{"product_id":"principles-of-electrical-safety-isbn-9781118021941","title":"Principles of Electrical Safety","description":"Principles of Electrical Safety discusses current issues in electrical safety, which are accompanied by series’ of practical applications that can be used by practicing professionals, graduate students, and researchers. . \u003cbr\u003e • Provides extensive introductions to important topics in electrical safety\u003cbr\u003e • Comprehensive overview of inductance, resistance, and capacitance as applied to the human body\u003cbr\u003e • Serves as a preparatory guide for today’s practicing engineers \u003cp\u003eList of Figures xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Tables xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xxxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 1 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eMathematics Used in Electromagnetism 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Numbers 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Mathematical Operations with Vectors 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Calculus with Vectors—The Gradient 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Divergence, Curl, and Stokes’ Theorem 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Maxwell’s Equations 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eElectrical Safety Aspects of the Resistance Property of Materials 30\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Hazards Caused by Electrical Resistance 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Resistance and Conductance 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Example—Trunk of a Human Body 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Example—Limb of a Human Body 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Power and Energy Flow 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Sheet Resistivity 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Example—Square of Dry Skin 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Spreading Resistance 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Example—Circle of Dry Skin 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Particle Conductivity 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 Examples—Potassium, Sodium, and Chlorine Ions 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13 Cable Resistance 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eCapacitance Phenomena 59\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Fundamentals of Capacitance 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Capacitance and Permittivity 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Capacitance in Electrical Circuits 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Capacitance of Body Parts 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Example—Skin Capacitance 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Example—Capacitance of Trunk and Limb 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Electrical Hazards of Capacitance 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Capacitance of Cables 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eInductance Phenomena 74\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Inductance in Electrical Theory 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Inductance of Wires 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Example—Inductance of a Conductor 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Example—Inductance of Trunk and Limb 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Inductors or Reactors 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Skin Effect 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Cable Inductance 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Surge Impedance 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Bus Bar Impedance Calculations 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eCircuit Model of the Human Body 90\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Calculation of Electrical Shock Using the Circuit Model of the Body 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Frequency Response of the Human Body 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eEffect of Current on the Human Body 101\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction to Electrical Shock 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Human and Animal Sensitivities to Electric Current 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Human Body Impedance 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Effects of Various Exposure Conditions 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Bare Feet, Wet Conditions, and Other Variations 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Shoes and Other Insulated Objects and the Earth 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Current Paths Through the Body 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Human Response to Electrical Shock Varies with Exposure Conditions, Current Magnitude, and Duration 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Medical Imaging and Simulations 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 7 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eFundamentals of Ground Grid Design 118\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction to Ground Grid Design 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Summary of Ground Grid Design Procedures 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Site Survey 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Conductor Sizing 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Step and Touch Voltages 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Ground Grid Layout 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.5 Ground Resistance Calculation 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.6 Calculation of Maximum Grid Current 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.7 Calculation of Ground Potential Rise (GPR) 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.8 Calculation of Mesh Voltage, \u003ci\u003eEm \u003c\/i\u003e125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.9 Calculation of Step Voltage, \u003ci\u003eEs \u003c\/i\u003e127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.10 Detailed Design 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Example Design from IEEE Standard 80 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 8 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eSafety Aspects of Ground Grid Operation and Maintenance 138\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Effects of High Fault Currents 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Damage or Failure of Grounding Equipment 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Thermal Damage to Conductors Due to Excessive Short-Circuit Currents 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Connector Damage Due to Excessive Short-Circuit Stresses 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Drying of the Soil Resulting in Increased Soil Resistivity 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Recommendations 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 9 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrounding of Distribution Systems 147\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Stray Currents in Distribution Systems 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Three-Phase Multigrounded Neutral Distribution Line 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Secondary Systems: 120\/240 V Single Phase 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Example of Stray Currents—Touching a Grounded Conductor 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Example of Stray Currents—With One Conductor Shorted to Neutral 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Remediation of Stray-Current Problems 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Grounding and Overvoltages in Distribution Systems 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 High-Resistance Grounding of Distribution Systems 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Methods of Determining Charging Current 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 10 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eArc Flash Hazard Analysis 172\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction to Arc Flash Hazards 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Factors Affecting the Severity of Arc Flash Hazards 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Example Arc Flash Calculations 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Remediation of Arc Flash Hazards 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Example: Correcting an Arc Flash Problem When a Coordination Problem Requires Replacing Trip Units 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Example: Correcting a Coordination Problem Without Introducing an Arc Flash Problem 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Coordination of Low-Voltage Breaker Instantaneous Trips for Arc Flash Hazard Reduction 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Hospital #1—Time–Current Curve Examples 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Hospital #2—Time–Current Curve Examples 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Hospital #3—Time−Current Curve Examples 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Low-Voltage Transformer Secondary Arc Flash Protection using Fuses 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 11 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eEffect of High Fault Currents on Protection and Metering 216\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Current Transformer Saturation 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Saturation of Low-Ratio CTs 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 AC Saturation 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 DC Saturation 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Testing of Current Transformer Saturation 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Effect of High Fault Currents on Coordination 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Protective Relay Ratings and Settings 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Effects of Fault Currents on Protective Relays 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1 Examples 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Methods for Upgrading Protection Systems 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.1 Update Short-Circuit Study 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.2 Update Protective Device Coordination Study 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 12 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eEffects of High Fault Currents on Circuit Breakers 235\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Insufficient Interrupting Capability 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 High Voltage Air Circuit Breakers 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Vacuum Circuit Breakers 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 SF\u003csub\u003e6\u003c\/sub\u003e Circuit Breakers 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Loss of Interruption Medium 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Interrupting Ratings of Switching Devices 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Circuit Breakers 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Fuses 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Case Studies 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.1 Example: Diablo Canyon 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.2 Example: Dresden and Quad Cities 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Testing of Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11.1 Testing of Low-Voltage Molded-Case Circuit Breakers According to UL Standard 489 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11.2 Testing of Low-Voltage Molded-Case Circuit Breakers for Use With Uninterruptible Power Supplies According to UL Standard 489 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11.3 Testing of Supplementary Protectors for Use in Electrical Equipment According to UL Standard 1077 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11.4 Testing of Transfer Switch Equipment According to UL Standard 1008 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11.5 Testing of Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit Breakers According to ANSI Standard C37.50-1989 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11.6 Testing of Low-Voltage DC Power Circuit Breakers According to IEEE Standard C37.14-2002 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11.7 Testing of Low-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear According to IEC Standard 60947-1 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11.8 Testing of Low-Voltage AC and DC Circuit Breakers According to IEC Standard 60947-2 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11.9 Testing of Circuit Breakers Used for Across-the-Line Starters for Motors According to IEC Standard 60947-4-1 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11.10 Testing of Circuit Breakers Used in Households and Similar Installations According to IEC Standard 60898-1 and -2 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11.11 Testing of Circuit Breakers Used in Equipment such as Electrical Appliances According to IEC Standard 60934 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 Testing of High-Voltage Circuit Breakers 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 13 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eMechanical Forces and Thermal Effects in Substation Equipment Due To High Fault Currents 299\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Definitions 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Short-Circuit Mechanical Forces on Rigid Bus Bars 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Short-Circuit Mechanical Forces on Rigid Bus Bars—Circular Cross Section 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Short-Circuit Mechanical Forces—Rectangular Cross Section 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Dynamic Effects of Short Circuits 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Short-Circuit Thermal Effects 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Flexible Conductor Buses 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Conductor Motion During a Fault 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Pinch Forces on Bundled Conductors 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Force Safety Devices 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Substation Cable and Conductor Systems 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.1 Cable Thermal Limits 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.2 Cable Mechanical Limits 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Distribution Line Conductor Motion 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Effects of High Fault Currents on Substation Insulators 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.1 Station Post Insulators for Rigid Bus Bars 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.2 Suspension Insulators for Flexible Conductor Buses 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Effects of High Fault Currents on Gas-Insulated Substations (GIS) 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 14 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eEffect of High Fault Currents on Transmission Lines 325\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Effect of High Fault Current on Non-Ceramic Insulators (NCI) 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Conductor Motion Due to Fault Currents 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Calculation of Fault Current Motion for Horizontally Spaced Conductors 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Effect of Conductor Shape 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Conductor Equations of Motion 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Effect of Conductor Stretch 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Calculation of Fault Current Motion for Vertically Spaced Conductors 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Calculation Procedure 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 Calculation of Tension Change with Motion 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11 Calculation of Mechanical Loading on Phase-to-Phase Spacers 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12 Effect of Bundle Pinch on Conductors and Spacers 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 15 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eLightning and Surge Protection 338\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Surge Voltage Sources and Waveshapes 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Surge Propagation, Refraction, and Reflection 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Insulation Withstand Characteristics and Protection 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Surge Arrester Characteristics 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Surge Arrester Application 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeter E. Sutherland\u003c\/b\u003e serves as lead consultant at GE Energy Services, in Schenectady, New York. He has a PhD in Electric Power Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He is a well-respected industry expert who has taught several courses on the topic. He is a fellow of IEEE.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003eThis book fills a void in the market by describing current knowledge in electrical safety as industry needs electrical engineers who have been trained in safety engineering education.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrical safety is an often-neglected area of electrical power engineering, and electrical safety measures in industry are not always applied in electrical engineering laboratories of educational institutions. Since the industry is in need of electrical engineers who have been properly trained in safety engineering education, Sutherland has presented several up-to-date topics in the field. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eProvides a high-level introduction to the educated electrical engineer in any field who needs to know about electrical safety\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePresents the subject of electrical safety to a wider audience\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes an introduction to theory followed by a series of practical applications\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExamines the electrical fundamentals of resistance, inductance and capacitance as applied to the human body\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith an in-depth evaluation of electrical engineering safety measures, this book is designed to become part of the preparation of every current and future engineer. \u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Electrical Safety\u003c\/i\u003e will also be a suitable guide for lab setting in academic institutions.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-IEEE Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989851488485,"sku":"NP9781118021941","price":144.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118021941.jpg?v=1761785673","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/principles-of-electrical-safety-isbn-9781118021941","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}