{"product_id":"physical-models-isbn-9783433032572","title":"Physical Models","description":"Physical models have been, and continue to be used by engineers when faced with unprecedented challenges, when engineering science has been non-existent or inadequate, and in any other situation when the engineer has needed to raise their confidence in a design proposal to a sufficient level to begin construction. For this reason, models have mostly been used by designers and constructors of highly innovative projects, when previous experience has not been available.\u003cbr\u003e The book covers the history of using of physical models in the design and development of civil and building engineering projects including bridges in the mid-18th century, William Fairbairn?s Britannia bridge in the 1840s, the masonry Aswan Dam in the 1890s, concrete dams in the 1920s, thin concrete shell roofs and the dynamic behaviour of tall buildings in earthquakes from the 1930s, tidal flow in estuaries and the acoustics of concert halls from the 1950s, and cable-net and membrane structures in the 1960s.\u003cbr\u003e Traditionally, progress in engineering has been attributed to the creation and use of engineering science, the understanding materials properties and the development of new construction methods. The book argues that the use of reduced scale models have played an equally important part in the development of civil and building engineering. However, like the history of engineering design itself, this crucial contribution has not been widely reported or celebrated. \u003cbr\u003e The book concludes with reviews of the current use of physical models alongside computer models, for example, in boundary layer wind tunnels, room acoustics, seismic engineering, hydrology, and air flow in buildings.\u003cbr\u003ePhysical models have been, and continue to be used by engineers when faced with unprecedented challenges, when engineering science has been inadequate or even non-existent, and in any other situation when engineers have needed to raise their confidence in a design proposal to a sufficient level in order to begin construction. For this reason, models have mostly been used by designers and constructors of highly innovative projects, when previous experience has not been available.\u003cbr\u003e The book covers the history of using physical models in the design and development of civil and building engineering projects including Robert Stephenson?s Britannia Bridge in the 1840s, the masonry Aswan Dam in the 1890s and the Boulder Dam in the 1930s; tidal flow in estuaries and wind and seismic loads on structures from the 1890s, the acoustics of concert halls and the design of thin concrete shell roofs from the 1920s, and the dynamic behaviour of tall buildings from the 1930s, as well as and cable-net and membrane structures in the 1960s. Individual designers featured include Eduardo Torroja, Pier Luigi Nervi, Heinz Hossdorf, Heinz Isler, Frei Otto, Sergio Musmeci and Mamoru Kawaguchi. \u003cbr\u003e The book concludes with overviews of the current use of physical models alongside computer models, for example in boundary layer wind tunnels, seismic engineering, hydrology, soil mechanics, and air flow in buildings.\u003cbr\u003e Traditionally, progress in engineering has been attributed to the creation and use of engineering science, the understanding of materials properties and the development of new construction methods. The book argues that the use of reduced-scale models has played an equally important part in the development of civil and building engineering. However, like the history of engineering design itself, this crucial contribution has not been widely reported or celebrated.\u003cbr\u003e The book includes 39 chapters written by 29 authors from ten different countries.\u003cbr\u003e Preface Construction History Series (by Karl-Eugen Kurrer)\u003cbr\u003e Foreword (by Werner Sobek)\u003cbr\u003e Introduction (by Bill Addis)\u003cbr\u003e SECTION A -\u003cbr\u003e PHYSICAL MODELS FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE 1880s\u003cbr\u003e 1 Dirk Bühler: Models in civil engineering from ancient times to the Industrial Revolution\u003cbr\u003e 2 Santiago Huerta: Block models of the masonry arch and vault\u003cbr\u003e 3 Rainer Graefe: The catenary and the line of thrust as a means for shaping arches and vaults\u003cbr\u003e 4 Andreas Kahlow: Leonhard Euler and the model tests for a 300 metre timber arched bridge in St. Petersburg\u003cbr\u003e 5 Dennis Smith: The use of models in early nineteenth-century British suspension bridge design\u003cbr\u003e 6 Bill Addis: Models used during the design of the Conwy and Britannia tubular bridges\u003cbr\u003e SECTION B -\u003cbr\u003e PHYSICAL MODELS USED IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN, 1890s-1930s\u003cbr\u003e 7 Mike Chrimes: The use of models to inform the structural design of dams, 1890-1940\u003cbr\u003e 8 Bill Addis: Models used during the design of the Boulder Dam\u003cbr\u003e 9 Roland May: The role of models in the early development of Zeiss-Dywidag shells\u003cbr\u003e 10 Mario Chiorino \u0026amp; Gabriele Neri: Model testing of structures in pre-war Italy; the School of Arturo Danusso\u003cbr\u003e 11 Joaquin Antuna: Eduardo Torroja and his use of models up to 1936\u003cbr\u003e 12 Bill Addis: Photoelastic stress analysis\u003cbr\u003e SECTION C -\u003cbr\u003e PHYSICAL MODELS USED IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN, 1940s TO 1980s\u003cbr\u003e 13 Bernard Espion: Structural modelling technique\u003cbr\u003e 14 Christiane Weber: Physical modelling at the University of Stuttgart\u003cbr\u003e 15 Mario Chiorino \u0026amp; Gabriele Neri: Model testing of structures in post-war Italy: the activity of ISMES 1951-1974\u003cbr\u003e 16 Joaquin Antuna: Eduardo Torroja and his use of models from 1939\u003cbr\u003e 17 Edwin Trout: Scale models for structural testing at the Cement and Concrete Association, UK: 1951-73\u003cbr\u003e 18 Pepa Casinello: Heinz Hossdorf: his contribution to the development of physical model testing\u003cbr\u003e 19 Berthold Burkhardt: Soap film and soap bubble models\u003cbr\u003e 20 Lukas Ingold: The model as an ideal building: the origins of the design methods of Sergio Musmeci\u003cbr\u003e 21 John Chilton: Heinz Isler and his use of physical models\u003cbr\u003e 22 Ian Liddell: Models for the design development, engineering and construction of the Multihalle for the 1975 Bundesgartenschau in Mannheim\u003cbr\u003e SECTION D -\u003cbr\u003e PHYSICAL MODELS USED IN NON-STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES\u003cbr\u003e 23 Bill Addis: The historical use of physical model testing in free-surface hydraulic engineering\u003cbr\u003e 24 Bill Addis: The historical use of physical model testing in wind engineering\u003cbr\u003e 25 Bill Addis: The historical use of physical model testing in earthquake engineering\u003cbr\u003e 26 Raf Orlowski: The historical use of models in the acoustic design of buildings\u003cbr\u003e 27 Bill Craig: Geotechnical centrifuge models ? a history of their role in pre-construction design\u003cbr\u003e SECTION E -\u003cbr\u003e PHYSICAL MODELLING IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY\u003cbr\u003e 28 Mamoru Kawaguchi: Physical models as powerful weapons in structural design\u003cbr\u003e 29 Bruce Martin: Physical modelling of structures for contemporary building design \u003cbr\u003e 30 David Wendland: Using physical models in the design of complex masonry structures\u003cbr\u003e 31 James Sutherland: Physical modelling of free surface water ? current practice\u003cbr\u003e 32 Francesco Dorigatti: Boundary-layer wind tunnel model testing ? current practice\u003cbr\u003e 33 Amarnath Kasalanati: Model testing using shake tables ? current practice\u003cbr\u003e 34 Raf Orlowski: The use of physical models in acoustic design ? current practice\u003cbr\u003e 35 David White: Geotechnical centrifuge modelling ? current practice\u003cbr\u003e 36 Owen Connick: Water-bath modelling ? small-scale simulation of natural ventilation flows\u003cbr\u003e 37 Jan Knippers: The use of biological models for building engineering design\u003cbr\u003e 38 Mamoru Kawaguchi: Flying a 100 metre long Jumbo Koinobori\u003cbr\u003e 39 Dirk Bühler \u0026amp; Christiane Weber: Epilogue: A future for models from the past\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e APPENDICES -\u003cbr\u003e Earliest writings in engineering literature about scaling and the use of reduced-scale models \u003cbr\u003e A1 Original source 15BC Vitruvius.\u003cbr\u003e A2 Original source 1638 Galileo.\u003cbr\u003e A3 Original source 1772 Leonard Euler.\u003cbr\u003e A4Original source 1801 Report on Telford?s arch bridge across the Thames\u003cbr\u003e A5 Original source 1846 Short article on models in The Builder.\u003cbr\u003e A6 Original source 1847 Short article in Civil Engineer and Architects? Journal.\u003cbr\u003e A7 Original source 1887 part of paper by Osborne Reynolds.\u003cbr\u003e 100 AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES\u003cbr\u003e Bill Addis, born in 1949, studied engineering sciences and philosophy at the University of Cambridge before working as an engineer in the aerospace industry. He later spent over 15 years in the Department of Construction Management at the University of Reading, and then 15 years as a consulting engineering with the firm Buro Happold in London. He developed his interest in building and civil engineering history, and in the use of model testing during five decades, including work on his doctorate on the history and philosophy of engineering. He has written several books and over a hundred academic papers on the history of building engineering and construction, and has recently been enjoying lecturing and research as a visiting professor in universities in Rome, Innsbruck, San Sebastian, Zurich, Brussels and Munich.","brand":"Ernst \u0026 Sohn","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989788442853,"sku":"NP9783433032572","price":165.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9783433032572.jpg?v=1761785470","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/physical-models-isbn-9783433032572","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}