{"product_id":"recoverable-and-recyclable-catalysts-isbn-9780470681954","title":"Recoverable and Recyclable Catalysts","description":"\u003cb\u003eRecoverable and Recyclable Catalysts\u003c\/b\u003e  \u003cp\u003eThere is continued pressure on chemical and pharmaceutical industries to reduce chemical waste and improve the selectivity and efficiency of synthetic processes. The need to implement green chemistry principles is a driving force towards the development of recoverable and recyclable catalysts.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe design and synthesis of recoverable catalysts is a highly challenging interdisciplinary field combining chemistry, materials science engineering with economic and environmental objectives. Drawing on international research and highlighting recent developments, this book serves as a practical guide for both experts and newcomers to the field.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopics covered include:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAn introduction to the principles of catalyst recovery and recycling\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCatalysts on insoluble and soluble support materials\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThermomorphic catalysts, self-supported catalysts and perfluorous catalytic systems\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe development of reusable organic catalysts\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eContinuous flow and membrane reactors\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach chapter combines principles with practical information on the synthesis of catalysts and strategies for catalyst recovery. The book concludes with a comparison of different catalytic systems, using case studies to illustrate the key features of each approach.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eRecoverable and Recyclable Catalysts\u003c\/i\u003e is a valuable reference source for academic researchers and professionals from a range of pharmaceutical and chemical industries, particularly those working in catalysis, organic synthesis and sustainable chemistry.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContributors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 The Experimental Assay of Catalyst Recovery: General Concepts 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJohn A. Gladysz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Catalyst Precursor vs Catalyst 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Catalyst vs Catalyst Resting State 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Catalyst Inventory: Loss Mechanisms 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Catalyst Decomposition 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Catalyst Leaching 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Evaluation of Catalyst Recovery 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Product Yield, Conversion, or TON as a Function of Cycle: Poor and Potentially Deceptive Criteria 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Reaction Rate or TOF as a Function of Cycle 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Gravimetric and Other Assays of Recovered Catalyst 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4 Special Caveats when ‘Residues’ are Recycled 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Prospective 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Surface-functionalized Nanoporous Catalysts for Renewable Chemistry 15\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBrian G. Trewyn, Hung-Ting Chen and Victor S.-Y. Lin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Homogeneous Catalysis vs Heterogeneous Catalysis 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Multi-Site vs Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysis 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Immobilization Strategies of Heterogeneous Catalysts 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Supported Materials 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Conventional Methods to Functionalize Silica Surfaces 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Alternative Synthesis of Immobilized Complex Catalysts on a Solid Support 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Techniques for Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts with Enhanced Reactivity and Selectivity with Functionality 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Surface Interaction of Silica and Immobilized Homogeneous Catalysts 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Introduction of Functionalities and Control of Silica Support Morphology 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Selective Surface Functionalization of Solid Support for Utilization of Nanospace Inside the Porous Structure 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Cooperative Catalysis by Multifunctionalized Heterogeneous Catalyst Systems 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Mesoporous Mixed Metal Oxides for Heterogeneous Catalysts 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Other Heterogeneous Catalyst Systems on Nonsilica Supports 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusion 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Insoluble Resin-supported Catalysts 49\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGang Zhao and Zhuo Chai\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Transition Metal catalyzed c c Bond Formation Reactions 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Pd-catalyzed Reactions 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Asymmetric Additions of Organozinc Reagents to Aldehydes 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Rh-catalyzed Asymmetric Intermolecular c H Activation 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Cu-catalyzed Asymmetric Cyclopropanation 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Oxidation 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxide 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Oxidation of Alkanes, Alkenes and Alcohols 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Epoxidation of Alkenes 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Asymmetric Hydroformylation of Olefins 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Alkenes 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Reduction 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Reduction of Carboxamides to Amines 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Organocatalyzed Reactions 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Asymmetric Aldol Reaction and Aminoxylation 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Asymmetric Tandem Reaction 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Allylation of Aldehydes 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Annulation Reactions 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Cycloaddition 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Intramolecular Hydroamination 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Miscellaneous 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Conclusion 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Catalysts Bound to Soluble Polymers 77\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTamilselvi Chinnusamy, Petra Hilgers and Oliver Reiser\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Soluble Supports – General Considerations 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Recent Developments of Soluble Polymer-supported Catalysts 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Attachment of Catalysts to Polymer Supports 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Polymer-bound Metal Catalysts – General Considerations 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Polymer-bound Organocatalysts – General Considerations 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Recent Examples for Reactions Promoted by Catalysts Bound to Soluble Polymers 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Achiral Catalysts 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Chiral Catalysts 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Conclusion 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Abbreviations 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Polymeric, Recoverable Catalytic Systems 101\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eQiao-Sheng Hu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Polymeric Catalyst Systems 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 1,1 0 -Bi-2-naphthol (BINOL)-based Polymeric Catalytic Systems 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Bisphosphine-containing Polymeric Catalyst Systems 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Salen-containing Polymeric Catalytic Systems 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 BINOL–BINAP-based Bifunctional Polymeric Catalytic Systems 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Dendrimer Catalyst Systems 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.6 Dendronized Polymeric Catalytic Systems 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Summary 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Thermomorphic Catalysts 117\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid E. Bergbreiter\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Thermomorphic Catalyst Separation Strategies 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Hydrogenation Reactions Under Thermomorphic Conditions 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Hydroformylation Reactions Under Thermomorphic Conditions 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Hydroaminations Under Thermomorphic Conditions 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Pd-catalyzed Reactions Under Thermomorphic Conditions 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Pd-catalyzed Allylic Substitution Under Thermomorphic Conditions 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Pd-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions Under Thermomorphic Conditions 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Polymerization Reactions Under Thermomorphic Conditions 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Organocatalysis Under Thermomorphic Conditions 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions Under Thermomorphic Conditions 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Thermomorphic Hydrosilylation Catalysts 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Thermomorphic Catalytic Oxidations 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Conclusions 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Self-supported Asymmetric Catalysts 155\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWenbin Lin and David J. Mihalcik\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Self-supported Asymmetric Catalysts Formed by Linking Catalytically Active Subunits via Metal–Ligand Coordination 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Self-supported Asymmetric Catalysts Formed by Post-synthetic Modifications of Coordination Polymers 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Self-supported Asymmetric Catalysts Formed by Linking Multitopic Chiral Ligands with Catalytic Metal Centers 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Conclusions and Outlook 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Fluorous Chiral Catalyst Immobilization 179\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTibor Soos\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Fluorous Chemistry and its Basic Recovery Concepts 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Application of Fluorous Chiral Catalysts 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Fluorous Nitrogen Ligands 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Fluorous Oxygen Ligands 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Phosphorous Ligands 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Summary 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Biphasic Catalysis: Catalysis in Supercritical CO2 and in Water 199\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimon L. Desset and David J. Cole-Hamilton\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Biphasic Catalysis 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Aqueous Biphasic Catalysis 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Introduction 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Aqueous Biphasic Catalysis: Beyond Mass Transfer 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Additives 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Surface-active Ligands 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Homogeneous Reaction with Biphasic Separation 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6 Supported Aqueous Phase Catalysis (SAPC) 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.7 New Reactor Design 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.8 Conclusion 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Introduction 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for Catalyst Recycling 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Conclusion 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Asymmetric Catalysis in Ionic Liquids 259\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLijin Xu and Jianliang Xiao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Metal-catalyzed Asymmetric Reactions in ILs 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Asymmetric Hydrogenation 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Asymmetric Oxidation 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Asymmetric c c Bond Formation 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.5 Miscellaneous Reactions 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Asymmetric Organocatalytic Reactions in ILs 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Asymmetric Aldol Reactions 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Asymmetric Michael Addition 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reaction 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Asymmetric Mannich Reaction 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5 Asymmetric Baylis–Hillman Reaction 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Concluding Remarks 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Recoverable Organic Catalysts 301\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMaurizio Benaglia\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Achiral Organic Catalysts 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Oxidation Catalysts 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Phase Transfer Catalysts 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Miscellaneous Catalysts 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Chiral Organic Catalysts 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Phase Transfer Catalysts 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Lewis Base Catalysts 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Miscellaneous Catalysts 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Catalysts Derived from Amino Acids 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Proline Derivatives 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Amino Acid-derived Imidazolinones 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Other Amino Acids 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 General Considerations on Recyclable Organocatalysts 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Outlook and Perspectives 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Organic Polymer-microencapsulated Metal Catalysts 341\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJun Ou and Patrick H. Toy\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Non-cross-linked Polymer-microencapsulated Catalysts 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Non-cross-linked Polystyrene 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Non-cross-linked Polystyrene Derivatives 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Polysulfone 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Poly(xylylviologen dibromide) 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Cross-linked Polymer-microencapsulated Catalysts 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Divinyl Benzene Cross-linked Polystyrene 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Oligo(ethylene glycol) Cross-linked Polystyrene 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Urea Group Cross-linked Polyphenylene 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Summary Table 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Conclusions 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Organic Synthesis with Mini Flow Reactors Using Immobilised Catalysts 379\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSascha Ceylan and Andreas Kirschning\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 General Remarks 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 Batch versus Flow Processes 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.3 Micro versus Mini Flow Reactors 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Catalysis in Mini Flow Reactors with Immobilised Catalysts 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Solid Supports Based on Silica 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Solid Supports Based on Polymers 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Monolithic Supports 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Immobilisation on Membranes 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Miscellaneous Enabling Techniques for Mini Flow Systems 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Ionic Liquids as Media for Immobilisation 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Inductive Heating – a New Technique for Mini Flow Processes 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Perspectives and Outlook 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Homogeneous Catalysis Using Microreactor Technology 411\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJohan C. Brandt and Thomas Wirth\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Acid-catalysed Reactions 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Liquid–liquid Biphasic Systems 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Photocatalysis 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Asymmetric Catalytic Reactions 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Unusual Reaction Conditions 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Catalyst Immobilization Strategy: Some General Considerations and a Comparison of the Main Features of Different Supports 427\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFranco Cozzi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 General Considerations on Catalyst Immobilization 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Prerequisite Conditions for Immobilization 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Reasons Justifying Immobilization 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 A General Discussion on the Practical Aspects of Immobilization 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Comparison of Different Supports Employed for the Immobilization of Proline 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Organic Supports 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Inorganic Supports 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Comparison of Different Supports Employed for the Immobilization of Bis(oxazolines) 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Noncovalent Immobilization 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Covalent Immobilization 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Conclusions 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 463\u003c\/p\u003e \"This book is most appropriate for researchers or graduate students who are familiar with the area of asymmetric catalysis and seek to become more involved in this important area of research.\" (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1 March 2011)  \u003cp\u003e \"A substantial resource for those who do process development and scale-up work.\" (\u003ci\u003eOrganic Chemistry Portal\u003c\/i\u003e, March 2010)\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaurizio Benaglia\u003c\/strong\u003e is Associate Professor at the Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Milan, Italy. He is author of over ninety publications in international scientific journals, including five review articles. His current research focuses on stereoselective reactions, synthesis of chiral supramolecular systems, synthesis of supported organometallic and metal-free catalysts, and design and synthesis of new chiral catalysts, and environmentally pure catalysts.   \u003cb\u003eRecoverable and Recyclable Catalysts\u003c\/b\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere is continued pressure on chemical and pharmaceutical industries to reduce chemical waste and improve the selectivity and efficiency of synthetic processes. The need to implement green chemistry principles is a driving force towards the development of recoverable and recyclable catalysts.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe design and synthesis of recoverable catalysts is a highly challenging interdisciplinary field combining chemistry, materials science engineering with economic and environmental objectives. Drawing on international research and highlighting recent developments, this book serves as a practical guide for both experts and newcomers to the field.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopics covered include:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAn introduction to the principles of catalyst recovery and recycling\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCatalysts on insoluble and soluble support materials\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThermomorphic catalysts, self-supported catalysts and perfluorous catalytic systems\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe development of reusable organic catalysts\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eContinuous flow and membrane reactors\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach chapter combines principles with practical information on the synthesis of catalysts and strategies for catalyst recovery. The book concludes with a comparison of different catalytic systems, using case studies to illustrate the key features of each approach.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eRecoverable and Recyclable Catalysts\u003c\/i\u003e is a valuable reference source for academic researchers and professionals from a range of pharmaceutical and chemical industries, particularly those working in catalysis, organic synthesis and sustainable chemistry.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989926625509,"sku":"NP9780470681954","price":172.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470681954.jpg?v=1761785936","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/recoverable-and-recyclable-catalysts-isbn-9780470681954","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}