{"product_id":"modeling-and-control-of-engines-and-drivelines-isbn-9781118479995","title":"Modeling and Control of Engines and Drivelines","description":"\u003cp\u003eControl systems have come to play an important role in the performance of modern vehicles with regards to meeting goals on low emissions and low fuel consumption. To achieve these goals, modeling, simulation, and analysis have become standard tools for the development of control systems in the automotive industry.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eModeling and Control of Engines and Drivelines\u003c\/i\u003e provides an up-to-date treatment of the topic from a clear perspective of systems engineering and control systems, which are at the core of vehicle design.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis book has three main goals. The first is to provide a thorough understanding of component models as building blocks. It has therefore been important to provide measurements from real processes, to explain the underlying physics, to describe the modeling considerations, and to validate the resulting models experimentally. Second, the authors show how the models are used in the current design of control and diagnosis systems. These system designs are never used in isolation, so the third goal is to provide a complete setting for system integration and evaluation, including complete vehicle models together with actual requirements and driving cycle analysis.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey features:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers signals, systems, and control in modern vehicles\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers the basic dynamics of internal combustion engines and drivelines\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eProvides a set of standard models and includes examples and case studies\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers turbo- and super-charging, and automotive dependability and diagnosis\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eAccompanied by a web site hosting example models and problems and solutions\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eModeling and Control of Engines and Drivelines\u003c\/i\u003e is a comprehensive reference for graduate students and the authors’ close collaboration with the automotive industry ensures that the knowledge and skills that practicing engineers need when analysing and developing new powertrain systems are also covered.\u003c\/p\u003e  Preface xvii  \u003cp\u003eSeries Preface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I VEHICLE – PROPULSION FUNDAMENTALS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Trends 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Energy and Environment 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Downsizing 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 Hybridization 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.4 Driver Support Systems and Optimal Driving 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.5 Engineering Challenges 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Vehicle Propulsion 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Control Enabling Optimal Operation of Powertrains 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Importance of Powertrain Modeling and Models 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Sustainability of Model Knowledge 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Organization of the Book 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Vehicle 15\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Vehicle Propulsion Dynamics 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Driving Resistance 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Aerodynamic Drag 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Cooling Drag and Active Air-Shutters 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Air Drag When Platooning 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Rolling Resistance – Physical Background 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Rolling Resistance–Modeling 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Wheel Slip (Skid) 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.7 Rolling Resistance – Including Thermal Modeling 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.8 Gravitation 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.9 Relative Size of Components 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Driving Resistance Models 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Models for Driveline Control 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Standard Driving Resistance Model 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Modeling for Mission Analysis 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Driver Behavior and Road Modeling 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Simple Driver Model 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Road Modeling 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Mission Simulation 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Methodology 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Vehicle Characterization\/Characteristics 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Performance Measures 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Fuel Consumption 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Energy Density Weight 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 From Tank to Wheel – Sankey Diagram 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3 Well-to-Wheel Comparisons 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Emission Regulations 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.1 US and EU Driving Cycles and Regulations 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Powertrain 45\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Powertrain Architectures 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Exhaust Gas Energy Recovery 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Hybrid Powertrains 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Electrification 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Vehicle Propulsion Control 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Objectives of Vehicle Propulsion Control 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Implementation Framework 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Need for a Control Structure 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Torque-Based Powertrain Control 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Propagation of Torque Demands and Torque Commands 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Torque-Based Propulsion Control – Driver Interpretation 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Torque-Based Propulsion Control – Vehicle Demands 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Torque-Based Propulsion Control – Driveline management 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Torque-Based Propulsion Control – Driveline–Engine Integration 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 Handling of Torque Requests – Torque Reserve and Interventions 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Hybrid Powertrains 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 ICE Handling 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Motor Handling 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Battery Management 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Outlook and Simulation 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Simulation Structures 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Drive\/Driving Cycle 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Forward Simulation 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Quasi-Static Inverse Simulation 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5 Tracking 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.6 Inverse Dynamic Simulation 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.7 Usage and Requirements 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.8 Same Model Blocks Regardless of Method 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II ENGINE – FUNDAMENTALS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Engine – Introduction 69\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Air, Fuel, and Air\/Fuel Ratio 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Air 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Fuels 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Stoichiometry and (A\/F) Ratio 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Engine Geometry 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Engine Performance 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Power, Torque, and Mean Effective Pressure 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Efficiency and Specific Fuel Consumption 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Volumetric Efficiency 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Downsizing and Turbocharging 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Supercharging and Turbocharging 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Thermodynamics and Working Cycles 81\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 The Four-Stroke Cycle 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Important Engine Events in the Cycle 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Ideal Models of Engine Processes 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Derivation of Cycle Efficiencies 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Gas Exchange and Pumping Work 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Residual Gases and Volumetric Efficiency for Ideal Cycles 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Efficiency of Ideal Cycles 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Load, Pumping Work, and Efficiency 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 (A\/F) Ratio and Efficiency 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Differences between Ideal and Real Cycles 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Models for In-Cylinder Processes 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Single-Zone Models 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Heat Release and Mass Fraction Burned Analysis 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Characterization of Mass Fraction Burned 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 More Single-Zone Model Components 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.5 A Single-zone Cylinder Pressure Model 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.6 Multi-zone Models 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.7 Applications for Zero-dimensional Models 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Combustion and Emissions 119\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Mixture Preparation and Combustion 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Fuel Injection 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Comparing the SI and CI Combustion Process 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 SI Engine Combustion 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 SI Engine Cycle-to-Cycle Variations 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Knock and Autoignition 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Autoignition and Octane Number 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 CI Engine Combustion 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Autoignition and Cetane Number 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Engine Emissions 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 General Trends for Emission Formation 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Pollutant Formation in SI Engines 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Pollutant Formation in CI Engines 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Exhaust Gas Treatment 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Catalyst Efficiency, Temperature, and Light-Off 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 SI Engine Aftertreatment, TWC 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 CI Engine Exhaust Gas Treatment 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Emission Reduction and Controls 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III ENGINE – MODELING AND CONTROL\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Mean Value Engine Modeling 145\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Engine Sensors and Actuators 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Sensor, System, and Actuator Responses 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Engine Component Modeling 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Flow Restriction Models 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Incompressible Flow 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Compressible Flow 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Throttle Flow Modeling 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Throttle Area and Discharge Coefficient 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Mass Flow Into the Cylinders 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Models for Volumetric Efficiency 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Volumes 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Example – Intake Manifold 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Fuel Path and (A\/F) Ratio 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Fuel Pumps, Fuel Rail, Injector Feed 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Fuel Injector 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.3 Fuel Preparation Dynamics 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.4 Gas Transport and Mixing 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.5 A\/F Sensors 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.6 Fuel Path Validation 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.7 Catalyst and Post-Catalyst Sensor 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 In-Cylinder Pressure and Instantaneous Torque 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.1 Compression Asymptote 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.2 Expansion Asymptote 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.3 Combustion 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.4 Gas Exhange and Model Compilation 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.5 Engine Torque Generation 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Mean Value Model for Engine Torque 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.1 Gross Indicated Work 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.2 Pumping Work 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.3 Engine Friction 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.4 Time Delays in Torque Production 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.5 Crankshaft Dynamics 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Engine-Out Temperature 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Heat Transfer and Exhaust Temperatures 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11.1 Temperature Change in a Pipe 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11.2 Heat Transfer Modes in Exhaust Systems 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11.3 Exhaust System Temperature Models 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12 Heat Exchangers and Intercoolers 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12.1 Heat Exchanger Modeling 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13 Throttle Plate Motion 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13.1 Model for Throttle with Throttle Servo 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Turbocharging Basics and Models 211\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Supercharging and Turbocharging Basics 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Turbocharging Basic Principles and Performance 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Turbochargers in Mean Value Engine Models 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 First Law Analysis of Compressor Performance 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 First Law Analysis of Turbine Performance 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Connecting the Turbine and Compressor 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Intake Air Density Increase 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Dimensional Analysis 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Compressible Fluid Analysis 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Model Structure with Corrected Quantities 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Compressor and Turbine Performance Maps 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 The Basic Compressor Map 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 The Basic Turbine Map 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Measurement Procedures for determining Turbo Maps 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Turbo Performance Calculation Details 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.5 Heat Transfer and Turbine Efficiency 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Turbocharger Models and Parametrizations 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Map Interpolation Models 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Compressor Operation and Modeling 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Physical Modeling of a Compressor 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Compressor Efficiency Models 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 Compressor Flow Models 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.4 Compressor Choke 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.5 Compressor Surge 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Turbine Operation and Modeling 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Turbine Mass Flow 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 Turbine Efficiency 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.3 Variable Geometry Turbine 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Transient Response and Turbo Lag 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Example – Turbocharged SI Engine 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Example – Turbocharged Diesel Engine 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Engine Management Systems – An Introduction 263\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Engine Management System (EMS) 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 EMS Building Blocks 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 System for Crank and Time-Based Events 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Basic Functionality and Software Structure 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Torque Based Structure 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Special Modes and Events 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Automatic Code Generation and Information Exchange 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Calibration and Parameter Representation 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Engine Maps 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Model-Based Development 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Basic Control of SI Engines 271\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Three Basic SI Engine Controllers 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Production System Example 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Basic Control Using Maps 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Torque, Air Charge, and Pressure Control 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4 Pressure Set Point from Simple Torque Model 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.5 Set Points from Full Torque Model 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.6 Pressure Control 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Throttle Servo 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Throttle Control Based on Exact Linearization 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Fuel Management and  Control 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Feedforward and Feedback  Control Structure 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Feedforward  Control with Basic Fuel Metering 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Feedback  Control 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Fuel Dynamics and Injector Compensation 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5 Observer Based  Control and Adaption 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.6 Dual and Triple Sensor  Control 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Other Factors that Influence  Control 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Full Load Enrichment 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Engine Overspeed and Overrun 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Support Systems that Influence Air and Fuel Calculation 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Cold Start Enrichment 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.5 Individual Cylinder -control 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Ignition Control 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Knock Control – Feedback Control 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Ignition Energy – Dwell Time Control 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Long-term Torque, Short-term Torque, and Torque Reserve 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Idle Speed Control 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Torque Management and Idle Speed Control 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Turbo Control 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.1 Compressor Anti-surge Control 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.2 Boost Pressure Control 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.3 Boost Pressure Control with Gain Scheduling 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.4 Turbo and Knock Control 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Dependability and Graceful Degradation 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Basic Control of Diesel Engines 317\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Overview of Diesel Engine Operation and Control 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Diesel Engine Emission Trade-Off 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Diesel Engine Configuration and Basics 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Basic Torque Control 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Feedforward Fuel Control 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Additional Torque Controllers 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Fuel Control 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Control signal – Multiple Fuel Injections 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Control Strategies for Fuel Injection 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Control of Gas Flows 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 EGR and Variable Geometry Turbine (VGT) 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Case Study: EGR and VGT Control and Tuning 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Control Objectives 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 System Properties that Guide the Control Design 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.3 Control Structure 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.4 PID Parameterization, Implementation, and Tuning 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.5 Evaluation on European Transient Cycle 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.6 Summing up the EGR VGT Case Study 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Diesel After Treatment Control 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Engine–Some Advanced Concepts 349\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Variable Valve Actuation 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Valve Profiles 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Effects of Variable Valve Actuation 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Other Valve Enabled Functions 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.4 VVA and Its Implications for Model Based Control 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.5 A Remark on Air and Fuel Control Strategies 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Variable Compression 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Example – The SAAB Variable Compression Engine 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Additional Controls 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Signal Interpretation and Feedback Control 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Ion-sense 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Example – Ion-sense Ignition Feedback Control 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Concluding Remarks and Examples of Signal Processing 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV DRIVELINE – MODELING AND CONTROL\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Driveline Introduction 373\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Driveline 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Motivations for Driveline Modeling and Control 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Principal Objectives and Variables 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Driveline Control vs. Longitudinal Vehicle Propulsion Control 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Physical Background 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Application-driven Background 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Behavior without Appropriate Control 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Vehicle Shuffle, Vehicle Surge 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Traversing Backlash–shunt and Shuffle 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Oscillations After Gear Disengagement 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Approach 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Timescales 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Modeling and Control 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Driveline Modeling 381\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 General Modeling Methodology 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Graphical Scheme of a Driveline 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2 General Driveline Equations 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 A Basic Complete Model – A Rigid Driveline 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Combining the Equations 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Reflected Mass and Inertias 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Driveline Surge 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Experiments for Driveline Modeling 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Model with Driveshaft Flexibility 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Additional Driveline Dynamics 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Influence on Parameter Estimation 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Character of Deviation in Validation Data 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Influence from Propeller-shaft Flexibility 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Parameter Estimation with Springs in Series 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.5 Sensor Dynamics 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Clutch Influence and Backlash in General 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Model with Flexible Clutch and Driveshaft 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Nonlinear Clutch and Driveshaft Flexibility 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.3 Backlash in General 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Modeling of Neutral Gear and Open Clutch 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 Experiments 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.2 A Decoupled Model 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Clutch Modeling 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.1 Clutch Modes 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Torque Converter 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Concluding Remarks on Modeling 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9.1 A Set of Models 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9.2 Model Support 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9.3 Control Design and Validating Simulations 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Driveline Control 413\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Characteristics of Driveline Control 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Inclusion in Torque-Based Powertrain Control 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Consequence of Sensor Locations 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.3 Torque Actuation 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.4 Transmissions 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.5 Engine as Torque Actuator 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.6 Control Approaches 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Basics of Driveline Control 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 State-Space Formulation of the Driveshaft Model 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Disturbance Description 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Measurement Description 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.4 Performance Output 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.5 Control Objective 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.6 Controller Structures 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.7 Notation for Transfer Functions 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.8 Some Characteristic Feedback Properties 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.9 Insight from Simplified Transfer Functions 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Driveline Speed Control 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 RQV control 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Formulating the Objective of Anti-Surge Control 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Speed Control with Active Damping and RQV Behavior 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Influence from Sensor Location 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.5 Load Estimation 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.6 Evaluation of the Anti-Surge Controller 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.7 Demonstrating Rejection of Load Disturbance 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.8 Experimental Verification of Anti-Surge Control 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.9 Experiment Eliminating a Misconception 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Control of Driveline Torques 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Purpose of Driveline Torque Control for Gear Shifting 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Demonstration of Potential Problems in Torque Control 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Approaches to Driveline Torque Control for Gear Shifting 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Transmission Torque Control 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Modeling of Transmission Torque 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Transmission-Torque Control Criterion 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.3 Gear-shift Condition 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.4 Final Control Criterion 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.5 Resulting Behavior–Feasible Active Damping 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.6 Validating Simulations and Sensor Location Influence 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Driveshaft Torsion Control 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Recalling Damping Control with PID 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Controller Structure 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3 Observer for Driveshaft Torsion 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.4 Field Trials for Controller Validation 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.5 Validation of Gear Shift Quality 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.6 Handling of Initial Driveline Oscillations 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Recapitulation and Concluding Remarks 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.1 General Methodology 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.2 Valuable Insights 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.3 Formulation of Control Criterion 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.4 Validation of Functionality 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.5 Experimental Verification of Torque Limit Handling 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.6 Benefits 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart V DIAGNOSIS AND DEPENDABILITY\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Diagnosis and Dependability 473\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Dependability 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.1 Functional Safety–Unintended Torque 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2 Functional Safety Standards 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.3 Controller Qualification\/Conditions\/Prerequisites 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.4 Accommodation of Fault Situations 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.5 Outlook 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.6 Connections 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Basic Definitions and Concepts 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Fault and Failure 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Detection, Isolation, Identification, and Diagnosis 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 False Alarm and Missed Detection 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4 Passive or Active (Intrusive) 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.5 Off-Line or On-Line (On-Board) 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Introducing Methodology 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 A Simple Sensor Fault 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 A Simple Actuator Fault 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Triple Sensor Redundancy 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 Triple Redundancy Using Virtual Sensors 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.5 Redundancy and Model-Based Diagnosis 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.6 Forming a Decision–Residual Evaluation 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.7 Leakage in a Turbo Engine 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Engineering of Diagnosis Systems 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Selected Automotive Applications 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Catalyst and Lambda Sensors 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Throttle Supervision 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.3 Evaporative System Monitoring 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.4 Misfire 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.5 Air Intake 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.6 Diesel Engine Model 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 History, Legislation, and OBD 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 Diagnosis of Automotive Engines 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Legislation 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.1 OBDII 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.2 Examples of OBDII Legislation Texts 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA Thermodynamic Data and Heat Transfer Formulas 527\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.1 Thermodynamic Data and Some Constants 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2 Fuel Data 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.3 Dimensionless Numbers 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.4 Heat Transfer Basics 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.4.1 Conduction 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.4.2 Convection 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.4.3 Radiation 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.4.4 Resistor Analogy 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.4.5 Solution to Fourth-order Equations 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 555\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLars Eriksson\u003c\/b\u003e is an Associate Professor of Vehicular Systems at Linköping University with main responsibility for the engine control laboratory. Since 1994, he has been working as a researcher in the field of modeling and control of engines and drivelines with research that is performed in close collaboration with industry. This provides good contact with practicing engineers and who are then able to offer their input when new research results are integrated into course curriculums. As a teacher he has developed and taught several courses on this subject, both at the university and for industry. At Linköping University he is responsible for the course “Modeling and Control of Engines and Drivelines” which has been given on the subject since 1998 and he is also a regular lecturer for the module “Basics of SI engine control” on the Powertrain Engineering Programme at IFP School in Paris.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince 1992, \u003cb\u003eLars Nielsen\u003c\/b\u003e has been a Professor of Vehicular Systems holding the Sten Gustafsson chair at Linköping University. His main research interests are in automotive modeling, control, and diagnosis, and he has been active in all aspects of this field during its expansion and growth since the nineties.  His supervision has led to thirty graduate exams, in many cases with significant industrial participation. The collaboration aspect has also been strong in his role as center director for two large centers of excellence (ECSEL 1996-2002, LINK-SIC 2010- ). In the international research community, he was the Chairman of Automotive Control within the International Federation of Automatic Control (2002-2005), and then the Chairman of all Transportation and Vehicle Systems (2005-2011). Selected national commissions of trust are Board Member of the Swedish Research Council-NT (2001-2006), and vice chair in IVA II - the electrical engineering division of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering (2010-).\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003eControl systems have come to play an important role in the performance of modern vehicles with regards to meeting goals on low emissions and low fuel consumption. To achieve these goals, modeling, simulation, and analysis have become standard tools for the development of control systems in the automotive industry.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eModeling and Control of Engines and Drivelines\u003c\/i\u003e provides an up-to-date treatment of the topic from a clear perspective of systems engineering and control systems, which are at the core of vehicle design.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis book has three main goals. The first is to provide a thorough understanding of component models as building blocks. It has therefore been important to provide measurements from real processes, to explain the underlying physics, to describe the modeling considerations, and to validate the resulting models experimentally. Second, the authors show how the models are used in the current design of control and diagnosis systems. These system designs are never used in isolation, so the third goal is to provide a complete setting for system integration and evaluation, including complete vehicle models together with actual requirements and driving cycle analysis.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey features:\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Covers signals, systems, and control in modern vehicles\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Covers the basic dynamics of internal combustion engines and drivelines\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Provides a set of standard models and includes examples and case studies\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Covers turbo- and super-charging, and automotive dependability and diagnosis\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Accompanied by a web site hosting example models and problems and solutions\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eModeling and Control of Engines and Drivelines\u003c\/i\u003e is a comprehensive reference for graduate students and the authors’ close collaboration with the automotive industry ensures that the knowledge and skills that practicing engineers need when analysing and developing new powertrain systems are also covered.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989635809509,"sku":"NP9781118479995","price":124.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118479995.jpg?v=1761784901","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/modeling-and-control-of-engines-and-drivelines-isbn-9781118479995","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}