{"product_id":"nanomaterial-characterization-isbn-9781118753590","title":"Nanomaterial Characterization","description":"\u003cb\u003eNanomaterial Characterization\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProviding various properties of nanomaterials and the various methods available for their characterization \u003c\/b\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver the course of the last few decades, research activity on nanomaterials has gained considerable press coverage. The use of nanomaterials has meant that consumer products can be made lighter, stronger, esthetically more pleasing, and less expensive. The significant role of nanomaterials in improving the quality of life is clear, resulting in faster computers, cleaner energy production, target-driven pharmaceuticals, and better construction materials. It is not surprising, therefore, that nanomaterial research has really taken off, spanning across different scientific disciplines from material science to nanotoxicology. A critical part of any nanomaterial research, however, is the need to characterize physicochemical properties of the nanomaterials, which is not a trivial matter.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eNanomaterial Characterization: An Introduction\u003c\/i\u003e is dedicated to understanding the key physicochemical properties and their characterization methods. Each chapter begins by giving an overview of the topic before a case study is presented. The purpose of the case study is to demonstrate how the reader may make use of the background information presented to them and show how this can be translated to solve a nanospecific application scenario. Thus, it will be useful for researchers in helping them design experimental investigations. The book begins with a general overview of the subject, thus giving the reader a solid foundation to nanomaterial characterization.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eNanomaterial Characterization: An Introduction\u003c\/i\u003e features:  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNanomaterial synthesis and reference nananomaterials\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eKey physicochemical properties and their measurements including particle size distribution by number, solubility, surface area, surface chemistry, mechanical\/tribological properties, and dustiness\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eScanning tunneling microscopy methods operated under extreme conditions\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNovel strategy for biological characterization of nanomaterial methods\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMethods to handle and visualize multidimensional nanomaterial characterization data\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe book is written in such a way that both students and experts in other fields of science will find the information useful, whether they are in academia, industry, or regulation, or those whose analytical background may be limited.There is also an extensive list of references associated with every chapter to encourage further reading. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEditor’s Preface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Overview 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Properties Unique to Nanomaterials 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Terminology 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Nanomaterials 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Physicochemical Properties 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Measurement of Good Practice 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Method Validation 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Standard Documents 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Typical Methods 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Sampling 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Dispersion 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Potential Errors Due to Chosen Methods 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Summary 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Nanomaterial Syntheses 25\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Bottom–Up Approach 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Arc-Discharge 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Inert-Gas Condensation 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Flame Synthesis 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Vapor-Phase Deposition 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Colloidal Synthesis 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Biologically synthesized nanomaterials 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.7 Microemulsion Synthesis 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.8 Sol–Gel Method 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Synthesis: Top–Down Approach 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Mechanical Milling 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Laser Ablation 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Bottom–Up and Top–Down: Lithography 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Bottom–Up or Top–Down? Case Example: Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Particle Growth: Theoretical Considerations 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Nucleation 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Particle Growth and Growth Kinetics 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2.1 Diffusion-Limited Growth 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2.2 Ostwald Ripening 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Case Study: Microreactor for the Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Introduction 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Method 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2.1 Materials 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2.2 Protocol: Nanoparticles Batch Synthesis 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2.3 Protocol: Nanoparticle Synthesis via Continuous Flow Microfluidics 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2.4 Protocol: Nanoparticles Synthesis via Droplet-Based Microfluidics 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2.5 Protocol: Dynamic Light Scattering 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3 Results Interpretation and Conclusion 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Summary 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Reference Nanomaterials 49\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Definition, Development, and Application Fields 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Case Studies 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Silica Nanomaterial as Potential Reference Material to Establish Possible Size Effects on Mechanical Properties 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.1 Introduction 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.2 Findings So Far 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Silica Nanomaterial as Potential Reference Material in Nanotoxicology 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Summary 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Particle Number Size Distribution 63\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Measuring Methods 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Particle Tracking Analysis 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Resistive Pulse Sensing 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Electron Microscopy 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 Atomic Force Microscopy 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Summary of Capabilities of the Counting Techniques 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Experimental Case Study 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Introduction 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Method 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Results and Interpretation 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Conclusion 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Summary 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Solubility Part 1: Overview 81\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Separation Methods 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Filtration, Centrifugation, Dialysis, and Ultrafiltration 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Ion Exchange 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Field Flow Fractionation 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Quantification Methods: Free Ions (And Labile Fractions) 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Electrochemical Methods 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Colorimetric Methods 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Quantification Methods to Measure Total Dissolved Species 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Indirect Measurements 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Direct Measurements 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Theoretical Modeling Using Speciation Software 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Which Method? 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Case Study: Miniaturized Capillary Electrophoresis with Conductivity Detection to Determine Nanomaterial Solubility 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Introduction 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Method 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2.1 Materials 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2.2 Dispersion Protocol 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2.3 Instrumentation: CE-Conductivity Device 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2.4 CE-Conductivity Microchip: Measurement Protocol 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2.5 Protocol: To Assess the Feasibility of Measuring the Zn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c\/sup\u003e (from ZnO Nanomaterial) Signal above the Fish Medium Background 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2.6 Protocol: To Assess Data Variability between Different Microchips 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3 Results and Interpretation 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3.1 Study 1: Assessing Feasibility of the CE-Conductivity Microchip to Detect Free Zn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c\/sup\u003e Arising from Dispersion of ZnO in Fish Medium 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3.2 Study 2: Assessing Performance of Microchips Using Reference Test Material 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.4 Conclusion 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Summary 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Solubility Part 2: Colorimetry 117\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Materials and Method 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Materials 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Mandatory Protocol: NanoGenotox Dispersion for Nanomaterials 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Mandatory Protocol: Simulated In Vitro Digestion Model 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Colorimetry Analysis 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 SEM Analysis 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Results and Interpretation 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Conclusion 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA6. 1 Materials and Method 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA6.1.1 Materials 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA6.1.2 Mandatory Protocol: Ultrasonic Probe Calibration 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA6.1.3 Mandatory Protocol: Benchmarking of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e (NM 200) 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA6.1.4 Mandatory Protocol: Preliminary Characterization of ZnO (NM 110) 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA6.1.5 Mandatory Protocol: Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA6. 2 Results and Interpretation 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA6.2.1 Probe Sonication 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA6.2.2 Benchmarking with SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e (NM 200) 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA6.2.3 NM 110: Characterizing Batch Dispersions ZnO (NM 110) 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Surface Area 133\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Measurement Methods: Overview 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Case Study: Evaluating Powder Homogeneity Using NMR Versus Bet 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Background: NMR for Surface Area Measurements 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Method 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.1 Materials 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.2 Sample Preparation for NMR 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.3 Protocol: NMR Analysis 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.4 BET Protocol 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Results and Interpretation 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Conclusion 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Summary 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Surface Chemistry 153\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Measurement Challenges 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Analytical Techniques 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Electron Spectroscopies 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.1 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Incident Ion Techniques 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2.1 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2.2 Low- and Medium-Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS and MEIS) 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Scanning Probe Microscopies 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Optical Techniques 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Other Techniques 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Case Studies 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Part I: Surface Characterization of Biomolecule-Coated Nanoparticles 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Part II: Surface Characterization of Commercial Metal-Oxide Nanomaterials by TOF-SIMS 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.1 Effect of Sample Topography 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.2 Chemical Analysis of Nanopowders 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Summary 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Mechanical Tribological Properties and Surface Characteristics of Nanotextured Surfaces 179\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Fabricating Nanotextured Surfaces 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Plasma Treatment Processes 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Randomly Nanotextured Surfaces by Plasma Etching 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Ordered Hierarchical Nanotextured by Plasma Etching 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Carbon Nanotube Forests by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Mechanical Property Characterization 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Nanoindentation Testing 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Tribological Characterization by Nanoscratching 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Case Study: Nanoscratch Tests to Characterize Mechanical Stability of PS\/PMMA Surfaces 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Method 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Results and Discussion 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Case Study: Structural Integrity of Multiwalled CNT Forest 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Case Study: Mechanical Characterization of Plasma-Treated Polylactic Acid (PLA) for Packaging Applications 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Conclusions 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Methods for Testing Dustiness 209\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Cen Test Methods (Under Consideration) 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 The EN 15051 Rotating Drum (RD) Method 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 The EN 15051 Continuous Drop (CD) Method 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 The Small Rotating Drum (SRD) Method 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 The Vortex Shaker (VS) Method 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.5 Dustiness Test: Comparison of Methods 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Case Studies: Application of Dustiness Data 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Summary 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy for Nanofunctionality Characterization 231\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Extreme Field STM: a Brief History 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 STM\/STS for the Extraction of Surface Local Density of States (LDOS): Theoretical Background 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS) at Low Temperatures: Background 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 STM Instrumentation at Extreme Conditions: Specification Requirements and Design 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 STM\/STS Imaging Under Extreme Environments: a Review on Applications 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Atomic-Scale STM Imaging 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Interference of Low-Dimensional Electron Waves 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.3 Interesting Phenomena Related to High-Magnetic Fields 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Summary and Future Outlook 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Biological Characterization of Nanomaterials 253\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Importance of Nanomaterial Characterization 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Extrinsic NMs Characterization 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 The Proposal for Measuring “extrinsic” Properties 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Measurement Methods 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Review of Existing Approaches 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Introducing Acetylcholinesterase as a Model Biosensor Protein 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Experimental Case Study 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Introduction 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Method: Assay of AChE Activity 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Results and Discussion 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Conclusions 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Summary 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Visualization of Multidimensional Data for Nanomaterial Characterization 269\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Case Study: Structure–Activity Relationship (SAR) Analysis of Nanoparticle Toxicity 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Introduction 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Parallel Coordinates: Background 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Case Study Data 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Method 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5 Results and Interpretation 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5.1 Analysis of the 14 Dry Powder Samples Using BET and DTT Data Only 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5.2 Analysis of the Structural Properties of Zinc Oxide (N14) and Nickel Oxide (N12) (Excluding BET and DTT Data) 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5.3 Metal-Content-Only Analysis of the 18 Samples Excluding Structural Descriptors 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5.4 Analysis of the Structural Properties of Nanotubes (N3) 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5.5 Analysis of the Structural Properties of Aminated Beads (N6) (Excluding BET and DTT Data) 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.6 Conclusion 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Summary 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 287\u003c\/p\u003e \"For those actively involved in the nanosafety and other relevant research fields involving nanomaterials, as well as those new to the field, this book represents an excellent reference point and source of knowledge.\" (Andy Booth 2016) \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRatna Tantra \u003c\/b\u003e is a Senior Scientist at National Physical Laboratory (NPL), UK. She has been at NPL for 14 years and worked on numerous projects in the field of nanoscience. Her multidisciplinary background was useful, allowing an expansion of her research portfolio in the area of nanomaterial characterization in different scientific disciplines, for example, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and nanotoxicology. Before joining NPL, she was a research associate at Imperial College London, then University of Glasgow. She got her PhD in electrochemistry from University College London. She is a Chartered Scientist, Chartered Chemist, and member of the Royal Society of Chemistry. \u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProviding various properties of nanomaterials and the various methods available for their characterization \u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Over the course of the last few decades, research activity on nanomaterials has gained considerable press coverage. The use of nanomaterials has meant that consumer products can be made lighter, stronger, esthetically more pleasing, and less expensive. The significant role of nanomaterials in improving the quality of life is clear, resulting in faster computers, cleaner energy production, target-driven pharmaceuticals, and better construction materials. It is not surprising, therefore, that nanomaterial research has really taken off, spanning across different scientific disciplines from material science to nanotoxicology. A critical part of any nanomaterial research, however, is the need to characterize physicochemical properties of the nanomaterials, which is not a trivial matter.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eNanomaterial Characterization: An Introduction\u003c\/i\u003e is dedicated to understanding the key physicochemical properties and their characterization methods. Each chapter begins by giving an overview of the topic before a case study is presented. The purpose of the case study is to demonstrate how the reader may make use of the background information presented to them and show how this can be translated to solve a nanospecific application scenario. Thus, it will be useful for researchers in helping them design experimental investigations. The book begins with a general overview of the subject, thus giving the reader a solid foundation to nanomaterial characterization.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eNanomaterial Characterization: An Introduction\u003c\/i\u003e features:  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNanomaterial synthesis and reference nananomaterials\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eKey physicochemical properties and their measurements including particle size distribution by number, solubility, surface area, surface chemistry, mechanical\/tribological properties, and dustiness\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eScanning tunneling microscopy methods operated under extreme conditions\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNovel strategy for biological characterization of nanomaterial methods\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMethods to handle and visualize multidimensional nanomaterial characterization data\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e The book is written in such a way that both students and experts in other fields of science will find the information useful, whether they are in academia, industry, or regulation, or those whose analytical background may be limited.There is also an extensive list of references associated with every chapter to encourage further reading.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989670543589,"sku":"NP9781118753590","price":116.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118753590.jpg?v=1761785039","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/nanomaterial-characterization-isbn-9781118753590","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}