{"product_id":"terrestrial-hydrometeorology-isbn-9780470659373","title":"Terrestrial Hydrometeorology","description":"Both hydrologists and meteorologists need to speak a common scientific language, and this has given rise to the new scientific discipline of \u003ci\u003ehydrometeorology,\u003c\/i\u003e which deals with the transfer of water and energy across the land\/atmosphere interface. \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eTerrestrial Hydrometeorology\u003c\/i\u003e is the first graduate-level text with sufficient breadth and depth to be used in hydrology departments to teach relevant aspects of meteorology, and in meteorological departments to teach relevant aspects of hydrology, and to serve as an introductory text to teach the emerging discipline of hydrometeorology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe book will be essential reading for graduate students studying surface water hydrology, meteorology, and hydrometeorology. It can also be used in advanced undergraduate courses, and will be welcomed by academic and professional hydrologists and meteorologists worldwide.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAdditional resources for this book can be found at: \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.wiley.com\/go\/shuttleworth\/hydrometeorology\"\u003ehttp:\/\/www.wiley.com\/go\/shuttleworth\/hydrometeorology\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword xvi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xviii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Terrestrial Hydrometeorology and the Global Water Cycle 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater in the Earth system 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents of the global hydroclimate system 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtmosphere 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrosphere 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCryosphere 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLithosphere 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiosphere 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthroposphere 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Water Vapor in the Atmosphere 14\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatent heat 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtmospheric water vapor content 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdeal Gas Law 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVirtual temperature 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaturated vapor pressure 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasures of saturation 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring the vapor pressure of air 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Vertical Gradients in the Atmosphere 25\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrostatic pressure law 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdiabatic lapse rates 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry adiabatic lapse rate 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoist adiabatic lapse rate 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental lapse rate 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical pressure and temperature gradients 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotential temperature 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVirtual potential temperature 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtmospheric stability 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatic stability parameter 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Surface Energy Fluxes 36\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatent and sensible heat fluxes 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy balance of an ideal surface 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet radiation, R\u003csub\u003en\u003c\/sub\u003e 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatent heat flux, \u003ci\u003eλ\u003c\/i\u003eE 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensible heat flux, \u003ci\u003eH\u003c\/i\u003e 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil heat flux, \u003ci\u003eG\u003c\/i\u003e 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical energy storage, \u003ci\u003eS\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003et\u003c\/sub\u003e 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochemical energy storage, \u003ci\u003eP\u003c\/i\u003e 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvected energy, A\u003csub\u003ed\u003c\/sub\u003e 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlux sign convention 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaporative fraction and Bowen ratio 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy budget of open water 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Terrestrial Radiation 48\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlackbody radiation laws 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiation exchange for ‘gray’ surfaces 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrated radiation parameters for natural surfaces 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum solar radiation at the top of atmosphere 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum solar radiation at the ground 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtmospheric attenuation of solar radiation 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActual solar radiation at the ground 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongwave radiation 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet radiation at the surface 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight dependence of net radiation 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Soil Temperature and Heat Flux 66\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil surface temperature 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubsurface soil temperatures 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal properties of soil 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity of soil, \u003ci\u003eρ\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003es\u003c\/sub\u003e 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific heat of soil, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003es\u003c\/sub\u003e 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat capacity per unit volume, \u003ci\u003eC\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003es\u003c\/sub\u003e 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal conductivity, \u003ci\u003ek\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003es\u003c\/sub\u003e 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal diffusivity, \u003ci\u003eα\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003es\u003c\/sub\u003e 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormal description of soil heat flow 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal waves in homogeneous soil 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Measuring Surface Heat Fluxes 77\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring solar radiation 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily estimates of cloud cover 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermoelectric pyranometers 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotoelectric pyranometers 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring net radiation 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring soil heat flux 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring latent and sensible heat 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrometeorological measurement of surface energy fluxes 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBowen ratio\/energy budget method 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEddy correlation method 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaporation measurement from integrated water loss 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaporation pans 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWatersheds and lakes 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLysimeters 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil moisture depletion 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of evaporation measuring methods 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 General Circulation Models 96\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat are General Circulation Models? 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow are General Circulation Models used? 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow do General Circulation Models work? 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSequence of operations 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolving the dynamics 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculating the physics 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Global Scale Influences on Hydrometeorology 107\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal scale influences on atmospheric circulation 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanetary interrelationship 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatitudinal differences in solar energy input 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeasonal perturbations 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily perturbations 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersistent perturbations 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrast in ocean to continent surface exchanges 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinental topography 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemporary perturbations 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerturbations in oceanic circulation 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerturbations in atmospheric content 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerturbations in continental land cover 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatitudinal imbalance in radiant energy 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower atmosphere circulation 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatitudinal bands of pressure and wind 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHadley circulation 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean low-level circulation 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean upper level circulation 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOcean circulation 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOceanic influences on continental hydroclimate 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonsoon flow 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTropical cyclones 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEl Niño Southern Oscillation 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePacific Decadal Oscillation 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth Atlantic Oscillation 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater vapor in the atmosphere 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Formation of Clouds 128\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCloud generating mechanisms 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCloud condensation nuclei 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaturated vapor pressure of curved surfaces 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCloud droplet size, concentration and terminal velocity 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIce in clouds 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCloud formation processes 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal convection 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoehn effect 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtratropical fronts and cyclones 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCloud genera 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Formation of Precipitation 143\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation formation in warm clouds 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation formation in other clouds 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhich clouds produce rain? 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation form 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRaindrop size distribution 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRainfall rates and kinetic energy 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForms of frozen precipitation 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther forms of precipitation 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Precipitation Measurement and Observation 155\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation measurement using gauges 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstrumental errors 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite and location errors 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGauge designs 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAreal representativeness of gauge measurements 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSnowfall measurement 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation measurement using ground-based radar 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation measurement using satellite systems 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCloud mapping and characterization 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassive measurement of cloud properties 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpaceborne radar 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Precipitation Analysis in Time 176\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation climatology 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnual variations 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntra-annual variations 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily variations 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrends in precipitation 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRunning means 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCumulative deviations 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass curve 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOscillations in precipitation 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystem signatures 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntensity-duration relationships 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistics of extremes 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConditional probabilities 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Precipitation Analysis in Space 198\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMapping precipitation 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAreal mean precipitation 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsohyetal method 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTriangle method 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheissen method 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpatial organization of precipitation 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign storms and areal reduction factors 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProbable maximum precipitation 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpatial correlation of precipitation 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Mathematical and Conceptual Tools of Turbulence 213\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignature and spectrum of atmospheric turbulence 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean and fluctuating components 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRules of averaging for decomposed variables 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance and standard deviation 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasures of the strength of turbulence 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean and turbulent kinetic energy 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinear correlation coefficient 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKinematic flux 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvective and turbulent fluxes 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Equations of Atmospheric Flow in the ABL 231\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime rate of change in a fluid 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConservation of momentum in the atmosphere 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure forces 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViscous flow in fluids 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAxis-specific forces 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined momentum forces 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConservation of mass of air 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConservation of atmospheric moisture 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConservation of energy 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConservation of a scalar quantity 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of equations of atmospheric flow 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Equations of Turbulent Flow in the ABL 248\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluctuations in the ideal gas law 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Boussinesq approximation 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeglecting subsidence 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeostrophic wind 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivergence equation for turbulent fluctuations 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConservation of momentum in the turbulent ABL 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConservation of moisture, heat, and scalars in the turbulent ABL 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeglecting molecular diffusion 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Observed ABL Profiles: Higher Order Moments 259\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNature and evolution of the ABL 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaytime ABL profiles 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNighttime ABL profiles 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher order moments 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrognostic equations for turbulent departures 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrognostic equations for turbulent kinetic energy 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrognostic equations for variance of moisture and heat 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Turbulent Closure, K Theory, and Mixing Length 277\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRichardson number 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurbulent closure 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow order closure schemes 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal, first order closure 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixing length theory 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Surface Layer Scaling and Aerodynamic Resistance 289\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDimensionless gradients 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObukhov length 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlux-gradient relationships 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReturning fluxes to natural units 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistance analogues and aerodynamic resistance 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Canopy Processes and Canopy Resistances 300\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoundary layer exchange processes 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShelter factors 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStomatal resistance 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy budget of a dry leaf 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy budget of a dry canopy 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Whole Canopy Interactions 316\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhole-canopy aerodynamics and canopy structure 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcess resistance 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoughness sublayer 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWet canopies 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquilibrium evaporation 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaporation into an unsaturated atmosphere 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Daily Estimates of Evaporation 334\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily average values of weather variables 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature, humidity, and wind speed 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet radiation 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen water evaporation 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference crop evapotranspiration 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePenman-Monteith equation estimation of E\u003csub\u003eRC\u003c\/sub\u003e 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiation-based estimation of E\u003csub\u003eRC\u003c\/sub\u003e 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature-based estimation of E\u003csub\u003eRC\u003c\/sub\u003e 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaporation pan-based estimation of E\u003csub\u003eRC\u003c\/sub\u003e 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaporation from unstressed vegetation: the Matt-Shuttleworth approach 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaporation from water stressed vegetation 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer Schemes 359\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasis and origin of land-surface sub-models 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeveloping realism in SVATS 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlot-scale, one-dimensional ‘micrometeorological’ models 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproving representation of hydrological processes 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproving representation of carbon dioxide exchange 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOngoing developments in land surface sub-models 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Sensitivity to Land Surface Exchanges 380\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of land surfaces on weather and climate 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA. The influence of existing land-atmosphere interactions 383\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Effect of topography on convection and precipitation 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Contribution by land surfaces to atmospheric water availability 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB. The influence of transient changes in land surfaces 385\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Effect of transient changes in soil moisture 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Effect of transient changes in vegetation cover 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Effect of transient changes in frozen precipitation cover 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Combined effect of transient changes 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC. The influence of imposed persistent changes in land cover 392\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Effect of imposed land cover change on near surface observations 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Effect of imposed land-cover change on regional-scale climate 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Effect of imposed heterogeneity in land cover 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant points in this chapter 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Example Questions and Answers 404\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample questions 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestion 1 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestion 2 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestion 3 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestion 4 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestion 5 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestion 6 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestion 7 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestion 8 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestion 9 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestion 10 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample Answers 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnswer 1 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnswer 2 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnswer 3 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnswer 4 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnswer 5 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnswer 6 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnswer 7 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnswer 8 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnswer 9 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnswer 10 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“Recent research investigations have demonstrated the complexity of land-atmosphere processes, making it necessary for the next generation of scientists to have a multidisciplinary background. Fortunately, the new book by James Shuttleworth, Terrestrial Hydrometeorology, addresses this issue by combining both hydrology and meteorology. This … book is ripe with information, chapter summaries, sample questions and answers, and a companion website with downloadable figures and tables. I will definitely be adding this to my bookshelf, and I recommend students and faculty of all ranks do the same.”  (\u003ci\u003eGroundwater\u003c\/i\u003e, May-June 2014)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“Just as with a well-written PhD thesis, there is not only clarity but boundless enthusiasm which emerges from the pages of this book. It is an enthusiasm which is infectious, and most definitely converts me to this newly invented graduate subject.”  (\u003ci\u003eEuropean Journal of Soil Science\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 August 2012\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDr. Shuttleworth\u003c\/b\u003e worked for 20 years at the UK’s Institute of Hydrology, ultimately as Head of the Hydrological Processes Division. In 1993 he joined the University of Arizona where he is Regents’ Professor in both the Department of Hydrology and Water Resources and the Atmospheric Sciences Department. He has served on numerous national and international scientific advisory committees, including the National Research Council, the International Council of Scientific Unions, the International Hydrology Programme, the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, and the World Climate Research Programme. In 2001 Dr. Shuttleworth was awarded the AGU Hydrology Prize for “outstanding contributions to the science of hydrology”, and in 2006 IAHS, UNESCO and WMO jointly awarded him the prestigious International Hydrology Prize.\t   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoth hydrologists and meteorologists need to speak a common scientific language, and this has given rise to the new scientific discipline of \u003ci\u003ehydrometeorology,\u003c\/i\u003e which deals with the transfer of water and energy across the land\/atmosphere interface. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eTerrestrial Hydrometeorology\u003c\/i\u003e is the first graduate-level text with sufficient breadth and depth to be used in hydrology departments to teach relevant aspects of meteorology, and in meteorological departments to teach relevant aspects of hydrology, and to serve as an introductory text to teach the emerging discipline of hydrometeorology. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book will be essential reading for graduate students studying surface water hydrology, meteorology, and hydrometeorology. It can also be used in advanced undergraduate courses, and will be welcomed by academic and professional hydrologists and meteorologists worldwide.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990144368869,"sku":"NP9780470659373","price":126.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470659373.jpg?v=1761786673","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/terrestrial-hydrometeorology-isbn-9780470659373","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}