{"product_id":"principles-of-combustion-isbn-9781394187065","title":"Principles of Combustion","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe new edition of a classic textbook on combustion principles and processes, covering the latest developments in fuels and applications in a student-friendly format\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Combustion\u003c\/i\u003e provides clear and authoritative coverage of chemically reacting flow systems. Detailed and accessible chapters cover key combustion topics such as chemical kinetics, reaction mechanisms, laminar flames, droplet evaporation and burning, and turbulent reacting flows. Numerous figures, end-of-chapter problems, extensive reference materials, and examples of specific combustion applications are integrated throughout the text. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNewly revised and expanded, \u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Combustion\u003c\/i\u003e makes it easier for students to absorb and master each concept covered by presenting content through smaller, bite-sized chapters. Two entirely new chapters on turbulent reacting flows and solid fuel combustion are accompanied by additional coverage of low carbon fuels such as hydrogen, natural gas, and renewable fuels. This new edition contains a wealth of new homework problems, new application examples, up-to-date references, and access to a new companion website with MATLAB files that students can use to run different combustion cases. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFully updated to meet the needs of today’s students and instructors, \u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Combustion:\u003c\/i\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProvides problem-solving techniques that draw from thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and chemistry\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eAddresses contemporary topics such as zero carbon combustion, turbulent combustion, and sustainable fuels\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiscusses the role of combustion emissions in climate change and the need for reducing reliance on carbon-based fossil fuels\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers a wide range of combustion application areas, including internal combustion engines, industrial heating, and materials processing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eContaining both introductory and advanced material on various combustion topics\u003ci\u003e, Principles of Combustion, Third Edition, \u003c\/i\u003eis an essential textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses on combustion, combustion theory, and combustion processes. It is also a valuable reference for combustion engineers and scientists wanting to better understand a particular combustion problem. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout the Authors xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction to Combustion 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Combustion Applications 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Organization of Text 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Solution Methods for Combustion Problems 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Fuels Background 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Hydrocarbon Fuel Chemistry 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Gaseous and Liquid Fuels for Combustion Engines 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Fuels for Rocket Engines 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Solid Fuels 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Additional Reading 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Chemical Thermodynamics 27\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Properties of Gas Mixtures 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Liquid–Vapor–Gas Mixtures 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Standard Enthalpies of Formation 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Relationship Between Bond Energy and Enthalpy of Formation 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Fugacity and Real-Gas Equations of State 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Conservation of Mass 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 The First Law of Thermodynamics 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Stoichiometric Chemical Reactions 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Mixture Fraction f 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 First Law Analysis of Combustion 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13 Second Law Analysis of Cyclic Engines 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14 Equilibrium Constant K p 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15 Chemical Equilibrium Using Lagrange Multipliers 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16 Chemical Equilibrium Using Equilibrium Constants 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17 Thermodynamic Properties of Combustion Products 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Chemical Kinetics 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Rates of Reaction and Their Functional Dependence 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 One-Step Chemical Reactions of Various Orders 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Chain Reactions 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Chain-Branching Reactions and Explosions 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Pressure Dependence of Rate Coefficients 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Surface Reactions 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Surface Reaction Kinetics 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Experimental Methods for Measurement of Gas-Phase Reaction Rates 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Experimental Methods to Study Surface Reactions 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Reaction Mechanisms 143\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Multiple Reactions 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Steady-State Approximation 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Partial Equilibrium 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Hydrogen H 2 Reaction Mechanisms 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Ammonia NH 3 Reaction Mechanisms 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Hydrocarbon Reaction Mechanisms 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Additional Hydrocarbon Reaction Mechanisms 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Reduced Mechanism of Hydrocarbon Combustion 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Chemical Mechanism Reduction 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Sensitivity Analysis 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Reaction Flow Analysis 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13 Computational Singular Perturbation (CSP) 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Transport Processes 189\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Definitions of Concentrations, Velocities, and Mass Fluxes 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Fick’s Law of Diffusion 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Dimensionless Ratios of Transport Coefficients 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Theory of Mass Diffusion in Gases at Low Density 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Continuity Equation and Species Mass Conservation Equations 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Conservation of Momentum 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Conservation of Energy 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Physical Derivation of the Multicomponent Diffusion Equation 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Shvab–Zel’dovich Formulation 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Boundary Conditions at an Interface 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 Turbulent Flow Fields 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 Turbulent Length, Velocity, and Time Scales 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.14 Reynolds and Favre Averaging 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15 Turbulence Modeling 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16 Probability Density Function (PDF) Models 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.17 Further Reading 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Premixed Flames 251\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Laminar Flame Speed Modeling 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Zeldovich, Frank-Kamenetsky, and Semenov Flame Model 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Diagnostic Methods for Flame Speed and Structure 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Laminar Flame Speeds of Hydrocarbon\/Air Mixtures 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Numerical Analysis of Laminar-Flame Problems 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Stretched Laminar Premixed Flames 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Stabilization of Combustion Flames in Laminar Flows 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Ignition 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Flame Quenching 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Flammability Limits of Premixed Laminar Flames 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Turbulent Flame Propagation 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13 Example: Turbulent Flame Propagation in a Spark Ignition Engine 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14 Stabilization of Turbulent Combustion Flames 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15 Turbulent Flame Models 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Detonation Waves 319\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Qualitative Differences Between Detonation and Deflagration Waves 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 The Hugoniot Curve 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Burned Gas Properties and the C–J Detonation-Wave Velocity 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Zel’dovich–von Neumann–Döring (ZND) One-Dimensional Wave Model 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Multidimensional Detonation Wave Structure 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT) in Gaseous Mixtures 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Detonability Limits 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Detonability Limits of Confined Fuel Mixtures 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Engineering Applications of Detonation 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Possible Measures for Reducing Potential of Detonation 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Non-premixed Flames 369\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Scale Analysis of Laminar and Turbulent Jet Flames 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Laminar Jet Flames 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Coaxial Jet Flames 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Combustion Chemistry of Laminar Jet Flames 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Turbulent Gaseous Fuel Jets 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Measurements of Non-Premixed Turbulent Flames 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Models of Non-Premixed Turbulent Flames 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Buoyant Flames 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Droplet Combustion 409\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Droplet Evaporation in Quiescent Environments 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Combustion of a Fuel Droplet in a Quiescent Environment 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Droplet Formation in Convective Environments 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Fuel Droplet Evaporation in a Convective Environment 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Droplet Combustion in Supercritical Environments 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Application: Compression Ignition Engine Combustion 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Emissions 457\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Nitrogen Oxides 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Carbon Monoxide 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Particulate Matter 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Soot Radiation 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Emissions Control in Internal Combustion Engines 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Solid Fuel Combustion 495\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Drying of Solid Fuels 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Biomass Pyrolysis 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Char Oxidation 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Solid Fuel Ignition 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Example: Biomass Cookstove 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Gasification of Solid Fuels 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA Conversion Factors and Physical Constants 525\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB Thermal and Transport Properties of Air 527\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.1 Introduction 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC Thermodynamic Property Tables for Various Ideal Gases 531\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eD Curve-Fit Equations for Thermodynamic Properties of Gaseous Fuels and Combustion Products 539\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eE Transport Properties of Gases: Mass Diffusion, Viscosity, and Thermal Conductivity 545\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.1 Introduction 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.2 Binary Diffusion Coefficients D\u003csub\u003eAB\u003c\/sub\u003e 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.3 Dynamic Viscosity μ 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.4 Thermal Conductivity k 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.5 Curve-Fits and Coefficients for Viscosity, Thermal Conductivity, and Specific Heat 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF Equations of State 553\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.1 Introduction 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.1.1 Ideal-Gas Equation of State 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.1.2 Van der Waals Equation of State 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.1.3 Redlich–Kwong Equation of State 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.1.4 Soave (SRK) and Peng–Robinson Equations of State 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.1.5 Virial Equation of State 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.1.6 Beattie–Bridgeman Equation of State 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.1.7 Benedict–Webb–Rubin Equation of State 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.1.8 Ideal-Gas Mixing Rules 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.1.9 Mixing Rules for Redlich–Kwong Types of Equation of State 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.1.10 Benedict–Webb–Rubin Mixing Rules 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.1.11 Virial Equation Mixing Parameters 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.2 Thermodynamic Derivatives 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eG Mathematical Relations 561\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eG.1 Numerical Solution of Equilibrium Combustion Equations 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eG.2 Gaussian Error Function 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eG.3 Bessel Functions of the First Kind 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eH Computer Programs 567\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 569\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAllan T. Kirkpatrick\u003c\/b\u003e is an Emeritus Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Colorado State University, where he developed and taught a wide variety of courses in the thermal science areas. As an internationally recognized authority in the applied thermal-fluid sciences, Dr. Kirkpatrick has published four books and more than 100 publications on internal combustion engines, emissions, combustion instability, fluid jets, and engineering education. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKenneth K. Kuo\u003c\/b\u003e was a Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Director of the High Pressure Combustion Laboratory (HPCL) in the Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University. The author of three books, Professor Kuo was widely recognized as a leading researcher and expert in propulsion-related combustion.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe new edition of a classic textbook on combustion principles and processes, covering the latest developments in fuels and applications in a student-friendly format\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Combustion\u003c\/i\u003e provides clear and authoritative coverage of chemically reacting flow systems. Detailed and accessible chapters cover key combustion topics such as chemical kinetics, reaction mechanisms, laminar flames, droplet evaporation and burning, and turbulent reacting flows. Numerous figures, end-of-chapter problems, extensive reference materials, and examples of specific combustion applications are integrated throughout the text. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNewly revised and expanded, \u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Combustion\u003c\/i\u003e makes it easier for students to absorb and master each concept covered by presenting content through smaller, bite-sized chapters. Two entirely new chapters on turbulent reacting flows and solid fuel combustion are accompanied by additional coverage of low carbon fuels such as hydrogen, natural gas, and renewable fuels. This new edition contains a wealth of new homework problems, new application examples, up-to-date references, and access to a new companion website with MATLAB files that students can use to run different combustion cases. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFully updated to meet the needs of today’s students and instructors, \u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Combustion:\u003c\/i\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProvides problem-solving techniques that draw from thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and chemistry\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eAddresses contemporary topics such as zero carbon combustion, turbulent combustion, and sustainable fuels\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiscusses the role of combustion emissions in climate change and the need for reducing reliance on carbon-based fossil fuels\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers a wide range of combustion application areas, including internal combustion engines, industrial heating, and materials processing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eContaining both introductory and advanced material on various combustion topics\u003ci\u003e, Principles of Combustion, Third Edition, \u003c\/i\u003eis an essential textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses on combustion, combustion theory, and combustion processes. It is also a valuable reference for combustion engineers and scientists wanting to better understand a particular combustion problem.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989850898661,"sku":"NP9781394187065","price":111.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781394187065.jpg?v=1761785671","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/principles-of-combustion-isbn-9781394187065","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}