{"product_id":"the-critical-thinking-toolkit-isbn-9780470658697","title":"The Critical Thinking Toolkit","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Critical Thinking Toolkit\u003c\/i\u003e is a comprehensive compendium that equips readers with the essential knowledge and methods for clear, analytical, logical thinking and critique in a range of scholarly contexts and everyday situations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eTakes an expansive approach to critical thinking by exploring concepts from other disciplines, including evidence and justification from philosophy, cognitive biases and errors from psychology, race and gender from sociology and political science, and tropes and symbols from rhetoric\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFollows the proven format of \u003ci\u003eThe Philosopher’s Toolkit\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eThe Ethics Toolkit\u003c\/i\u003e with concise, easily digestible entries, “see also” recommendations that connect topics, and recommended reading lists\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eAllows readers to apply new critical thinking and reasoning skills with exercises and real life examples at the end of each chapter\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eWritten in an accessible way, it leads readers through terrain too often cluttered with jargon\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIdeal for beginning to advanced students, as well as general readers, looking for a sophisticated yet accessible introduction to critical thinking\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Very Idea of Critical Thinking 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical thinking in the formal and empirical sciences 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical thinking, critical theory, and critical politics 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical thinking, finitude, and self-understanding 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing this book 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBasic Tools for Critical Thinking about Arguments\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Claims 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeliefs and opinions 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimple and complex claims 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTruth functionality 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Arguments 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogic vs. eristics 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArguments vs. explanations 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Premises 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnthymemes 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying premises 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Conclusions 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArgument structure 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimple and complex arguments 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying conclusions 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMore Tools for Critical Thinking about Arguments\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Deductive and Inductive Arguments 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeduction 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInduction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Conditional Claims 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNecessary and sufficient conditions 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiconditional claims 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Classifying and Comparing Claims 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing claims 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassifying single claims 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Claims and Definitions 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLexical, stipulative, ostensive, and negative definition 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtension and intension 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneric similarities and specific differences 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eDefiniens \u003c\/i\u003eand \u003ci\u003edefiniendum \u003c\/i\u003e31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 The Critical Thinker’s “Two Step”: Validity and Soundness\/Cogency and Strength 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure before truth 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Showing Invalidity by Counterexample 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools for Deductive Reasoning with Categories\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Thinking Categorically 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes and tokens 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Categorical Logic 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality, quantity, and standard form 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVenn diagrams and the meaning of categorical claims 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution and its implications 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExistential import 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Translating English Claims to Standard Form 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplicit quantifiers 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuals 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGetting the verb right 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdverbials 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrust your instincts 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA caveat 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Formal Deduction with Categories: Immediate Inferences 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquivalences 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConversion 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContraposition 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObversion 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Aristotelian and Boolean Squares of Opposition 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Formal Deduction with Categories: Syllogisms 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategorical syllogisms 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor and minor terms 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMood and figure 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Venn diagram test for validity 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive easy rules for evaluating categorical syllogisms 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGensler star test 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools for Deductive Reasoning with Claims\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Propositional vs. Categorical Logics 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranslating claims into propositional logic 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTruth tables for claims 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTesting for validity and invalidity with truth tables 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect truth tables 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrange validity 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Common Deductively Valid Forms 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eModus ponens \u003c\/i\u003e83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eModus tollens \u003c\/i\u003e84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothetical syllogism 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisjunctive syllogism 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstructive and destructive dilemmas 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Equivalences 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDouble negation 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTautology 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommutativity 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociativity 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransposition 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial implication 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial equivalence 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExportation 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeMorgan’s Law 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Formal Deduction with Forms and Equivalences 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree simple rules 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Common Formal Fallacies 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAffirming the consequent 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDenying the antecedent 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAffirming a disjunct 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools for Detecting Informal Fallacies\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Critical Thinking, Critical Deceiving, and the “Two Step” 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Subjectivist Fallacy 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Genetic Fallacies 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 \u003ci\u003eAd Hominem \u003c\/i\u003eFallacies: Direct, Circumstantial, and \u003ci\u003eTu Quoque \u003c\/i\u003e113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCircumstantial 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eTu quoque \u003c\/i\u003e118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Appeal to Emotions or Appeal to the Heart (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad passiones\u003c\/i\u003e) 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppeal to pity (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad misericordiam\u003c\/i\u003e) 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppeal to fear (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad metum\u003c\/i\u003e) 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppeal to guilt 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Appeal to Force (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad baculum\u003c\/i\u003e) 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Appeal to Ignorance (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad ignorantiam\u003c\/i\u003e) 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative evidence and no evidence 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Appeal to Novelty (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad novitatem\u003c\/i\u003e) 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Appeal to the People (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad populum\u003c\/i\u003e) 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBandwagon 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppeal to snobbery 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppeal to vanity 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Appeal to Unqualified Authority (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad verecundiam\u003c\/i\u003e) 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Fallacy of Accident 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 False Dilemma 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 Semantic and Syntactic Fallacies 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmbiguity, two types: lexical and syntactic 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVagueness vs. ambiguity 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVagueness, two types: degree and context 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquivocation and fallacious amphiboly 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.14 Begging the Question (\u003ci\u003epetitio principii\u003c\/i\u003e) 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15 Question-Begging Sentences 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16 Missing the Point (\u003ci\u003eignoratio elenchi\u003c\/i\u003e) 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.17 Fallacy of Composition 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.18 Fallacy of Division 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.19 Is-Ought Fallacy 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20 Appeal to Tradition 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.21 Quoting Out of Context 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.22 Red Herring 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.23 Straw Man and Fidelity 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.24 Hasty Fallacization 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.25 A Brief Argument Clinic 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContext 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharity 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProductivity 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools for Critical Thinking about Induction\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Inductive vs. Deductive Arguments Again 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Analogies and Arguments from Analogy 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriticizing analogies 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Fallacies about Causation 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePost hoc ergo propter hoc \u003c\/i\u003e170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation is not always causation 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCum hoc ergo propter hoc \u003c\/i\u003e172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeglecting a common cause 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOversimplified and contributing causes 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProximate, remote, and intervening causes 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Inductive Statistical Reasoning 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling: random and biased 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStratification 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gambler’s fallacy 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverages: mean, median, and mode 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistributions 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Base Rate Fallacy 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Slippery Slope and \u003ci\u003eReductio ad Absurdum \u003c\/i\u003e184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Hasty Generalization 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Mill’s Five Methods 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Method of Concomitant Variation 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Method of Agreement 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Method of Difference 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Method of Residues 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools for Critical Thinking about Experience and Error\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Error Theory 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Cognitive Errors 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceptual error 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMemory 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStress and trauma 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProjection 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransference 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmation bias 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDenial 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA little bit of knowledge … 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fallacy of false consensus 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaïve realism 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Environment and Error 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObstruction and distraction 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotion 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContext and comparison 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailability error 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Background and Ignorance 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Misleading Language 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuspect the negative 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplications and connotations 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDamning by silence or understatement 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Standpoint and Disagreement 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mosaic of truth 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncommensurability and deep disagreement 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools for Critical Thinking about Justification\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Knowledge: The Basics 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrdinary belief and hinge propositions 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlato’s definition of knowledge 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChisholm and belief 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Feelings as Evidence 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome important features of all types of feelings 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe importance of distinguishing sense experience from emotion 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Skepticism and Sensory Experience 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe weaknesses of sense experience as evidence 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strengths of sense experience as evidence 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Emotions and Evidence 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe weaknesses of emotional experience as evidence 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strengths of emotional experience as evidence 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTips for eliminating the negative effects of emotions 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Justifying Values 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe role of moral values in arguments 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour common views of value judgment 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTools for reasoning about moral values 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Justification: The Basics 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJustification and the problem of access 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo reasons not to believe 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond a reasonable doubt 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObligation and permission to believe 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Truth and Responsible Belief 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhy is responsibility relevant to belief? 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponsibility without truth 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 How Does Justification Work? 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClaims as evidence 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperience as evidence 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 A Problem for Responsible Belief 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGettier cases 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcesses and probabilities as justification 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarieties of externalism 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Evidence: Weak and Strong 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect and indirect evidence 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTestimony as evidence 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrong enough evidence? 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuppressed evidence fallacy 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour tips for recognizing “good” evidence 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Justification: Conclusions 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools for Critical Thinking about Science\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Science and the Value of Scientific Reasoning 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUseful, durable, and pleasant goods 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn agreement engine 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA path to knowledge 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 The Purview of Science 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe limits of empiricism 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is and what ought to be 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent kinds of science 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritiques of science 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Varieties of Possibility and Impossibility 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogical possibility 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical possibility 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther types of possibility 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Scientific Method 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCausal explanation 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObservation 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVerification and falsification 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParadigms: normal and revolutionary science 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Unfalsifiability and Falsification Resistance 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAd hoc \u003c\/i\u003ehypotheses and the fallacy of unfalsifiability 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalsification and holism: hypothesis vs. theory 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe “no true Scotsman” fallacy 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Experiments and Other Tests 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControls and variables 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemiological studies 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal experience and case studies 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlinding and double blinding 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eIn vitro \u003c\/i\u003estudies 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-human animal studies 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Six Criteria for Abduction 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Predictive power 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Scope 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Coherence with established fact 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Repeatability 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Simplicity 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Fruitfulness 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Bad Science 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJunk science 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePseudo-science 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFringe science 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdeological science 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools from Rhetoric, Critical Theory, and Politics\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Meta-Narratives 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStories that govern stories plus a whole lot more 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoverning, varying, and disintegrating narratives 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Governing Tropes 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimile, analogy, metaphor, and allegory 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetonymy and synecdoche 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 The Medium Is the Message 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Voice 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Semiotics: Critically Reading Signs 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeirce and Saussure 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf virgins, ghosts, and cuckolds 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe semiological problem 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Deconstruction 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritique of presence 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUndermining binaries 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe politics of deconstruction 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Foucault’s Critique of Power 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArcheological method 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenealogical method 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrophysics of power and biopower 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormalization 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 The Frankfurt School: Culture Critique 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipstick is ideology 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMakers who are made 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Dialectic of Enlightenment 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Class Critiques 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassical Marxism: superstructure and substructure 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt’s the class hierarchy, stupid 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploitation, alienation, and class struggle 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalse consciousness 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriticizing class critique 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Feminist and Gender Critiques 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolitics and gender 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeminist critique 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eText and gender 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Critiques of Race and Racism 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientific critique of race 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiberal critique of race 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarxist critique of race 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical race theory 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Traditionalist and Historicist Critiques 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA history of thinking about history 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViews from nowhere 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe harm in forgetting 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe importance of careful listening 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Ecological Critiques 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumption and pollution 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcological justice 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-human life 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix: Recommended Web Sites 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 351\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGalen Foresman\u003c\/b\u003e is Associate Professor of Philosophy at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, USA. His research interests include ethics, philosophy of punishment, philosophy of religion, and philosophy as it applies to pop culture. He is the author of several book chapters and the editor of \u003ci\u003eSupernatural and Philosophy\u003c\/i\u003e (Wiley Blackwell, 2013). \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeter S. Fosl\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor and Chair of Philosophy and Chair of Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at Transylvania University, USA. A David Hume Fellow at the University of Edinburgh, his research interests include skepticism and the history of philosophy, as well as topics in politics and religion. He is author or editor of many books, including \u003ci\u003eThe Big Lebowski and Philosophy\u003c\/i\u003e (Wiley Blackwell, 2012), \u003ci\u003eThe Philosopher's Toolkit,\u003c\/i\u003e 2nd ed. (Wiley Blackwell, 2010), and \u003ci\u003eThe Ethics Toolkit\u003c\/i\u003e (Wiley Blackwell, 2007). He is also Editor-in-Chief of the Open Access academic journal \u003ci\u003eCogent OA: Arts \u0026amp; Humanities.\u003c\/i\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJamie Carlin Watson\u003c\/b\u003e is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Broward College, USA. His primary research is in the social epistemology of epistemic advantage and expertise, especially as they influence testimony in practical fields such as medicine and business. He has published articles in journals such as \u003ci\u003eEpisteme\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eJournal of Applied Philosophy,\u003c\/i\u003e and is the co-author of \u003ci\u003eCritical Thinking: An Introduction to Reasoning Well,\u003c\/i\u003e 2nd ed. (2015), \u003ci\u003eWhat's Good on TV? Understanding Ethics through Television\u003c\/i\u003e (Wiley Blackwell, 2011), and \u003ci\u003ePhilosophy Demystified\u003c\/i\u003e (2011).   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e\"The Critical Thinking Toolkit\u003c\/i\u003e is a smart, well-written guide to critical thinking that will have students (and instructors) wondering how they got by without it for so long. Not only is this volume a key resource for those new to the study of critical thinking, but I suspect that copies will also find their way into the grateful hands of students in any academic discipline that requires the ability to think clearly and discerningly.\" \u003cb\u003eTroy Jollimore,\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eCalifornia State University, Chico\u003c\/i\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Critical Thinking Toolkit\u003c\/i\u003e is a comprehensive compendium that equips readers with the essential tools and methods for clear, analytical, and logical thinking in a range of scholarly contexts and everyday situations. Following the format of \u003ci\u003eThe Philosopher's Toolkit and The Ethics Toolkit,\u003c\/i\u003e this volume contains concise, easily digestible entries, incisive insights that deftly connect sub-topics, and carefully-curated recommendations for further reading. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis interdisciplinary guide takes a holistic approach to critical thinking by collecting related concepts from disparate fields in one indispensable volume. In addition to basic logic, the authors cover topics such as evidence and justification from philosophy, cognitive biases and errors from psychology, race and gender from sociology and political science, tropes and symbols from rhetoric, and much more. Directed exercises and real-world examples at the end of each chapter enable readers to directly engage with these concepts, methods, and skills in application. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIdeal for general readers and students alike, this sophisticated yet accessible introduction to critical thinking gives readers the knowledge they need to become discerning, engaged, and empowered thinkers in the world today.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990201417957,"sku":"NP9780470658697","price":21.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470658697.jpg?v=1761786883","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/the-critical-thinking-toolkit-isbn-9780470658697","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}