{"product_id":"methods-of-measuring-environmental-parameters-isbn-9781118686935","title":"Methods of Measuring Environmental Parameters","description":"Provides a systematic review of modern methods and instruments for measuring environmental parameters\u003cbr\u003e • Profiles the most modern methods and instruments for environment control and monitoring\u003cbr\u003e • Gives an assessment of biotic and abiotic factors and their effect on quality of atmosphere and indoor air, soil, water\u003cbr\u003e • Provides a brief description of the main climatic (pressure, wind, temperature, humidity, precipitation, solar radiation), atmospheric, hydrographic, and edaphic factors\u003cbr\u003e • Covers a wide range environmental methods and instrumentation including those used in the fields of meteorology, air pollution, water quality, soil science and more\u003cbr\u003e • Supplied with practical exercises, problems, and tests that will help the reader to learn more deeply contents of the book  \u003cp\u003ePREFACE xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eABOUT THE BOOK xxxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eABOUT THE AUTHOR xxxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eINTRODUCTION 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Principal Definitions, 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART I CLIMATIC FACTORS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Pressure 5\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Definition of Pressure, 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Atmospheric Pressure, 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Physiological Effects of Decreased Air Pressure on Human Organism, 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Physiological Effects of Altitude on Animals, 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Effects of Altitude on Plants, 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Variation of Pressure with Depth, 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Physiological Effects of Increased Pressure on Human Organism, 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Physiological Effects of Pressure on Diving Animals, 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Measurement of Pressure 14\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Manometers, 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Barometers, 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Digital Barometric Pressure Sensor, 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Vibrating Wire Sensor, 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Capacitive Pressure Sensor, 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Measurement of Pressure at Depth, 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 1. Analysis of Observed Data: Theory of Errors 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Approximation of Data, 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Rules for Dealing with Significant Numbers, 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Precision of the Measurement During Multiplication or Division, 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 The Precision of the Measurement During Addition or Subtraction, 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 The Precision of the Measurement During Raising to a Power or Extracting a Root, 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Theory of Errors, 26\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Types of Errors, 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Errors in Direct Measurements, 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Errors in Indirect Measurements, 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic Reference, 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Wind 34\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Definition of Wind, 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Forces That Create Wind, 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Parameters of Wind, 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Effect of Wind on Living Organisms, 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference, 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Measurement of Wind Parameters 38\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Cup Anemometer, 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Windmill Anemometer, 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Hot-Wire Anemometer, 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Sonic Anemometer, 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Remote Wind Sensing, 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Measurement of Wind Direction, 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Cyclone Assessment, 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference, 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 2. Modeling the Variation inWind Speed 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Modeling Variation in Wind Speed Near the Ground, 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Modeling the Variation in Wind Speed Above a Plant Canopy, 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference, 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Temperature 57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Definition of Temperature, 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Temperature Scales, 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Atmospheric Temperature, 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Soil Temperature, 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Temperature of Water Reservoirs, 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Heat Flux, 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Effect of Temperature on Living Organisms, 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Measurement of Temperature 67\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers, 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Bimetallic Thermometer, 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Resistance Thermometer, 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Thermocouples, 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Optical Pyrometry, 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Infrared Thermometers, 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Heat Flux Measurement, 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Method of Scintillometry, 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 3. Modeling Vertical Changes in Air Temperature 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Measurement of Temperature Above Uniform Surface, 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Measurement of Sensible Heat Flux, 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference, 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Humidity 85\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Definition of Humidity, 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Parameters of Humidity, 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Effect of Humidity on Living Organisms, 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Measurement of Air Humidity 88\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Hygrometers, 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Assmann Psychrometer, 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Hair Hygrometer, 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Capacitive Hygrometer, 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Condensation Hygrometer, 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Electrolytic Hygrometer, 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Radiation Absorption Hygrometer (Gas Analyzer), 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 An Open-Path System for Measuring Humidity, 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Remote Sensing Humidity, 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 4. Measuring Parameters of Humidity 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Objectives, 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Materials Supplied, 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Principle of Operation, 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Experimental Procedure, 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference, 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic Reference, 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Precipitation 103\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Definitions, 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Mechanisms of Precipitation, 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Parameters of Precipitation, 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Acid Rain, 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Interception, 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 General Characteristics of Isotopes, 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Stable Isotopes of Water, 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Isotopic Fractionation, 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Stable Isotopes in Precipitation Processes, 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Application of Stable Isotopes, 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Effect of Precipitation on Living Organisms, 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Snow, 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.13 Fog, 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Measurement of Precipitation 112\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Measurement of Precipitation Parameters, 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Measurement of Acid Rain Pollution, 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Isotopes in Precipitation, 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Remote Sensing of Precipitation, 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Snow Measurement, 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Fog-Water Measurement, 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 5. Velocity of a Falling Raindrop 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Balance of Forces, 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 The Size and Shape of Raindrops, 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 The Drag Coefficient, 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 The Reynolds Number, 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Solar Radiation 141\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 SI Radiometry and Photometry Units, 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 The Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density, 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Parameters of Sun, 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Intensity of the Sun, 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Periodicity of Solar Activity, 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Spectral Composition of Solar Radiation, 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Atmospheric Radiation, 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Terrestrial Radiation, 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Effect of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation on Living Organisms, 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Effect of Solar Visible Radiation on Living Organisms, 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Measurement of Solar Radiation 148\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Classification of Radiometers, 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Measurement of Direct Solar Radiation—Pyrheliometer, 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Measurement of Global Radiation—Pyranometer, 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Measurement of Diffuse Radiation—Pyranometer with a Sun-Shading Ring, 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Measurement of Long-Wave Radiation—Pyrgeometer, 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Measurement of Albedo—Albedometer, 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Measurement of Total Radiation—a 4-Component Net Radiometer, 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Photometer, 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Photon Meter, 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Conversion of Light Environment Units, 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 6. Parameters of Optical Radiation 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Parameters of Electromagnetic Radiation, 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 The Inverse-Square Law, 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 The Cosine Law, 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 The Wien’s Displacement Law, 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 The Stefan–Boltzmann Law, 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 The Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density, 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 The Laboratory Exercise “The Inverse-Square Law”, 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic Reference, 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Eddy Covariance 164\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Turbulence, 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Boundary Layer, 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Eddy Covariance, 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Turbulent Velocity Fluctuations, 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Vertical Momentum Flux, 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Sensible Heat Flux, 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Latent Heat Flux, 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Carbon Dioxide Flux, 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Measurement of Eddy Covariance 169\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Meteorological Towers, 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Gas Analyzers, 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Quantum Cascade Laser Spectroscopy for Atmospheric Gases: Eddy Covariance Flux Measurements, 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Stable Isotopes of Carbon Dioxide, 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Quantum Cascade Laser Absorption Spectrometry, 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Eddy Covariance Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Isotopologues, 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Measurement of Eddy Accumulation, 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Interaction of Climatic Factors, 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Automatic Weather Stations, 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference, 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 7. Eddy Covariance Measurement 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic Reference, 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART II ATMOSPHERIC FACTORS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Atmosphere 183\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Composition of the Atmosphere, 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Air Pollution, 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Air Quality, 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference, 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Measurement of Ambient Air Quality 185\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Measurement of NO2, 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Effect of Nitrogen Dioxide on Human Health, 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Measurement of SO2, 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Effect of Sulfur Dioxide on Human Health, 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Measurement of CO, 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Particulate Matter Sampling, 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Gravimetric Methods, 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Continuous Methods, 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Effect of Particulate Matter on Human Health, 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Nanoparticles, 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 Effect of Nanoparticles on Human Health, 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.12 Bioaerosols, 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.13 Bioaerosol Sampling and Identification, 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.14 Measurement of Atmospheric Ozone, 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.15 Measurement of Ground-Level Ozone, 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.16 Effect of Ozone on Human Health, 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.17 Measurement of Lead, 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.18 Effect of Lead on Human Health, 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 8. Fundamentals of Spectroscopy 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Beer–Lambert–Bouger Law, 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Photometry of Ozone in Gas Phase, 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Fourier Transform Spectrometry, 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Indoor Air Quality 223\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Indoor Air, 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Volatile Organic Compounds, 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds, 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Effect of External Factors on VOCs Emission in Indoor Air, 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Health Effects and Toxicity of Volatile Organic Compounds, 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Methods of Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds 229\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Principal Stages of Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis, 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Gas Chromatography, 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Detection Systems, 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Mass Spectrometry, 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Combination of Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry, 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Volatile Organic Compounds, 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART III HYDROGRAPHIC FACTORS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Water Quality 247\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Water Resources, 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Properties of Water, 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Classification of Water, 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Quality of Water, 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Water Quality Parameters, 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Effect of Water Quality on Human Health, 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Measurement of Water Quality Parameters 253\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 In Situ Measurement of Water Quality Parameters, 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Laboratory Measurement of Water Quality Parameters, 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 9. Water Quality Parameters 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 pH-Value, 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Oxidation–Reduction Potential. Nernst Equation, 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Conductivity, 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Water Quality Index, 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART IV EDAPHIC FACTORS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Soil Quality 275\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Soil as a Natural Body, 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Soil Structure and Composition, 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Soil Quality, 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Soil Quality Indicators, 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Physical Indicators 278\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Aggregate Stability, 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Measurement of Aggregate Stability, 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Available Water Capacity, 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Measurement of Available Water Capacity, 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Bulk Density, 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Measurement of Bulk Density, 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 Infiltration, 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8 Measurement of Infiltration, 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Chemical Indicators 291\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 pH of Soil, 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Electrical Conductivity of Soil, 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Optical Emission Spectroscopy with Inductively Coupled Plasma, 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Mass Spectrometry with Inductively Coupled Plasma, 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Biological Indicators 297\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Earthworms as Soil Bioindicators, 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Analysis of Earthworms, 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 A Biota-to-Soil Accumulation Factor, 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Soil Respiration, 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Measurement of Soil Respiration, 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 10. Determination of the Sedimentation Velocity and the Density of Solid Particles 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Derivation of the Sedimentation Equation, 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Determination of the Sedimentation Velocity of Solid Particles, 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Determination of the Density of Solid Particles, 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART V VEGETATION FACTORS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Spectroscopic Analysis of Plants and Vegetation 315\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Spectroscopic Approach, 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Reflectance Spectroscopy, 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Methods of Reflectance Spectroscopy, 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Effect of External Factors on Single Leaf and Canopy Reflectance, 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Laboratory Methods of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7 Remote Sensing of Vegetation Fluorescence, 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8 The Effect of Various Factors on the Chlorophyll Fluorescence, 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 11. Determination of Perpendicular Vegetation Index 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART VI PHYSICAL TYPES OF POLLUTION\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Mechanical Vibration 345\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Parameters of Vibration, 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Vibration Level, 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Sources of Vibration, 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Effect of Vibration on Human Health, 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Measurement of Vibration 348\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Resistive Transducers, 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Electromagnetic Transducers, 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 Capacitive Transducers, 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 Piezoelectric Transducers, 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 Laser Doppler Vibrometer, 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Noise 351\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Main Defintions of Noise, 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Sources of Noise, 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3 Parameters of Noise, 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 Equivalent Sound Level, 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 Integrating Sound Level, 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6 Spectral Density of Noise, 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7 Effect of Noise on Human Health, 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8 Mechanisms of Noise Action, 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9 How to Protect Yourself from Noise, 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.10 Effect of Noise Pollution on Ecosystem, 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29 Measurement of Noise 356\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1 Sound Level Meters, 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2 Types of Microphones, 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3 Noise Frequency Analyzers, 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4 Sound Intensity Measurement, 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 12. Sound Insulation and Reverberation Time 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Sound Insulation, 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Reverberation Time, 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30 Thermal Pollution 362\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1 Sources of Thermal Pollution, 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2 The Effect of Thermal Pollution on Living Organisms, 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31 Measurement of Thermal Pollution 364\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.1 Thermal Discharge Index, 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2 Indirect Measurement of Thermal Pollution, 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32 Light Pollution 365\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1 The Sources of Light Pollution, 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.2 Types of Light Pollution, 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.3 Effects of Light Pollution on Human Health, 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.4 Effects of Light Pollution on Wildlife, 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e33 Measurement of Light Pollution 368\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.1 Digital Photography, 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.2 Portable Spectrophotometers, 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3 Sky Quality Meter, 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4 The Bortle Scale, 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e34 Electromagnetic Pollution 371\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.1 Principal Terminology and Units, 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.2 Electromagnetic Pollution, 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3 Effect of Elecromagnetic Pollution on Human Health, 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e35 Measurement of Electromagnetic Pollution 377\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.1 EMF Meter, 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.2 Types of EMF Meters, 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e36 Radioactive Pollution 380\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.1 Principal Definitions, 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.2 Units of Radioactivity, 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.3 Nuclear Explosions and Testing of Nuclear Weapons, 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.4 Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants, 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e37 Measurement of Ionizing Radiation 385\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.1 Doses of Ionizing Radiation, 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.2 Gas-Filled Detectors, 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.3 Scintillation Counter, 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.4 Semiconductor Diode Detector, 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5 Thermoluminescent Dosimeter, 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 13. Investigation of Radionuclide Activity and Determination of the Absorption Coefficient of Gamma Radiation 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Objectives, 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Theory, 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Experiment, 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART VII BIOTIC FACTORS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e38 Bioindication 401\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.1 Lichens as Bioindicators, 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.2 Algae as Bioindicators, 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.3 Classification of Water Reservoirs, 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.4 Water Quality Indices, 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.5 Invertebrates as Bioindicators, 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e39 Biomonitoring 407\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.1 Test-Organisms and Test-Functions, 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.2 Bacteria as Test-Objects, 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.3 Protozoa as Test-Objects, 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.4 Algae as Test-Objects, 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.5 Invertebrates as Test-Objects, 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.6 Fungi as Test-Objects, 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.7 Fish as Test-Objects, 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.8 Remote Water-Quality Monitoring, 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 14. Photomovement Parameters as Test-Functions During Biomonitoring 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Simultaneous Use of Several Test-Functions During Biomonitoring, 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Vector Method of Biomonitoring, 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPPENDIX 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eINDEX 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cb\u003eYuriy Posudin\u003c\/b\u003e is a Professor in the Department of Physics at the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. Dr Posudin is the author of numerous books, journal articles, and the inventor of various methods, and instruments for environmental and biological monitoring.  \u003cp\u003eThis book provides background information on the main parameters used to determine the state and the quality of the earth’s water, soil and air. Some of the parameters covered are pressure, wind speed, temperature, humidity, precipitation, solar radiation, volatile organic compounds, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen concentration, turbidity, redox potential, and flow rates\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe book goes on to provide a systematic review of the methods and instrumentations used to measure the state and quality of these parameters. Some of the methods covered to determine air, water and soil quality are: digital barometric pressure sensors, Laser Doppler anemometer, automated aspiration Assmann psychrometer, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometers, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy for stable isotope studies, scintillometers, radiometers, photometers, photon meters, methods of eddy covariance and accumulation, quantum-cascade laser based spectrometers, chemiluminescent and fluorescent methods, ultraviolet photometry, methods of particle emission control, gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS), the combination methods of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC\/MS), optical acoustic spectroscopy (OAS), the technique of mass spectrometry based on proton transfer reactions (PTR-MS), miniature gas analysis systems, open air analysis system, Fourier transform spectrometry, optical emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma (OES-ICP), mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (MS-ISP), method of mass spectrometry with membrane introduction (MIMS).\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989616115941,"sku":"NP9781118686935","price":127.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118686935.jpg?v=1761784823","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/methods-of-measuring-environmental-parameters-isbn-9781118686935","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}