{"product_id":"microgrids-isbn-9781119906209","title":"Microgrids","description":"\u003cb\u003eMicrogrids\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePresents microgrid methodologies in modeling, stability, and control, supported by real-time simulations and experimental studies\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicrogrids: Dynamic Modeling, Stability and Control\u003c\/i\u003e, provides comprehensive coverage of microgrid modeling, stability, and control, alongside new relevant perspectives and research outcomes, with vital information on several microgrid modeling methods, stability analysis methodologies and control synthesis approaches that are supported by real-time simulations and experimental studies for active learning in professionals and students alike.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis book is divided into two parts: individual microgrids and interconnected microgrids. Both parts provide individual chapters on modeling, stability, and control, providing comprehensive information on the background, concepts, and architecture, supported by several examples and corresponding source codes\/simulation files. Communication based control and cyber security of microgrids are addressed and new outcomes and advances in interconnected microgrids are discussed.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummarizing the outcome of more than 15 years of the authors’ teaching, research, and projects, \u003ci\u003eMicrogrids: Dynamic Modeling, Stability and Control\u003c\/i\u003e covers specific sample topics such as: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMicrogrid dynamic modeling, covering microgrid components modeling, DC and AC microgrids modeling examples, reduced-order models, and model validation\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMicrogrid stability analysis, covering stability analysis methods, islanded\/grid connected\/interconnected microgrid stability\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMicrogrids control, covering hierarchical control structure, communication-based control, cyber-resilient control, advanced control theory applications, virtual inertia control and data-driven control\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eModeling, analysis of stability challenges, and emergency control of large-scale interconnected microgrids\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSynchronization stability of interconnected microgrids, covering control requirements of synchronous microgrids and inrush power analysis\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith comprehensive, complete, and accessible coverage of the subject, \u003ci\u003eMicrogrids: Dynamic Modeling, Stability and Control\u003c\/i\u003e is the ideal reference for professionals (engineers, developers) and students working with power\/smart grids, renewable energy, and power systems, to enable a more effective use of their microgrids or interconnected microgrids. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout the Authors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronyms xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Overview 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Microgrid Concept and Capabilities 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Microgrid Structure 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Microgrids in the Future Smart Grids 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Microgrids-Integrated Power Grids 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Current Trends and Future Directions 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Dynamic Behavior of MGs and Their Impacts on Power Grids 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Microgrid-Based Ancillary Services 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.3 Dynamic Modeling and Control 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 The Book Content and Organization 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Individual Microgrids 15\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Microgrid Dynamic Modeling: Concepts and Fundamentals 17\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Dynamics and Modeling 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Fundamental Analysis Tools and Requirements 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 State-Space (Small-Signal) Modeling 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.1 Finding Differential Equations 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.2 Park and Clark Transformations 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.3 Linearization 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.4 State-Space Representation 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.5 Interconnecting Modules 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Detailed Modeling 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Simplification Methods 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3.1 Truncation (Regular Perturbation) 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3.2 Residualization (Singular Perturbation) 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3.3 Aggregation 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Prony Analysis 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Large-Signal Modeling 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Small-Signal Modeling of Microgrid Components 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 DC–AC Converter (Inverter) 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 AC–DC Converter (Rectifier) 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 DC–DC Converter (Chopper) 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 LC Filter 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5 Power Network 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5.1 Virtual Resistor Calculation 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6 Loads 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6.1 Constant RL Impedance Load 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6.2 Constant Power Load (CPL) 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6.3 Motor Load 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6.4 Active Load 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.7 Energy Resources and Storages 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.7.1 Wind Generation Unit 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.7.2 Photovoltaic Generation Unit 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.7.3 Battery 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.7.4 Super-Capacitor 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Small-Signal Modeling of Microgrid Controllers 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Primary Control Strategies 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1.1 Grid-Forming Strategy 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1.2 Grid-Following Strategy 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Secondary Control 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Higher Control Levels 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Large-Signal Modeling: An Example 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Governing Equations on Synchronverter 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Nonlinear State-Space Representation 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Summary 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Microgrid Dynamic Modeling: Overall Modeling and Case Studies 79\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Overall Microgrid Dynamic Modeling 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Common Reference Frame 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Microgrid General State-Space Model 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Grid Model 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Small-Signal Modeling of DC and AC Microgrids 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 A Grid-Connected PV 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Grid-Connected AC Microgrids 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Islanded AC Microgrids: The Detailed Model 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Islanded AC Microgrids: A Sensitivity Analysis-Based Simplified Model 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4.1 Removing\/Reconfiguration Process of Modules 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4.2 DLFMs Comparison of the Detailed and Simplified Models 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4.3 The Oscillatory DLFM Comparison 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Islanded AC Microgrids: Aggregated Single-Order Model 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5.1 General Steps of Modeling 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5.2 Virtual Swing Equation-Based Single-Order Model 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 Islanded DC Microgrid 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Large-Signal Modeling of Microgrids 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Model Validation 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Time-Domain Simulations 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Summary 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Microgrids Stability 103\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Stability Definition and Classification 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Basic Requirements 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Eigenvalue Analysis 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Participation Matrix 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Small-Signal Stability Analysis 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Grid-Connected PV 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1.1 Sensitivity Analysis: LC Filter Parameters 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis: Coupling\/Grid Line Length 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1.3 Sensitivity Analysis: PLL Gains 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1.4 Sensitivity Analysis: Current Control Gains 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1.5 Sensitivity Analysis: DC Voltage Control gains 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Grid-Connected AC Microgrids 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.1 Sensitivity Analysis: Grid Strength Study 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.2 Sensitivity Analysis: Interaction of GFL DERs 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Islanded AC Microgrids 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis of Droop Gains 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Virtual Impedance 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.3 Stability Analysis of Secondary Control 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis of GFL DER Parameters 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.5 Weakness of AC Microgrids 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.6 Relative Stability Improvement Using Grid-Supporting Control Strategy 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Islanded DC Microgrids 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Transient Stability 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Power Sharing Stability in AC Microgrids 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Synchronverter Stabilization 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2.1 Adaptive Backstepping Stabilizing Method 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2.2 Simulation Results 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Summary 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Microgrid Control: Concepts and Fundamentals 143\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Fundamentals and Requirements 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Introduction to Control Systems 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Control Objectives and Challenges 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Control Architectures 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Control Strategies for Power Converters 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Introduction 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Grid-Following Power Converters 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2.1 Current Control 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2.2 Synchronization Algorithm 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Grid-Forming Power Converters 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Hierarchical Control 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 The Control Hierarchy 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Control Layers 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Primary Control 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Droop Control 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1.1 Droop Control for Inductive Grids 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1.2 Droop Control for Resistive Grids 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1.3 Droop Control for Resistive–Inductive Grids 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1.4 Discussion on the Conventional Droop Control 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1.5 Droop Control for DC Grids 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Virtual Impedance 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 A Simulation Study for Primary Control of AC Microgrids 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3.1 Case Study 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3.2 Simulation Results 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Secondary Control 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Secondary Control Functions and Strategies 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1.1 Secondary Control Functions 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1.2 Secondary Control Strategies 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Centralized Secondary Control 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 Distributed Secondary Control 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3.1 Communication Network as a Graph 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3.2 Average-Based DISC 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3.3 Consensus-Based DISC 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3.4 Event-Triggered DISC 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4 Decentralized Secondary Control 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4.1 Washout Filter-Based DESC 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4.2 Local Variable-Based DESC 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4.3 Estimation-Based DESC 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.5 A Simulation Study for Secondary Control of AC Microgrids 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.5.1 Case Study and Controller Implementation 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.5.2 Simulation Results 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Central Control 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Global Control 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Summary 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Advances in Microgrid Control 197\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Advanced Control Synthesis 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Advanced Control Techniques 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.1 Optimal Control 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.2 Robust Control 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.3 Nonlinear Control 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.4 Intelligent Control 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Model Predictive Control 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2.1 MPC for Microgrids 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2.2 Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Model Predictive Control of DC Microgrids with Constant Power Loads 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3.1 Case Study and Dynamic Modeling 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3.2 Design Methodology 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3.3 Real-Time Hardware in the Loop Results 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Hybrid Fuzzy Predictive Control for Smooth Transition of AC Microgrids 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4.1 Case Study and Dynamic Modeling 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4.2 Control System Design 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4.3 Simulation Results 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Virtual Dynamic Control 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Concept and Structure 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.1 VSG Applications 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Virtual Dynamic Control of DC Microgrids 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.1 Dynamic Improvement of DC Microgrids Using Virtual Inertia Concept 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.2 Case Study and Simulation Results 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Resilient and Cybersecure Control 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Microgrid as a Cyber-Physical System 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Communication Requirements 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Cybersecurity 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3.1 Network\/Data Cyber Threats on Microgrids 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3.2 Distributed Secondary Control Under Network Cyber Attacks 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3.3 Cyberattack Detection 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3.4 Cyberattack Mitigation 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Event-Triggered Control 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4.1 Event-Triggered Secondary Control of AC Microgrids 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4.2 Physical and Control Layers 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4.3 Secondary Control Design 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4.4 Case Study and Simulation Results 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Summary 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Interconnected Microgrids 263\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Interconnected Microgrids: Opportunities and Challenges 265\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 An Overview 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Architectures of Interconnected Microgrids 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Benefits, Challenges, and Research Fields 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Operation of Interconnected Microgrids 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Vacancies for Future Research 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 IMG Dynamic Modeling 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 IMG Stability Analysis 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 IMG Control 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Summary 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Modeling of Interconnected Microgrids 285\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Interconnection Method 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Module Modeling 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Microgrid Modeling 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.1 Modeling of Secondary Control for CB-IMGs 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.2 Other MG Modules 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.3 Overall MG Model 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Interlinking Line Modeling 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Back-to-Back Converter Modeling 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3.1 AC Side of the BTBC 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3.2 DC Side of the BTBC 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3.3 Dependent Current and Voltage Sources 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3.4 BTBC Power Part Interconnection 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3.5 Power Controller 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3.6 DC Voltage Controller 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3.7 Synchronizing PLLs 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3.8 Complete Interconnection of BTBC Modules 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Circuit Breaker Modeling 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Overall IMG Modeling 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Comprehensive Modeling of CB-IMGs 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Comprehensive Modeling of BTBC-IMGs 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Model Validation 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Model Validation Procedure 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Real-Time Simulator 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Validation of CB-IMG Modeling 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3.1 Case Study Information 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3.2 Prony Analysis Results 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3.3 Comparison Results 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 Validation of BTBC-IMG Modeling 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Reduced-Order Models 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Simplified Model Application in CB-IMG Frequency Control 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Simplified Model of MGs and CB-IMGs 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 Comparing Detailed and Single-Order Models 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Summary 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Stability of Interconnected Microgrids 323\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 IMG Stability Review 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Small-Signal Stability Analysis 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Eigenvalue Analysis of CB-IMGs 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Frequency Stability of CB-IMGs 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.1 Intermicrogrid Oscillatory Modes 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.2 Frequency Response 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Eigenvalue Analysis of BTBC-IMGs 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Sensitivity Analysis 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 CB-IMGs 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 BTBC-IMGs 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.1 DC Side and Voltage Controller of Back-to-Back Converter 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.2 PLLs of Back-to-Back Converter 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.3 \u003ci\u003eω\u003c\/i\u003e − P Droop Characteristic 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.4 Cutoff Frequency (\u003ci\u003eω\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003ec\u003c\/sub\u003e) of LPFs 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.5 Initial DC Voltage (V\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003edc\u003c\/sub\u003e0) 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.6 Comparison Between Two and Three Interconnected Microgrids 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.7 Number of Interconnected Microgrids 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Transient Stability of BTBC-IMGs: BTBC DC Voltage 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Energy-Based Transient Stability Analysis 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Minimum Stabilizing DC Voltage Criterion 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.1 Time Interval Δ\u003ci\u003eT\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003estab\u003c\/sub\u003e 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.2 Capacitance of the c\u003csup\u003ej\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003edc\u003c\/sub\u003e 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.3 Injected Power to the DC Link (P\u003csup\u003ej\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003edc\u003c\/sub\u003e0) 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.4 MSDVC Comparison with Common Transient Stability Criteria 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Grid Strength Impact 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 BTBC Power Flow Direction 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5 Time-Domain Simulations 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5.1 Frequency Instability of BTBC-IMGs 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5.2 Voltage Instability of BTBC-IMGs 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5.3 Power Flow Direction 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5.4 Pre-charging Before Power Flow 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5.5 Initial Power Transfer Limit 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Summary 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Control of Interconnected Microgrids 349\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Overview on IMG Control 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 CB-IMGs 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 BTBC-IMGs 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 DC-IMGs 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Frequency Control for CB-IMGs 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Tuning of Secondary Control Gains 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Virtual Inertia Control 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Power Sharing Control for CB-IMGs 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Power Exchange Control for BTBC-IMGs 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Prerequisites of Individual Microgrid Control 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Interlinking Back-to-Back Converter Control 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Simulation Results for Planned BTBC-IMG Power Exchange 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3.1 Two BTBC-IMGs 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3.2 Multiple BTBC-IMGs 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Emergency Control for BTBC-IMGs 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Logical Control 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Generalized Droop Control 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3 Coordination of BTBC Emergency Controls 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.4 Real-Time Simulation Results 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.4.1 Bidirectional Power Flow Support 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.4.2 Averaging Interval Impact on the Controller Performance 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.4.3 DER Plug-and-Play 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.4.4 Three Interconnected Microgrids 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Summary 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Synchronization in Interconnected Microgrids 389\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Synchronization Control Requirements 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Basic Control of CB-IMGs 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Synchronization Control of CB-IMGs 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Inrush Power Analysis 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Modeling of Inrush Power 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Impact of PCC Voltage Parameters on the Inrush Power 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Impact of X\/R Ratio and Impedance Value on the Inrush Power 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Small-Signal Modeling and Stability Analysis 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Small-Signal Modeling of IMGs 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1.1 Modeling of Sub-Systems 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1.2 Modeling of Synchronization Control Unit 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1.3 Modeling of Overall IMGs 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Small-Signal Stability Analysis 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.1 Synchronization Control Parameter 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.2 Secondary Control Parameters 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Transient Stability Assessment 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Transition During Synchronization 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Time-Domain Simulations 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2.1 Trade-Off Between Synchronization Control Objectives 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2.2 Constraints Impact on the Synchronization Transients 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2.3 Synchronization During High-Load MGs 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Summary 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 409\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eQobad Shafiee\u003c\/b\u003e is an Associate Professor at the University of Kurdistan, Faculty of Engineering. He earned his PhD in Electrical Engineering from Aalborg University in 2014 and is an IEEE Senior Member.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMobin Naderi\u003c\/b\u003e received his PhD in Control of Modern Power Systems from the University of Kurdistan in 2019, where he is currently a postdoctoral scholar.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHassan Bevrani\u003c\/b\u003e is a Professor and Head of Smart\/Micro Grids Research Center at the University of Kurdistan.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePresents microgrid methodologies in modeling, stability, and control, supported by real-time simulations and experimental studies\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicrogrids: Dynamic Modeling, Stability and Control\u003c\/i\u003e, provides comprehensive coverage of microgrid modeling, stability, and control, alongside new relevant perspectives and research outcomes, with vital information on several microgrid modeling methods, stability analysis methodologies and control synthesis approaches that are supported by real-time simulations and experimental studies for active learning in professionals and students alike.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis book is divided into two parts: individual microgrids and interconnected microgrids. Both parts provide individual chapters on modeling, stability, and control, providing comprehensive information on the background, concepts, and architecture, supported by several examples and corresponding source codes\/simulation files. Communication based control and cyber security of microgrids are addressed and new outcomes and advances in interconnected microgrids are discussed.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummarizing the outcome of more than 15 years of the authors’ teaching, research, and projects, \u003ci\u003eMicrogrids: Dynamic Modeling, Stability and Control\u003c\/i\u003e covers specific sample topics such as: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMicrogrid dynamic modeling, covering microgrid components modeling, DC and AC microgrids modeling examples, reduced-order models, and model validation\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMicrogrid stability analysis, covering stability analysis methods, islanded\/grid connected\/interconnected microgrid stability\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMicrogrids control, covering hierarchical control structure, communication-based control, cyber-resilient control, advanced control theory applications, virtual inertia control and data-driven control\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eModeling, analysis of stability challenges, and emergency control of large-scale interconnected microgrids\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSynchronization stability of interconnected microgrids, covering control requirements of synchronous microgrids and inrush power analysis\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith comprehensive, complete, and accessible coverage of the subject, \u003ci\u003eMicrogrids: Dynamic Modeling, Stability and Control\u003c\/i\u003e is the ideal reference for professionals (engineers, developers) and students working with power\/smart grids, renewable energy, and power systems, to enable a more effective use of their microgrids or interconnected microgrids.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-IEEE Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989620932837,"sku":"NP9781119906209","price":160.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119906209.jpg?v=1761784841","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/microgrids-isbn-9781119906209","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}