hazard Evaluation 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Mathematical Models for Combined Toxicity Prediction 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Evaluation of Model and Selection Criteria 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Future Directions and Research Needs 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Conclusion 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Novel Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Tox21 Techniques for Combined Toxicity Prediction 343\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNa li\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Computational Approaches and the Policy 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 The Methods for QSAR Models 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Tox21 and ToxCast 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 The Cases of QSAR Studies for Prediction of the Toxicity of Chemical Mixtures 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Future Avenues of Chemical Mixture Toxicity Prediction Research 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Challenges and Prospects in the Application of Experimental, Analytical, and Predictive Models in Combined Toxicity Assessment 351\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNaima Hamid, Qiang Yue, Jun Wang, Muhammad Junaid\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Experimental Models 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Analytical Methods 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Mathematical Models 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Challenges and Future Prospects Associated with Combined Toxicity Assessment 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Conclusion 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Future Research Perspectives of Combined Toxicology 365\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTariq Mehmood, Anam Ashraf, Kousar Parveen, Muhammad Azher Hassan, Muhammad Fahad Sardar, Muhammad Faheem, Licheng Peng, Shakeel Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Predrag Ilić\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 General Terms of TA 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Exposure to Combined Chemicals or Mixtures 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Risk Exposure Assessment 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Limitations in Current Knowledge of Combined Chemical Exposure 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Data Limitations 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 Improvements and Future Perspectives 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Combined Toxicity of Chemicals: Final Thoughts and Concluding Remarks 381\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDe-Sheng Pei, Marriya Sultan, YiYun Liu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Summary of Key Findings of This Book 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Final Thoughts 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Concluding Remarks 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 385\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDe-Sheng Pei, PhD,\u003c\/b\u003e Professor \u0026amp; Doctoral Supervisor, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University. He is currently engaged in research on animal disease models, germ-free fish models, toxicological effects of environmental pollutants, and molecular mechanisms of disease caused by environmental pollutants. His discoveries have been published in more than 180 research papers. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYiyun Liu, PhD,\u003c\/b\u003e School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University. In 2022, Dr. Liu graduated from the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science (RCEES), Chinese Academy of Sciences.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComprehensive resource covering toxicology fundamentals, distribution of pollutants in the environment, and research methodologies for toxicological assessment of chemical mixtures\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eToxicological Assessment of Combined Chemicals in the Environment\u003c\/i\u003e offers an in-depth exploration of various approaches and molecular mechanisms regarding how minor alterations in chemical mixtures can influence an organism’s toxicity, along with discussion of the challenges associated with assessing mixtures. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first section of the book provides a concise introduction to the background and significance of combined toxicity. Section two delves into the primary sources and enrichment mechanisms of different chemical mixtures, elucidating the biological exposure pathways of these compounds. Section three introduces both classical and emerging toxicological research models in detail. Building on the descriptions of compound emission, migration, accumulation, and transformation processes, and the analysis of combined molecular toxicity in the preceding sections, section four introduces computer mathematical modeling methods for hazard assessment of compound mixtures. The final section details the challenges and future trends in this field. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWritten by a highly qualified author and seasoned research contributor in the field, \u003ci\u003eToxicological Assessment of Combined Chemicals in the Environment\u003c\/i\u003e covers sample topics including: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe degradation, oxidation, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of various compounds in both the environment and in organisms\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e A variety of cell models and in vivo research models of model organisms, supplemented with case studies\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Combined molecular toxicity mechanisms of heavy metals, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Principal sources, fate, and mechanism of chemical mixtures in the environment, as well as experimental designs and sampling strategies for combined toxicity studies based on concentrations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eToxicological Assessment of Combined Chemicals in the Environment\u003c\/i\u003e serves as a valuable reference for researchers, students, and policymakers involved in environmental management and protection. It is particularly relevant for toxicologists, risk assessors, and those engaged in the molecular modeling of toxic mixtures.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990399992037,"sku":"NP9781394158324","price":220.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781394158324.jpg?v=1761787676","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/toxicological-assessment-of-combined-chemicals-in-the-environment-isbn-9781394158324","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}