{"product_id":"practical-guide-to-diagnostic-parasitology-isbn-9781683670391","title":"Practical Guide to Diagnostic Parasitology","description":"\u003cp\u003eIn the 21st century the field of diagnostic medical parasitology continues to see dramatic changes, including newly recognized pathogens and the changing endemicity and classification of familiar organisms; neglected tropical diseases and the impact of global climate change; and new methodologies and risk management issues. This classic clinical laboratory parasitology reference, now in its third edition, has been extensively revised and updated in a new full-color format. Still organized to provide maximum help to the user, particularly from the bench perspective, every section has been expanded with new images and discussion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecimen collection, preservation, and testing options are thoroughly discussed, from the routine ova and parasite examination to blood films, fecal immunoassays, and the newer molecular test panels. Specific test procedures, laboratory methods and reagents, and algorithms are provided. The ever-helpful \"FAQ\" section of commonly asked questions now offers expanded information on stool specimen fixatives and testing, thorough coverage of new techniques, and advice on reporting and commenting on results.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe heart of the \u003ci\u003eGuide\u003c\/i\u003e, covering identification of individual pathogens, has been expanded with more discussion and comparison of organisms and dozens of new color images. An entirely new section has been added that uses extensive figures and new tables to illustrate common problems with differentiating organisms from one another and from possible microscopic artifacts. The final section has been reorganized to include identification keys and dozens of tables summarizing organism characteristics to assist the bench microbiologist with routine diagnostic testing methods.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIf you are looking for online access to the latest clinical microbiology content, please visit \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.wiley.com\/learn\/clinmicronow\"\u003ewww.wiley.com\/learn\/clinmicronow\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Author xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 1 Philosophy and Approach to Diagnostic Parasitology 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeglected Tropical Diseases 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhy Perform Diagnostic Parasitology Testing? 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTravel 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation Movements 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl Issues 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate Change 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemiologic Considerations 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompromised Patients; Potential Sex Bias Regarding Infection Susceptibility; Aging 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApproach to Therapy 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWho Should Perform Diagnostic Parasitology Testing? 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaboratory Personnel 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNonlaboratory Personnel 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere Should Diagnostic Parasitology Testing Be Performed? 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInpatient Setting 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutpatient or Referral Setting 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecentralized Testing 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysician Office Laboratories 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOver-the-Counter (Home Care) Testing 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eField Sites 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Factors Should Precipitate Testing? 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTravel and Residence History 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmune Status of the Patient 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Symptoms 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDocumented Previous Infection 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContact with Infected Individuals 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotential Outbreak Testing 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupational Testing 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherapeutic Failure 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Testing Should Be Performed? 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoutine Tests 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecial Testing and Reference Laboratories 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecialized Referral Test Options—DPDx and Other Sites 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther (Nonmicrobiological) Testing 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Factors Should Be Considered in Development of Test Menus? 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Plant 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClient Base 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustomer Requirements and Perceived Levels of Service 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonnel Availability and Level of Expertise 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquipment 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBudget 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk Management Issues Associated with Stat Testing 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary Amebic Meningoencephalitis 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGranulomatous Amebic Encephalitis and Amebic Keratitis 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRequest for Blood Films 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutomated Instrumentation 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient Information 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConventional Microscopy 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 1.1 Common features of the neglected tropical diseases 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 2 Parasite Classification and Relevant Body Sites 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtozoa (Intestinal) 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmebae, Stramenopiles 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlagellates 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCiliates 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApicomplexa (Including Coccidia) 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrosporidia (Now Classified with the Fungi) 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtozoa (Other Body Sites) 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmebae 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlagellates 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApicomplexa (Including Coccidia) 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrosporidia (Now Classified with the Fungi) 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtozoa (Blood and Tissue) 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApicomplexa (Including Sporozoa) 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlagellates 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNematodes (Intestinal) 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNematodes (Tissue) 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNematodes (Blood and Tissue) 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCestodes (Intestinal) 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCestodes (Tissue) 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrematodes (Intestinal) 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrematodes (Liver and Lungs) 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrematodes (Blood) 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePentastomids 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcanthocephala 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 2.1 Classification of human parasites 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 2.2 Cosmopolitan distribution of common parasitic infections 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 2.3 Body sites and possible parasites recovered 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 3 Collection Options 43\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSafety 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollection of Fresh Stool Specimens 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollection Method 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of Specimens To Be Collected 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollection Times 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosttherapy Collection 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecimen Type, Stability, and Need for Preservation 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreservation of Stool Specimens 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverview of Preservatives 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormalin 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium Acetate-Acetic Acid-Formalin (SAF) 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSchaudinn’s Fluid 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSchaudinn’s Fluid containing PVA (Mercury Base) 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSchaudinn’s Fluid containing PVA (Copper Base, Zinc Base) 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle-Vial Collection Systems (Other than SAF) 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversal Fixative (Total-Fix) 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality Control for Preservatives 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcedure Notes for Use of Preservatives (Stool Fixative Collection Vials) 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcedure Limitations for Use of Preservatives (Stool Fixative Collection Vials) 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollection of Blood 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollection and Processing 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStat Test Requests and Risk Management Issues 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollection of Specimens from Other Body Sites 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 3.1 Fecal specimens for parasites: options for collection and processing 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 3.2 Approaches to stool parasitology: test ordering 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 3.3 Preservatives and procedures commonly used in diagnostic parasitology (stool specimens) 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 3.4 Advantages of thin and thick blood films 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 3.5 Advantages and disadvantages of buffy coat films 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 3.6 Potential problems of using EDTA anticoagulant for the preparation of thin and thick blood films 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 3.7 Body sites and possible parasites recovered (trophozoites, cysts, oocysts, spores, adults, larvae, eggs, amastigotes, and trypomastigotes) 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 4 Specimen Test Options: Routine Diagnostic Methods and Body Sites 69\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOva and Parasite Examination of Stool Specimens 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Diagnostic Methods for Stool Specimens 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCulture of Larval-Stage Nematodes 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimation of Worm Burdens through Egg Counts 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatching Test for Schistosome Eggs 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScreening Stool Samples for Recovery of a Tapeworm Scolex 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTesting of Other Intestinal Tract Specimens 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamination for Pinworm 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSigmoidoscopy Material 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuodenal Drainage Material 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuodenal Capsule Technique (Entero-Test) 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrogenital Tract Specimens 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSputum 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAspirates 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiopsy Specimens 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThin Blood Films 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThick Blood Films 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Staining Methods 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuffy Coat Films 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQBC Microhematocrit Centrifugation Method 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnott Concentration 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMembrane Filtration Technique 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCulture Methods 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimal Inoculation and Xenodiagnosis 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibody and Antigen Detection 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibody Detection 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntigen Detection, Nucleic Acid-Based Tests, and Molecular Panels 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntradermal Tests 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUV Autofluorescence 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 4.1 Body sites, procedures and specimens, recommended methods and relevant parasites, and comments 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 4.2 Serologic, antigen, and probe tests used in the diagnosis of parasitic infections 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 5 Specific Test Procedures and Algorithms 95\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicroscopy 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCALIBRATION OF THE MICROSCOPE 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOva and Parasite Examination 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDIRECT WET FECAL SMEAR 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCONCENTRATION (Sedimentation and Flotation) 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEDIMENTATION CONCENTRATION (Formalin-Ethyl Acetate) 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEDIMENTATION CONCENTRATION USING THE UNIVERSAL FIXATIVE (Total-Fix) 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFLOTATION CONCENTRATION (Zinc Sulfate) 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePERMANENT STAINED SMEAR 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStains Used in the Permanent Stained Smear 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTRICHROME STAIN (Wheatley’s Method) 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRON HEMATOXYLIN STAIN (Spencer-Monroe Method) 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRON HEMATOXYLIN STAIN (Tompkins-Miller Method) 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMODIFIED IRON HEMATOXYLIN STAIN (Incorporating the Carbol Fuchsin Step) 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCHLORAZOL BLACK E STAIN 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecialized Stains for Coccidia and Microsporidia 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKINYOUN’S ACID-FAST STAIN (Cold Method) 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMODIFIED ZIEHL-NEELSEN ACID-FAST STAIN (Hot Method) 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCARBOL FUCHSIN NEGATIVE STAIN FOR \u003ci\u003eCRYPTOSPORIDIUM \u003c\/i\u003e(W. L. Current) 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRAPID SAFRANIN METHOD FOR \u003ci\u003eCRYPTOSPORIDIUM \u003c\/i\u003e(D. Baxby) 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRAPID SAFRANIN METHOD FOR \u003ci\u003eCYCLOSPORA\u003c\/i\u003e, USING A MICROWAVE OVEN (Govinda Visvesvara) 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAURAMINE O STAIN FOR APLICOMPLEXA (INCLUDING COCCIDIA) (Thomas Hänscheid) 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMODIFIED TRICHROME STAIN FOR MICROSPORIDIA (Weber, Green Counterstain) 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMODIFIED TRICHROME STAIN FOR MICROSPORIDIA (Ryan, Blue Counterstain) 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMODIFIED TRICHROME STAIN FOR MICROSPORIDIA (Evelyn Kokoskin, Hot Method) 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFecal Immunoassays for Intestinal Protozoa 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA \u003c\/i\u003e150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCRYPTOSPORIDIUM \u003c\/i\u003eSPP. 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eGIARDIA LAMBLIA \u003c\/i\u003e151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKITS UNDER DEVELOPMENT 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOMMENTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FECAL IMMUNOASSAYS 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS (Antigen Detection, No Centrifugation Recommended) 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFLUORESCENCE (Visual Identification of the Organisms, Centrifugation Recommended) 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLATERAL-FLOW CARTRIDGES (Antigen Detection, No Centrifugation Recommended) 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarval Nematode Culture 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHARADA-MORI FILTER PAPER STRIP CULTURE 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBAERMANN CONCENTRATION 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGAR PLATE CULTURE FOR \u003ci\u003eSTRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS \u003c\/i\u003e158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Methods for Gastrointestinal Tract Specimens 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXAMINATION FOR PINWORM (Cellulose Tape Preparations) 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSIGMOIDOSCOPY SPECIMENS (Direct Wet Smear) 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSIGMOIDOSCOPY SPECIMENS (Permanent Stained Smear) 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDUODENAL ASPIRATES 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods for Urogenital Tract Specimens 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRECEIPT OF DRY SMEARS 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDIRECT SALINE MOUNT 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePERMANENT STAINED SMEAR 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eURINE CONCENTRATION (Centrifugation) 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eURINE CONCENTRATION (Nuclepore Membrane Filter) 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreparation of Blood Films 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTHIN BLOOD FILMS 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTHICK BLOOD FILMS 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOMBINATION THICK-THIN BLOOD FILMS 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRISK MANAGEMENT ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH BLOOD FILMS 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUSE OF A REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR PARASITE BLOOD DIAGNOSTIC TESTING 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBLOOD FILM REPORTING WITH ADDITIONAL REPORT COMMENTS 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBUFFY COAT BLOOD FILMS 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Stains 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTAIN OPTIONS 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGIEMSA STAIN 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Concentration 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBUFFY COAT CONCENTRATION 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKNOTT CONCENTRATION 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMEMBRANE FILTRATION CONCENTRATION 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlgorithm 5.1 Procedure for processing fresh stool for the O\u0026amp;P examination 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlgorithm 5.2 Procedure for processing liquid specimens for the O\u0026amp;P examination 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlgorithm 5.3 Procedure for processing preserved stool for the O\u0026amp;P examination—two-vial collection kit 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlgorithm 5.4 Procedure for processing SAF-preserved stool for the O\u0026amp;P examination 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlgorithm 5.5 Procedure for the use of Total-Fix (universal fixative, single-vial system) (this fixative contains no mercury, no PVA, and no formalin) 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eALTERNATE METHOD FOR SMEAR PREPARATION DIRECTLY FROM VIAL 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlgorithm 5.6 Use of various fixatives and their recommended stains 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlgorithm 5.7 Ordering algorithm for laboratory examination for intestinal parasites 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlgorithm 5.8 Procedure for processing blood specimens for examination 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 5.1 Body sites, specimens, and recommended stains 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 5.2 Approaches to stool parasitology: test ordering 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 5.3 Laboratory test reports: notes and optional comments 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 5.4 Parasitemia determined from conventional light microscopy: clinical correlation 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 6 Commonly Asked Questions about Diagnostic Parasitology 217\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStool Parasitology 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecimen Collection 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecimen Processing 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic Methods 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStool Immunoassay Options 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOLECULAR TEST PANELS (FDA CLEARED) 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA. APTIMA \u003ci\u003eTrichomonas vaginalis \u003c\/i\u003eAssay 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB. Affirm VPIII Microbial Identification Test 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC. Cepheid Xpert TV Assay for \u003ci\u003eTrichomonas vaginalis \u003c\/i\u003efrom Men and Women 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD. BD MAX Enteric Parasite Panel 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE. BioFire FilmArray Gastrointestinal Panel 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF. Luminex (Verigene II GI Flex Assay; Includes Parasites) 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eG. Other Pending Molecular Tests 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganism Identification 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReporting 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProficiency Testing 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTissues or Fluids 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecimen Collection 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecimen Processing 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic Methods 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganism Identification 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReporting 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProficiency Testing 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Questions 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 7 Parasite Identification 265\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProtozoa\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmebae (Intestinal) 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEntamoeba histolytica \u003c\/i\u003e266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEntamoeba histolytica\/Entamoeba dispar \u003c\/i\u003e270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComments on \u003ci\u003eEntamoeba moshkovskii \u003c\/i\u003eand \u003ci\u003eEntamoeba bangladeshi \u003c\/i\u003e273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEntamoeba bangladeshi \u003c\/i\u003e274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEntamoeba hartmanni \u003c\/i\u003e275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEntamoeba coli \u003c\/i\u003e278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEntamoeba gingivalis \u003c\/i\u003e281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEntamoeba polecki \u003c\/i\u003e283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEndolimax nana \u003c\/i\u003e284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eIodamoeba bütschlii \u003c\/i\u003e287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBlastocystis \u003c\/i\u003espp. (formerly \u003ci\u003eBlastocystis hominis\u003c\/i\u003e) 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlagellates (Intestinal) \u003ci\u003eGiardia lamblia \u003c\/i\u003e(\u003ci\u003eG\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003eduodenalis\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eG\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003eintestinalis\u003c\/i\u003e) 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eDientamoeba fragilis \u003c\/i\u003e298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eChilomastix mesnili \u003c\/i\u003e302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePentatrichomonas hominis \u003c\/i\u003e304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEnteromonas hominis\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eRetortamonas intestinalis \u003c\/i\u003e307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCiliates (Intestinal) 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBalantidium coli \u003c\/i\u003e310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApicomplexa (Intestinal) 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCryptosporidium \u003c\/i\u003espp. 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoccidia (Intestinal) 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCyclospora cayetanensis \u003c\/i\u003e319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCystoisospora \u003c\/i\u003e(formerly \u003ci\u003eIsospora\u003c\/i\u003e) \u003ci\u003ebelli \u003c\/i\u003e323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrosporidia (Intestinal) 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEnterocytozoon bieneusi \u003c\/i\u003e326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEncephalitozoon intestinalis\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eEncephalitozoon \u003c\/i\u003espp. 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSporozoa (Blood and Tissue) 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePlasmodium vivax \u003c\/i\u003e334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePlasmodium falciparum \u003c\/i\u003e339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePlasmodium malariae \u003c\/i\u003e343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePlasmodium ovale wallickeri\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003ePlasmodium ovale curtisi \u003c\/i\u003e346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePlasmodium knowlesi \u003c\/i\u003e350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaria 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBabesia \u003c\/i\u003espp. (\u003ci\u003eBabesia microti\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eB\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003eduncani\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eB\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003edivergens\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eB\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003evenatorum\u003c\/i\u003e) 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eToxoplasma gondii \u003c\/i\u003e359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlagellates (Blood and Tissue) 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLeishmania \u003c\/i\u003espp. 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eTrypanosoma brucei gambiense \u003c\/i\u003e(West), \u003ci\u003eT. brucei rhodesiense \u003c\/i\u003e(East) 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eTrypanosoma cruzi \u003c\/i\u003e376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmebae (Other Body Sites) 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eNaegleria fowleri \u003c\/i\u003e381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAcanthamoeba \u003c\/i\u003espp., \u003ci\u003eBalamuthia mandrillaris\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eSappinia diploidea \u003c\/i\u003e385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlagellates (Other Body Sites) 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eTrichomonas vaginalis \u003c\/i\u003e389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNEMATODES 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntestinal 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAscaris lumbricoides \u003c\/i\u003e392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eTrichuris trichiura\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eCapillaria philippinensis \u003c\/i\u003e395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eNecator americanus\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eAncylostoma duodenale\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eAncylostoma ceylanicum \u003c\/i\u003e(Hookworms); \u003ci\u003eTrichostrongylus \u003c\/i\u003espp. 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eStrongyloides stercoralis \u003c\/i\u003e401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEnterobius vermicularis \u003c\/i\u003e404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTissue 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAncylostoma braziliense\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eAncylostoma caninum\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eUncinaria stenocephala \u003c\/i\u003e(Dog and Cat Hookworms) 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eToxocara canis\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eToxocara cati \u003c\/i\u003e(Dog and Cat Ascarid Worms) 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eDracunculus medinensis \u003c\/i\u003e413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eTrichinella spiralis \u003c\/i\u003e416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood and Tissue 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFilarial Worms 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCESTODES 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntestinal 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eTaenia saginata \u003c\/i\u003e425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eTaenia solium \u003c\/i\u003e428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eDiphyllobothrium latum \u003c\/i\u003e432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eHymenolepis \u003c\/i\u003e(\u003ci\u003eRodentolepis\u003c\/i\u003e) \u003ci\u003enana \u003c\/i\u003e435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eHymenolepis diminuta \u003c\/i\u003e438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eDipylidium caninum \u003c\/i\u003e440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTissue 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEchinococcus granulosus\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eEchinococcus multilocularis\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eEchinococcus vogeli\u003c\/i\u003e,\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEchinococcus oligarthrus \u003c\/i\u003e443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTREMATODES 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntestinal 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eFasciolopsis buski \u003c\/i\u003e448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiver and Lungs 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eParagonimus westermani\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eParagonimus mexicanus\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eParagonimus kellicotti \u003c\/i\u003e451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eFasciola hepatica \u003c\/i\u003e454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eClonorchis \u003c\/i\u003e(\u003ci\u003eOpisthorchis\u003c\/i\u003e) \u003ci\u003esinensis \u003c\/i\u003e(Chinese liver fluke) 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSchistosoma \u003c\/i\u003espp. (\u003ci\u003eSchistosoma mansoni\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eS\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003ehaematobium\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eS\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003ejaponicum\u003c\/i\u003e,\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eS\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003emekongi\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eS\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003emalayensis\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eS\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003eintercalatum\u003c\/i\u003e) 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 8 Common Problems in Parasite Identification 465\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 8.1 \u003ci\u003eEntamoeba \u003c\/i\u003esp. trophozoites versus macrophages 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 8.2 \u003ci\u003eEntamoeba \u003c\/i\u003esp. cysts versus PMNs 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 8.3 \u003ci\u003eEntamoeba histolytica \u003c\/i\u003eversus \u003ci\u003eEntamoeba coli \u003c\/i\u003eprecysts and cysts 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 8.4 \u003ci\u003eEndolimax nana \u003c\/i\u003eversus \u003ci\u003eDientamoeba fragilis \u003c\/i\u003e488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 9 Identification Aids 489\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.1 Rapid diagnostic procedures 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.2 Diagnostic characteristics for organisms in wet mounts (direct or concentration sediment) 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.3 Diagnostic characteristics for organisms in permanent stained smears (e.g., Wheatley’s trichrome, iron-hematoxylin) 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification Key 9.1 Identification of intestinal amebae (permanent stained smear) 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification Key 9.2 Identification of intestinal flagellates 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification Key 9.3 Identification of helminth eggs 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification Key 9.4 Identification of microfilariae 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePROTOZOA 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.4 Intestinal protozoa: trophozoites of common amebae 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.5 Intestinal protozoa: cysts of common amebae 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.6 Intestinal protozoa: trophozoites of less common amebae 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.7 Intestinal protozoa: cysts of less common amebae 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.8 Morphologic criteria used to identify \u003ci\u003eBlastocystis \u003c\/i\u003espp. 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.9 Intestinal protozoa: trophozoites of flagellates 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.10 Intestinal protozoa: cysts of flagellates 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.11 Intestinal protozoa: ciliate (\u003ci\u003eBalantidium coli\u003c\/i\u003e) 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.12 Apicomplexa 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.13 Microsporidia (related to the Fungi): general information 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.14 Microsporidia: recommended diagnostic techniques 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.15 Comparison of \u003ci\u003eNaegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba \u003c\/i\u003espp., \u003ci\u003eBalamuthia mandrillaris, \u003c\/i\u003eand \u003ci\u003eSappinia diploidea \u003c\/i\u003e506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.16 Characteristics of \u003ci\u003eTrichomonas vaginalis \u003c\/i\u003e507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.17 Key characteristics of intestinal tract and urogenital system protozoa 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHELMINTHS 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.18 Normal life spans of the most common intestinal nematodes 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.19 Characteristics of the most common intestinal nematodes 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.20 Tissue nematodes 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.21 \u003ci\u003eTrichinella spiralis\u003c\/i\u003e: life cycle stages and clinical conditions 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.22 Characteristics of human microfilariae 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.23 Characteristics of cestode parasites (intestinal) 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.24 Tissue cestodes 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.25 Characteristics of intestinal trematodes 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.26 Characteristics of liver and lung trematodes 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.27 Human paragonimiasis 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.28 Characteristics of blood trematodes 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.29 Key characteristics of helminths 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBLOOD PARASITES 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.30 Malaria characteristics with fresh blood or EDTA-blood 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.31 Potential problems with using EDTA anticoagulant for the preparation of thin and thick blood films 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.32 Plasmodia in Giemsa-stained thin blood smears 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.33 Relevant issues for handling requests for identification of infectious blood parasites 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.34 Features of human leishmanial infections 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.35 Characteristics of American trypanosomiasis 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.36 Characteristics of East and West African trypanosomiasis 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 9.37 Key characteristics of blood parasites 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLynne Shore Garcia\u003c\/b\u003e is the director of LSG \u0026amp; Associates, a firm providing training, teaching, and consultation services for diagnostic medical parasitology and health care administration. A former manager of the UCLA Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, she is a sought-after speaker (nationally and internationally) and author of hundreds of articles, book chapters, and books including two ASM Press books, \u003ci\u003eClinical Laboratory Management\u003c\/i\u003e, Second Edition and \u003ci\u003eDiagnostic Medical Parasitology\u003c\/i\u003e, Sixth Edition.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ASM Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989831893221,"sku":"NP9781683670391","price":99.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781683670391.jpg?v=1761785612","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/practical-guide-to-diagnostic-parasitology-isbn-9781683670391","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}