{"product_id":"microplastics-in-the-ecosphere-isbn-9781119879503","title":"Microplastics in the Ecosphere","description":"\u003cb\u003eMicroplastics in the Ecosphere\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiscover the environmental impact of microplastics with this comprehensive resource\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicroplastics are the minute quantities of plastic that result from industrial processes, household release and the breakdown of larger plastic items. Widespread reliance on plastic goods and, particularly, single-use plastics, which has been increased by the COVID-19 pandemic, has made microplastics ubiquitous; they can be found throughout the ecosphere, including in the bloodstreams of humans and other animals. As these plastics emerge as a potential threat to the environment and to public health, it has never been more critical to understand their distribution and environmental impact. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicroplastics in the Ecosphere\u003c\/i\u003e aims to cultivate that understanding with a comprehensive overview of microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems. It analyzes microplastic distribution in aerosphere, hydrosphere, and soil, tracing these plastics from their production on land to their distribution—overwhelmingly—in maritime ecosystems. The result is a book that will inform researchers and policymakers as we look to tackle this emerging challenge globally. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicroplastics in the Ecosphere\u003c\/i\u003e readers will also find: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIntroductory information about the production and distribution of single-use plastics\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eAn emphasis on management and mitigation strategies designed to reduce contamination over time\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eA multidisciplinary approach, combining concepts and analytical techniques from a range of scientific fields\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicroplastics in the Ecosphere\u003c\/i\u003e is a valuable guide for researchers and scientists, advanced undergraduate and graduate students, industry professionals, and policymakers looking to understand the impact of these widespread materials. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection I Single Use Plastics 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Scientometric Analysis of Microplastics across the Globe 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMansoor Ahmad Bhat, Fatma Nur Eraslan, Eftade O. Gaga, and Kadir Gedik\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Materials and Methods 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Results and Discussion 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Trends in Scientific Production and Citations 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Top Funding Agencies 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Top 10 Global Affiliations 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Top Countries 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Top 10 Databases and Journals 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.6 Top 10 Published Articles 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.7 Top 10 Author Keywords and Research Areas 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Conclusion 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans – A Review 15\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eManju P. Nair and Anu Gopinath\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Plastics 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Plastic Pollution 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 Microplastics 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.4 Importance of Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Polar Regions 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 General 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Sea Ice 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Water 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Sediments 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Biota 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Future Perspectives 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Conclusions 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Microplastics – Global Scenario 29\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMajeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Environmental Issues of Plastic Waste 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Coprocessing of Plastic Waste in Cement Kilns 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Disposal of Plastic Waste Through Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT) 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Merits of PPT 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 The Single- Use Plastic Pandemic in the COVID- 19 Era 65\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFatma Nur Eraslan, Mansoor Ahmad Bhat, Kadir Gedik, and Eftade O. Gaga\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Materials and Methods 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Estimation of the Daily Amount of Medical Waste in Hospitals 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Packaging SUPs 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.1 Trends in Plastic Waste Generation, Management, and Environmental Fate during the COVID- 19 Era 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Environmental Impacts from SUP Waste 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Management of SUP Waste 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection II Microplastics in the Aerosphere 77\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Atmospheric Microplastic Transport 79\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYudith Vega Paramitadevi, Ana Turyanti, Ersa Rishanti, Beata Ratnawati, Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan, and Nurani Ikhlas\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 The Phenomenon of Microplastic Transport 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Factors Affecting Microplastic Transport 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Types of MPs 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Characteristics and Sources of Microplastics Emitters 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Meteorological Conditions 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Altitude and Surface Roughness 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Microplastic Deposition Processes in the Ocean 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.6 Microplastics Deposition Processes in the Air 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Microplastic Transport Modelling 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Eulerian Method 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Microplastics in the Atmosphere and Their Human and Eco Risks 97\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDhammika N. Magana- Arachchi and Rasika P. Wanigatunge\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Microplastics in the Atmosphere 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Chemical Composition 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Sources of Microplastics 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Effects of Climatic Conditions on MP Distribution 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Impact of Microplastics on Human Health and the Eco Risk 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Eco Risk 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Strategies to Minimise Atmospheric MPs through Future Research 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Conclusion 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Sampling and Detection of Microplastics in the Atmosphere 113\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSudip Choudhury, Kuheli Deb, Saurav Paul, Bimal Bhusan Chakraborty, and Sunayana Goswami\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Classification 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Biota 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Detection and Characterisation of MPs in the Atmosphere 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Microscopic Techniques for Detecting MPs 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1.6 Hot Needle Technique 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1.7 Digital Holography 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Spectroscopic Techniques for Analysing MPs 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusion 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunding 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Sources and Circulation of Microplastics in the Aerosphere – Atmospheric Transport of Microplastics 125\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGobishankar Sathyamohan, Madushika Sewwandi, Balram Ambade, and Meththika Vithanage\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Occurrence and Abundance of Atmospheric MP 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Plastic Polymers and Their Properties 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Sources and Pathways of MPs in the Atmosphere 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Temporal and Spatial Trends in MP Accumulation 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Formation of MPs 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Physical Weathering 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Photo- thermal Oxidation 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Thermal Degradation 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Wet Deposition 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Predicting MP Dispersion and Transport 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Eco- Environmental Impacts 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Future Perspectives 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection III Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment 147\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Interaction of Chemical Contaminants with Microplastics 149\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAsitha T. Cooray, Janitha Walpita, Pabasari A. Koliyabandara, and Ishara U. Soyza\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Interactions 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Mechanisms 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Kinetics of the Sorption Process 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Pseudo- Second- Order Model 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.8 Isotherm Models 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Future Approaches 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Microplastics in Freshwater Environments 163\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFlorin- Constantin Mihai, Laura A.T. Markley, Farhan R. Khan, Giuseppe Suaria, and Sedat Gundogdu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Microplastics in Rivers and Tributaries 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Microplastics in Lakes 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Microplastics in Groundwater Sources 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Microplastics in Glaciers and Ice Caps 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Microplastics in Deltas 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Conclusion 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate: Flow and Transport 177\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnna Kwarciak- Kozłowska\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Plastics and Microplastics 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Summary 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment – Effects on Ocean Carbon Sequestration and Sustenance of Marine Life 189\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eArunima Bhattacharya and Aryadeep Roychoudhury\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.1 Chemical Nature 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.1 Effect on Phytoplankton Photosynthesis and Growth 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.2 Effect on Zooplankton Development and Reproduction 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Microplastics and Marine Fauna 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2.1 Shrimp 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Effects on Marine Mammals 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection IV Microplastics in Soil Systems 201\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Entry of Microplastics into Agroecosystems: A Serious Threat to Food Security and Human Health 203\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSiril Singh, Sheenu Sharma, Rajni Yadav, and Anand Narain Singh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Sources of Microplastics in Agroecosystems 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Application of Sewage Sludge\/Biosolids 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.6 Landfill Sites 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Implications for Crop Plants and Food Security 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Human Health Risks 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Knowledge Gaps 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Migration of Microplastic- Bound Contaminants to Soil and Their Effects 219\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarta Jaskulak and Katarzyna Zorena\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Microplastics as Sorbing Materials for Hazardous Chemicals 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Types of Microplastic- Bound Contaminants in Soils 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Effects of Exposure and Co- exposure in Soil – Consequences of Contaminant Sorption for MP Toxicity and Bioaccumulation 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Microplastic- Bound Contaminants in Soils as Potential Threats to Human Health 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Conclusions 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Plastic Mulch- Derived Microplastics in Agricultural Soil Systems 233\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSammani Ramanayaka, Hao Zhang, and Kirk T. Semple\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Plastic Mulch Films in Agriculture 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Types of Synthetic Polymer Mulch Films 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Mulch Microplastic Pollution in Soil 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Influences of Mulch Microplastics on Soil Physical Properties 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2.1 Soil Organic Matter (SOM) 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2.2 Soil pH 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 The Impact of Microplastics on Soil Biological Properties 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Mulch Microplastics as a Vector 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Critical Review of Microplastics in Soil 249\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFábio C. Nunes, Lander de Jesus Alves, Cláudia C.N. de Carvalho, Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad, and José R. de Souza Filho\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Sources and Transfer of Microplastics in Soils 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Classification, Qualification, and Quantification of Microplastics in Soil 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Effects and Risks of Microplastics on Soil Health 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Analytical Methodologies for Microplastics in Soil 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Epilogue and Future Perspectives 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 What Do We Know About the Effects of Microplastics on Soil? 271\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAna Paula Pinto, Teresa Ferreira, Ana V. Dordio, Alfredo Jorge Palace Carvalho, and Jorge M.S. Faria\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Why and How Do MPs End Up in the Soil? 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Mulching Films 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Sewage Sludge\/Compost Application 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Irrigation 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Microplastics as Carriers of Soil Contaminants – Contaminant Vectors 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 MPs as Carriers of Metals and\/or Metalloids 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 MPs as Carriers of Organic Pollutants 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Microplastic Effects 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 MP Effects on Plant Growth Performance 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.3 MP Effects on Soil Nutrient Cycling 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Conclusions and Perspectives for Future Research 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Microbial Degradation of Plastics 305\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbin Sebastian, Aleena Maria Paul, Donia Dominic, Misriya Shaji, Priya Jose, Sarika Sasi, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Diversity of Plastic- Degrading Microbes 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Mechanism of Microbe- Mediated Decomposition of Plastics 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Molecular Factors in the Microbial Breakdown of Plastics 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Microbes and Sustainable Degradation of Plastics 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.1 Outlook 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Microplastics and Soil Nutrient Cycling 321\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMadhuni Wijesooriya, Hasintha Wijesekara, Madushika Sewwandi, Sasimali Soysa, Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha, Meththika Vithanage, and Nanthi Bolan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Microplastics in Soil 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Effect of Microplastics on Nutrient Cycling 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Soil Nitrogen Cycling 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.3 Soil Phosphorous Content 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Effect of Microplastic- Driven Factors on Soil Nutrient Cycling 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.1 Properties of Microplastics 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.3 Soil Chemical Characteristics 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.4 Soil Physical Characteristics 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.5 Consequences of Microplastics for Nutrient Cycling and Implications 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Mechanisms of Microplastic- Driven Plant Toxicity\/Nutrient Uptake 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Future Perspectives 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection V Microplastics in Food Systems 339\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Microplastics in the Food Chain 341\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChamila V.L. Jayasinghe, Sharmila Jayatilake, H. Umesh K.D.Z. Rajapakse, N.K. Sandunika Kithmini, and K.M. Prakash M. Kulathunga\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Presence of Microplastics in the Food Chain 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.1 Transmission Through the Food Chain 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2 Other Pathways Through Which Microplastics Enter Food 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2.1 Transmission from Food Packaging 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Possible Health Effects of Microplastics in Food 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 How to Minimize Microplastic Contamination in Food 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1 Need for Research on the Realistic Ecological Impact of Microplastics 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2 Effective Methods of Microplastic Detection and Removal 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.4 Efficient Disposal of Plastic Waste 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Summary 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Microplastics in Salt and Drinking Water 357\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuthumali U. Adikari, Nirmala Prasadi, and Chamila V.L. Jayasinghe\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Microplastics in Salt 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.1 Introduction 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.1.1 Microplastics in Salt: Occurrence and Abundance 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.1.2 Microplastic Contamination in Different Salt Types 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.1.3 Estimated Consumption of Microplastics through Salt 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.1 Introduction 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.4 Microplastics in Drinking Water: Analytical Methods Used 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.5 Removal Strategies 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Summary 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Microplastics in Commercial Seafood (Invertebrates) and Seaweeds 369\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSanchala Gallage\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Microplastics in Commercial Seafood and Seaweeds 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.3 Possible MP Accumulation Pathways in Commercial Seafood 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.4 Microplastics in Commercial Seafood and Seaweeds 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.4.2 Microplastics in Shrimp 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.4.3 Microplastics in Crabs 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.4.4 Microplastics in Lobsters 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.4.5 Microplastics in Sea Urchins and Sea Cucumbers 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.4.6 Microplastics in Seaweeds 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.5 Concluding Notes 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Microplastic Toxicity to Humans 381\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMagdalena Madeła\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Ingestion of Microplastics 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Human Exposure to Inhalation of Microplastics 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Human Exposure to Dermal Contact with Microplastics 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Conclusions 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection VI Treatment Technologies and Management 391\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Management of Microplastics from Sources to Humans 393\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSamanthika Senarath and Dinushi Kaushalya\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1.1 Composition and Characteristics of Microplastics 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Classification and Sources of Microplastics 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.1 Sources of Human Exposure to Microplastics 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Impact of Microplastics on Human Health 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Social and Ecological Impacts of Microplastics 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.1 Management Strategies for Microplastics 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.1.1 Proper Management of Plastics and Plastic Waste 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.1.2 Use of Bio- based and Biodegradable Plastics 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.1.3 Improvement of Wastewater and Solid Waste Treatment Processes 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Prospects in Microplastic Management 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Summary 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Single- Use Ordinary Plastics vs. Bioplastics 405\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIwona Zawieja\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Ordinary Plastic – General Characteristics 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Bioplastics – General Characteristics 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Biodegradability of Bioplastics 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Environmental Benefits of Using Bioplastic 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Summary 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection VII Case Studies 415\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Plastic Nurdles in Marine Environments Due to Accidental Spillage 417\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMadushika Sewwandi, Santhirasekaram Keerthanan, Kalani Imalka Perera, and Meththika Vithanage\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1.2 Plastic Nurdles 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2.2.1 Nurdle Distribution on Beaches in the Atlantic Ocean in the Twentieth Century 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2.2.2 Nurdle Distribution on Beaches in the Atlantic Ocean in the Twenty- First Century 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2.2.3 Nurdle Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3.2 Fate and Transport of Nurdles in Marine Systems 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3.3 Impacts of Nurdle Spillage on the Marine Environment 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 X- Press Pearl Shipwreck – Case Study 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1 Nurdle Spillage 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.3 Characteristics and Contamination of Spilled Nurdles 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.4 Possible Impacts 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.4.1 Marine Environment 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.4.5 Impact on the Economy 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Compost- Hosted Microplastics – Municipal Solid Waste Compost 433\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eK.S.D. Premarathna, Sammani Ramanayaka, Ayanthie Navaratne, Hasintha Wijesekara, Jasintha Jayasanka, and Meththika Vithanage\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Municipal Solid Waste 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1.2 Composting Process as a Source of Microplastics 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2.2 Sizes of microplastics 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2.3 Characteristics of Compost- Hosted Microplastics 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 Impact of Microplastic- Contaminated Compost on Soil Properties 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3.2 Impact on Soil Chemical Properties 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 Compost- Hosted Microplastics as a Vector 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4.1 Effect on Soil Organisms 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 Future Perspectives 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Single- Use Ordinary Plastics and Bioplastics – A Case Study in Brazil 449\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLuís P. Azevedo, Carlos A.F. Lagarinhos, Denise C.R. Espinosa, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Introduction 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1.1 Municipality of São Paulo (the Largest in the Country) – State Law No. 15374\/2011 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1.2 State of Rio de Janeiro – State Law No. 8473\/2019 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1.3 Santos(SP) – Municipal Law 232\/2019 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1.4 Ilhabela(SP) – Municipal Law 598\/2008 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1.5 São Sebastião (SP) – Municipal Law 2590\/2018 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1.6 Natal (RN) – Municipal Law 295\/2009 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1.7 Fernando de Noronha Island (PE) – District Decree 002\/2018 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.2 Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate (PBAT) Bioplastic 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.5 Shrimp Shell Bioplastic 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.9 Organic Waste Bioplastic 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 Energy Recovery 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6 Public Policies 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7 Impacts of Environmental Legislation 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8 Challenges of Bioplastics Production 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9 Conclusions 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29 Microplastics Remediation – Possible Perspectives for Mitigating Saline Environments 465\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAmir Parnian, Mehdi Mahbod, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1 Introduction 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2 Assimilation of Microplastics in Saline Water Bodies and Soil Ecosystems 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3 Microplastic Self- Aging and Degradation: Hopes and Risks for the Ecosystem 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4 Microplastics: Technologies for Remediating Saline Environments 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5 Economic and Social Aspects of Microplastic Remediation in Saline Conditions 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.6 Conclusion: Hopes, and Resistance to Environmental Remediation to Achieve a Cleaner Environment 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30 The Management of Waste Tires: A Case Study in Brazil 477\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCarlos Alberto Ferreira Lagarinhos, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório, and Luís Peres de Azevedo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1 Introduction 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2 Methodology 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3 Results and Discussions 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3.4 Comparison Between Systems for Recycling Tires in the EU Countries, the United States, Japan, and Brazil 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3.5 Technologies for Reuse, Recycling, and Energy Recovery 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3.8 Tire Pyrolysis Process 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3.9 Reclaimed Rubber and Rugs for Automobiles 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3.11 Asphalt Rubber 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4 Reverse Logistics Tires in Brazil 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4.2 Recycling by Tire Manufacturers 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6 Conclusions 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 499\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMeththika Vithanage, PhD\u003c\/b\u003e is a Professor and founding Director of the Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka. She holds adjunct professor positions in the UWA, Australia, UPES, India and NIFS, Sri Lanka. She has published more widely than any other environmental science researcher in Sri Lanka. She is a Highly Cited Researcher and publishes widely in the field of Environmental Science. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMajeti Narasimha Vara Prasad, PhD\u003c\/b\u003e is Emeritus Professor at the School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India. He has decades of experience teaching and publishing on environmental science subjects, and his awards include the 2007 Pitamber Pant National Environment Fellowship by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India.    \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiscover the environmental impact of microplastics with this comprehensive resource\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicroplastics are the minute quantities of plastic that result from industrial processes, household release and the breakdown of larger plastic items. Widespread reliance on plastic goods and, particularly, single-use plastics, which has been increased by the COVID-19 pandemic, has made microplastics ubiquitous; they can be found throughout the ecosphere, including in the bloodstreams of humans and other animals. As these plastics emerge as a potential threat to the environment and to public health, it has never been more critical to understand their distribution and environmental impact. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicroplastics in the Ecosphere\u003c\/i\u003e aims to cultivate that understanding with a comprehensive overview of microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems. It analyzes microplastic distribution in aerosphere, hydrosphere, and soil, tracing these plastics from their production on land to their distribution—overwhelmingly—in maritime ecosystems. The result is a book that will inform researchers and policymakers as we look to tackle this emerging challenge globally. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicroplastics in the Ecosphere\u003c\/i\u003e readers will also find: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIntroductory information about the production and distribution of single-use plastics\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eAn emphasis on management and mitigation strategies designed to reduce contamination over time\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eA multidisciplinary approach, combining concepts and analytical techniques from a range of scientific fields\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicroplastics in the Ecosphere\u003c\/i\u003e is a valuable guide for researchers and scientists, advanced undergraduate and graduate students, industry professionals, and policymakers looking to understand the impact of these widespread materials.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989621293285,"sku":"NP9781119879503","price":245.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119879503.jpg?v=1761784843","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/microplastics-in-the-ecosphere-isbn-9781119879503","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}