{"product_id":"nanostructured-conductive-polymers-isbn-9780470745854","title":"Nanostructured Conductive Polymers","description":"Providing a vital link between nanotechnology and conductive polymers, this book covers advances in topics of this interdisciplinary area. In each chapter, there is a discussion of current research issues while reviewing the background of the topic. The selection of topics and contributors from around the globe make this text an outstanding resource for researchers involved in the field of nanomaterials or polymer materials design. The book is divided into three sections: From Conductive Polymers to Nanotechnology, Synthesis and Characterization, and Applications. \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart One 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 History of Conductive Polymers 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJ. Campbell Scott\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Archeology and Prehistory 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 The Dawn of the Modern Era 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 The Materials Revolution 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Concluding Remarks 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Polyaniline Nanostructures 19\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGordana Ćirić-Marjanović\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Preparation 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Preparation of Polyaniline Nanofibers 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Preparation of Polyaniline Nanotubes 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Preparation of Miscellaneous Polyaniline Nanostructures 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Structure and Properties 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Structure and Properties of Polyaniline Nanofibers 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Structure and Properties of Polyaniline Nanotubes 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Processing and Applications 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Processing 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Applications 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusions and Outlook 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Nanoscale Inhomogeneity of Conducting-Polymer-Based Materials 99\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlain Pailleret and Oleg Semenikhin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction: Inhomogeneity and Nanostructured Materials 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Direct Local Measurements of Nanoscale Inhomogeneity of Conducting and Semiconducting Polymers 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Introduction 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KFM), and Electric Force Microscopy (EFM) 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Current-Sensing Atomic Force Microscopy (CS-AFM) 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS) 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Phase-Imaging Atomic Force Microscopy (PI-AFM) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM): Studies of Local Crystallinity 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.6 Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 In situ Studies of Conducting and Semiconducting Polymers: Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy (EC-AFM) and Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (EC-STM) 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Introduction 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 EC-AFM Investigations of the Swelling\/Deswelling of ECPs 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 EC-STM Investigations of the Swelling\/Deswelling of ECPs 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) Investigations of ECPs 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 The Origin of the Nanoscale Inhomogeneity of Conducting and Semiconducting Polymers 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart Two 161\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Nanostructured Conductive Polymers by Electrospinning 163\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIoannis S. Chronakis\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction to Electrospinning Technology 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 The Electrospinning Processing 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Electrospinning Processing Parameters: Control of the Nanofiber Morphology 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Solution Properties 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Process Conditions 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Ambient Conditions 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Nanostructured Conductive Polymers by Electrospinning 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Polyaniline (PANI) 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Polypyrrole (PPy) 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Polythiophenes (PThs) 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Poly(p-phenylene vinylenes) (PPVs) 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.5 Electrospun Nanofibers from Other Conductive Polymers 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Applications of Electrospun Nanostructured Conductive Polymers 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Biomedical Applications 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Sensors 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Conductive Nanofibers in Electric and Electronic Applications 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Conclusions 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Composites Based on Conducting Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes 209\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eM. Baibarac, I. Baltog, and S. Lefrant\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Carbon Nanotubes 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Synthesis of CNTs: Arc Discharge, Laser Ablation, Chemical Vapor Deposition 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Purification 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Separation Techniques for Metallic and Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Vibrational Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Synthesis of Composites Based on Conducting Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Polyaniline\/Carbon Nanotubes 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Polypyrrole\/Carbon Nanotubes 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)\/Carbon Nanotubes 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Poly(2,2 0 -bithiophene)\/Carbon Nanotubes 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)\/Carbon Nanotubes 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Polyfluorenes\/Carbon Nanotubes 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.7 Poly(p-phenylene) Vinylene\/Carbon Nanotubes 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.8 Polyacetylene\/Carbon Nanotubes 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Vibrational Properties of Composites Based on Conducting Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Conducting Polymer\/Carbon Nanotube Bilayer Structures 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Covalently Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes with Conducting Polymers 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Conducting Polymers Doped with Carbon Nanotubes 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes with Conducting Polymers 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Conclusions 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Inorganic-Based Nanocomposites of Conductive Polymers 261\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRabin Bissessur\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 FeOCl 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 V 2 O 5 Systems 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Vopo 4 .2h 2 O 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 MoO 3 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Layered Phosphates and Phosphonates 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Layered Rutiles 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Layered perovskites 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Layered Titanates 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Graphite Oxide 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Conclusions 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Metallic-Based Nanocomposites of Conductive Polymers 289\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVessela Tsakova\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Oxidative Polymerization Combined with Metal-Ion Reduction (One-Pot Synthesis) 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Nanocomposite Formation by Means of Pre-Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Metal Electrodeposition in Pre-Synthesized CPs 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Size and Size Distribution of Electrodeposited Metal Particles 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Spatial Distribution of Electrodeposited Metal Particles 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Number Density of Electrodeposited Metal Particles 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Chemical Reduction of Metal Ions in Pre-Polymerized CP Suspensions or Layers 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Use of the Polymer Material as Reductant 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Use of Additional Reductant 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Metallic-Based CP Composites for Electrocatalytic and Electroanalytic Applications 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Acronyms 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Spectroscopy of Nanostructured Conducting Polymers 341\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGustavo M. do Nascimento and Marcelo A. de Souza\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Synthetic Metals 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Nanostructured Conducting Polymers 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Spectroscopic Techniques 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Vibronic Techniques (UV-vis-NIR, FTIR, Raman, Resonance Raman) 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 X-Ray Techniques (XANES, EXAFS AND XPS) 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Spectroscopy of Nanostructured Conducting Polymers 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Nanostructured Polyaniline and its Derivates 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Nanostructured Poly(Pyrrole) 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Nanostructured Poly(Thiophenes) 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Nanostructured Poly(Acetylene) and Poly(Diacetylene) and their Derivates 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Concluding Remarks 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Atomic Force Microscopy Study of Conductive Polymers 375\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEdgar Ap. Sanches, Osvaldo N. Oliveira Jr, and Fabio Lima Leite\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 AFM Fundamentals and Applications 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Basic Principles 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Imaging Modes 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Force Spectroscopy 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Concluding Remarks 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Single Conducting-Polymer Nanowires 411\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYixuan Chen and Yi Luo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Fabrication of Single Conducting-Polymer Nanowires (CPNWs) 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Lithographical Methods 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Scanning-Probe-Based Techniques 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Template-Guided Growth or Patterning 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Other Methods 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Transport Properties and Electrical Characterization 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Background 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Brief Summary of Transport in 3-D CP Materials 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Conductivity of CP Nanowires, Nanofibers, and Nanotubes 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Summary 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Applications of Single Conducting Polymer Nanowires (CPNWs) 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 CPNW Chemical and Biological Sensors 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 CPNW Field-Effect Transistors 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 CPNW Optoelectronic Devices 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Summary and Outlook 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Conductive Polymer Micro- and Nanocontainers 467\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJiyong Huang and Zhixiang Wei\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Structures of Micro- and Nanocontainers 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Hollow Spheres 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Tubes 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Others 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Preparation Methods and Formation Mechanisms 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Hard-Template Method 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Soft-Template Method 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Micro- and Nanofabrication Techniques 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Properties and Applications of Micro- and Nanocontainers 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Chemical and Electrical Properties 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Encapsulation 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Drug Delivery and Controlled Release 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Conclusions 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Magnetic and Electron Transport Behaviors of Conductive-Polymer Nanocomposites 503\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZhanhu Guo, Suying Wei, David Cocke, and Di Zhang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposite Preparation 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Solution-Based Oxidation Method 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Electropolymerization Method 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Two-Step Deposition Method 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 UV-Irradiation Technique 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Physicochemical Property Characterization 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Microstructure of the Conductive Polymer Nanocomposites 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Interaction between the Nanoparticles and the Conductive-Polymer Matrix 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Magnetic Properties of Conductive-Polymer Nanocomposites 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Electron Transport in Conductive-Polymer Nanocomposites 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Giant Magnetoresistance in Conductive-Polymer Nanocomposites 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Summary 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.1 Materials Design Perspective 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Charge Transfer and Charge Separation in Conjugated Polymer Solar Cells 531\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIan A. Howard, Neil C. Greenham, Agnese Abrusci, Richard H. Friend, and Sebastian Westenhoff\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Polymer: PCBM Solar Cells 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 Polymer: Polymer Solar Cells 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.3 Polymer: Inorganic Nanoparticle Solar Cells 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Charge Transfer in Conjugated Polymers 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Excitons as the Primary Photoexcitations 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Charge Transfer at Semiconductor Heterojunctions 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Charge Transport 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Photoinduced Charge Transfer 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5 Onsager–Braun Model of Charge-Transfer State Dissociation 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.6 Charge Formation from High-Lying Singlet States in a Pristine Polymer 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.7 Field-Assisted Charge Generation in Pristine Materials 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.8 Charge Generation in Donor: Acceptor Blends 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.9 Mechanisms of Charge-Transfer State Recombination 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Charge Generation and Recombination in Organic Solar Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltages 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Exciton Ionization at Polymer: Polymer Heterojunctions 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Photoluminescence from Charge-Transfer States 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 The Nature of the Charge-Transfer States 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 Probing the Major Loss Mechanism in Organic Solar Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltages 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.5 Geminate Recombination of Interfacial Charge-Transfer States into Triplet Excitons 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.6 The Exchange Energy of Interfacial Charge-Transfer States in Semiconducting Polymer Blends 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Conclusions and Outlook 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart Three 563\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Nanostructured Conducting Polymers for (Electro)chemical Sensors 565\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnthony J. Killard\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Nanowires and Nanotubes 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Nanogaps and Nanojunctions 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Nanofibers and Nanocables 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Nanofilms 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Metallic Nanoparticle\/Conducting-Polymer Nanocomposites 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles\/Conducting-Polymer Nanocomposites 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Nanoparticles 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 Nanoporous Templates 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11 Application Summaries 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12 Conclusions 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Nanostructural Aspects of Conducting-Polymer Actuators 599\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul A. Kilmartin and Jadranka Travas-Sejdic\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Mechanisms and Modes of Actuation 600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Ion Movement and Conducting-Polymer Electrochemistry 600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Bilayer and Trilayer Actuators 600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Linear Actuators and the Inclusion of Metal Contacts 602\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.4 Out-of-Plane Actuators 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.5 Effect of Synthesis Conditions 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Modelling Mechanical Performance and Developing Device Applications 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Modelling of Conducting-Polymer Actuation 605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Applications of Conducting-Polymer Actuators 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Effect of Morphology and Nanostructure upon Actuation 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Chain Alignment 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Anisotropy 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Porosity 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.4 Conformational Changes 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Solvent and Ion Size Effects to Achieve Higher Actuation 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Effect of Ion Size 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Ionic Liquids 616\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.3 Ions Producing Large Actuation Strains 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Nanostructured Composite Actuators 619\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Blends of Two Conducting Polymers 619\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Graphite 620\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3 Carbon Nanotubes 620\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.4 Hydrogels 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.5 Other Interpenetrating Networks 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Prospects for Nanostructured Conducting-Polymer Actuators 622\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Electroactive Conducting Polymers for the Protection of Metals against Corrosion: from Micro- to Nanostructured Films 631\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePierre Camille Lacaze, Jalal Ghilane, Hyacinthe Randriamahazaka and Jean-Christophe Lacroix\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Protection Mechanisms Induced by Conducting Polymers 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Displacement of the Electrochemical Interface 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Ennobling the Metal Surface 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Self-healing Effect with Doping Anions as Corrosion Inhibitors 645\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4 Barrier Effect of the Polymer 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Conducting-Polymer Coating Techniques for Usual Oxidizable Metals: Performances of Conducting-Polymer-Based Micron-Thick Films for Protection against Corrosion 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Coatings Consisting of a Conducting Primer Deposited by Electropolymerization 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Coatings Made from Conducting-Polymer Formulations 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Nanostructured Conducting-Polymer Coatings and Anticorrosion Protection 665\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Improving ECP Adhesion to Oxidizable Metals 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Nanostructured Surfaces Displaying Superhydrophobic Properties 667\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Conclusions 671\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Electrocatalysis by Nanostructured Conducting Polymers 681\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShaolin Mu and Ya Zhang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Electrochemical Synthetic Techniques of Nanostructured Conducting Polymers 682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Synthesis by Cyclic Voltammetry 682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Synthesis by Potentiostat 686\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Synthesis by Galvanostat 690\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Electrocatalysis at Nanostructured Conducting-Polymer Electrodes 692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Electrocatalysis by Pure Nanostructured Conducting Polymers 692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Electrocatalysis at the Electrodes of Conducting-Polymer Nanocomposites 695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Conclusion 700\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 701\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Nanostructured Conductive Polymers as Biomaterials 707\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRylie A. Green, Sungchul Baek, Nigel H. Lovell, and Laura A. Poole-Warren\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 707\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Biomedical Applications for Conductive Polymers 708\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Electrode Coatings 708\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Alternate Applications 709\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Polymer Design Considerations 711\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Conduction Mechanism 711\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Conventional Components 712\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Biofunctional Additives 714\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Fabrication of Nanostructured Conductive Polymers 715\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.1 Electrodeposition 717\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.2 Chemical Synthesis 718\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.3 Alternate Processing Techniques 720\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Polymer Characterization 724\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.1 Surface Properties 724\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.2 Mechanical Properties 725\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.3 Electrical Properties 725\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.4 Biological Performance 726\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Interfacing with Neural Tissue 727\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Conclusions 728\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 729\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Nanocomposites of Polymers Made Conductive by Nanofillers 737\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHaiping Hong, Dustin Thomas, Mark Horton, Yijiang Lu, Jing Li, Pauline Smith, and Walter Roy\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 737\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Experimental 742\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1 Materials and Equipment 742\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2 Preparation of Nanocomposite (Nanotube Grease) 745\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Results and Discussion 748\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Thermal and Electrical Properties of Nanocomposites (Nanotube Greases) 748\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.2 Rheological Investigation of Nanocomposite (Nanotube Grease) 750\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.3 Nanocomposites (Nanotube Greases) with Magnetically Sensitive Nanoparticles 754\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.4 Electrical Conductivities of Various Nanofillers (Nanotubes) 759\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Conclusion 761\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 761\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 762\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 765\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cb\u003eAli Eftekhari\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Avicenna Institute of Technology in Cleveland (USA). He received his PhD at Trinity College (Ireland). From 2000 to 2002, he was a researcher at Nirvan Co. (USA) working on an environmental project under support of former Vice-President Al Gore. From 2002 to 2004, Professor Eftekhari was senior researcher at KICR (USA), working on a joint corporate project based in United States and Iran. For the next two years, he was Head of the Electrochemistry Division at the Materials and Energy Research Center in Iran. Since 2007, Ali Eftekhari has been Professor of Chemistry and Director of Avicenna Institute of Technology. He is the editor of four books including \u003ci\u003eNanostructured Materials in Electrochemistry\u003c\/i\u003e (Wiley) and editor of the book \u003ci\u003eBoltzmann Philosophy of Science\u003c\/i\u003e. Professor Eftekhari is Editor of the Journal of Nanomaterials and has been chairman or on the Editorial Advisory Boards of several conferences. His research interests include electrochemistry, nanoscience and nanotechnology, statistical physics, condensed matter physics, philosophy, the history of science, management and science policy.  During the past three decades conducting polymers have been the subject of both fundamental and applied research due to the vast variety of possible applications. Displaying both semiconductor-like, and metallic-like properties, these novel smart materials can function as energy storage devices in battery technology, microelectronics, electrochromic display devices, and as chemical and electrochemical sensors. They also have the ability to mimic biological systems and can be used as components of artificial nerves and muscles, electronic noses and tongues, and drug-release\/delivery systems.  \u003cp\u003eProviding the vital link between nanotechnology and conductive polymers, \u003ci\u003eNanostructured Conducting Polymers\u003c\/i\u003e covers advances in this interdisciplinary area. The chapters discuss current research issues, as well as providing necessary background material, and are divided into three sections:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eFrom Conductive Polymers to Nanotechnology\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSynthesis and Characterization\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eApplications\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt demonstrates that in order to meet the requirements of new commercial devices, control of conductive polymers at the nanoscale is needed.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989672280293,"sku":"NP9780470745854","price":316.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470745854.jpg?v=1761785045","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/nanostructured-conductive-polymers-isbn-9780470745854","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}