{"product_id":"metal-sustainability-isbn-9781119009108","title":"Metal Sustainability","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe sustainable use of natural resources is an important global challenge, and improved metal sustainability is a crucial goal for the 21st century in order to conserve the supply of critical metals and mitigate the environmental and health issues resulting from unrecovered metals.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMetal Sustainability: Global Challenges, Consequences and Prospects\u003c\/i\u003e discusses important topics and challenges associated with sustainability in metal life cycles, from mining ore to beneficiation processes, to product manufacture, to recovery from end-of-life materials, to environmental and health concerns resulting from generated waste. The broad perspective presented highlights the global interdependence of the many stages of metal life cycles. Economic issues are emphasized and relevant environmental, health, political, industrial and societal issues are discussed. The importance of applying green chemistry principles to metal sustainability is emphasized.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopics covered include:\u003cbr\u003e• Recycling and sustainable utilization of precious and specialty metals\u003cbr\u003e• Formal and informal recycling from electronic and other  high-tech wastes\u003cbr\u003e• Global management of electronic wastes\u003cbr\u003e• Metal reuse and recycling in developing countries\u003cbr\u003e• Effects of toxic and other metal releases on the environment and human health\u003cbr\u003e• Effect on bacteria of toxic metal release \u003cbr\u003e• Selective recovery of platinum group metals and rare earth metals\u003cbr\u003e• Metal sustainability from a manufacturing perspective\u003cbr\u003e• Economic perspectives on sustainability, mineral development, and metal life cycles\u003cbr\u003e• Closing the Loop – Minerals Industry Issues\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of this book is to improve awareness of the increasingly important role metals play in our high-tech society, the need to conserve our metal supply throughout the metal life cycle, the importance of improved metal recycling, and the effects that unhindered metal loss can have on the environment and on human health.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Recycling and Sustainable Utilization of Precious and Specialty Metals 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eReed M. Izatt and Christian Hagelüken\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 How did we come to this Situation? 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Magnitude of the Waste Problem and Disposal of End‐of‐Life Products 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Benefits Derived by the Global Community from Effective Recycling 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Urban Mining 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Technologies for Metal Separations and Recovery from EOL Wastes 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Conclusions 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Global Metal Reuse, and Formal and Informal Recycling from Electronic and Other High‐Tech Wastes 23\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIan D. Williams\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Metal Sources 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 E‐waste 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Responses to the E‐waste Problem 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Reuse of Metals from High‐tech Sources 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Recycling of Metals from High‐tech Sources 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Conclusions 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Global Management of Electronic Wastes: Challenges Facing Developing and Economy‐in‐Transition Countries 52\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eOladele Osibanjo, Innocent C. Nnorom, Gilbert U. Adie, Mary B. Ogundiran, and Adebola A. Adeyi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 E‐waste Composition 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 E‐waste Generation 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Problems with E‐waste 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 E‐waste Management Challenges Facing Developing Countries 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Environmental and Health Impacts of E‐Waste Management in Developing Countries 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Solutions for Present and Future Challenges 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Conclusions 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Dynamics of Metal Reuse and Recycling in Informal Sector in Developing Countries 85\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMynepalli K. C. Sridhar and Taiwo B. Hammed\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Science of Metals 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Technosphere, Demand and Mobility of Metals 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Waste Dumpsites and Treasures of Heavy Metals 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Scrap Metal and Consumer Markets 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Export of Metal Scrap 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 E‐waste Scavenging and End‐of‐Life Management 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Scrap Metal Theft 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Conclusions 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Metal Sustainability from Global E‐waste Management 109\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJinhui Li and Qingbin Song\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 E‐Waste Issues 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 E‐Waste Management in China 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Recycling of Metals Found in E‐waste 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Challenges and Efforts in Metal Sustainability in China 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Summary 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Acknowledgment 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 E‐waste Recycling in China: Status Quo in 2015 134\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMartin Streicher‐Porte, Xinwen Chi, and Jianxin Yang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Formal E‐waste Collection and Recycling System in China 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Informal E‐waste Collection and Recycling 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Conclusions 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Metallurgical Recovery of Metals from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in PRC 151\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eXueyi Guo, Yongzhu Zhang, and Kaihua Xu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Major Sources of E‐Waste in China 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Strategies and Regulations for WEEE Management and Treatment 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Recycling and Processing of WEEE 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Current Issues in WEEE Treatment in China 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusions 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Metal Pollution and Metal Sustainability in China 169\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eXiaoyun Jiang, Shengpei Su, and Jianfei Song\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Heavy Metal Pollution in China 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Metal Sustainability in China 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Metal Sustainability in China: Future Prospects 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Mercury Mining in China and its Environmental and Health Impacts 200\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGuangle Qiu, Ping Li, and Xinbin Feng\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Mercury Mines and Mining 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Mercury in the Environment 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Human Exposure and Health Risk Assessment 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Summary 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Effects of Non‐Essential Metal Releases on the Environment and Human Health 221\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePeter G.C. Campbell and Jürgen Gailer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Metal Biogeochemical Cycles 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Metal Environmental Toxicology 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Case Study: Cadmium 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Chronic Low‐Level Exposure of Human Populations to Non‐Essential Metals 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 How Bacteria are Affected by Toxic Metal Release 253\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMathew L. Frankel, Sean C. Booth, and Raymond J. Turner\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction to Bacteria in the Environment 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Bacterial Interactions with Metals 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Bacterial Response to Toxic Metals 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 How Are Metals Toxic to Bacteria? 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Conclusions 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Application of Molecular Recognition Technology to Green Chemistry: Analytical Determinations of Metals in Metallurgical, Environmental, Waste, and Radiochemical Samples 271\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYoshiaki Furusho, Ismail M.M. Rahman, Hiroshi Hasegawa, and Neil E. Izatt\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Technologies Used for Green Chemistry Trace Element Analysis 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Elemental Analysis Instrumentation 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Arsenic Speciation in Food Analysis 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Metal Separation Resins and Their Application to Elemental Analyses 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Green Chemistry Analytical Applications of Metal Separation Resins 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Conclusions 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Production of Actinides and Lanthanides 295\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaula Berton, Steven P. Kelley, and Robin D. Rogers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 f‐Element Chemistry in Ionic Liquids 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids in f‐Element Isolation 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Summary 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Acknowledgments 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Selective Recovery of Platinum Group Metals and Rare Earth Metals from Complex Matrices Using a Green Chemistry\/Molecular Recognition Technology Approach 317\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSteven R. Izatt, James S. McKenzie, Ronald L. Bruening, Reed M. Izatt, Neil E. Izatt, and Krzysztof E. Krakowiak\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Molecular Recognition Technology 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Strengths of Molecular Recognition Technology in Metal Separations 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Applications of Molecular Recognition Technology to Separations Involving Platinum Group Metals 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Applications of Molecular Recognition Technology to Separations Involving Rare Earth Elements 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Comparison of Opex and Capex Costs for Molecular Recognition Technology and Solvent Extraction in Separation and Recovery of Rare Earth Metals 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Conclusions 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Refining and Recycling Technologies for Precious Metals 333\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTetsuya Ueda, Satoshi  Ichiishi, Akihiko Okuda, and Koichi Matsutani\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Precious Metals Supply and Demand 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Autocatalysts (Pt, Pd, Rh) 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Electronic Components 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Catalysts for Fuel Cell Application 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Extraction and Refining Technologies for Precious Metals 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Conclusions 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 The Precious Metals Industry: Global Challenges, Responses, and Prospects 361\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael B. Mooiman, Kathryn C. Sole, and Nicholas Dinham\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction: The Precious Metals Industry 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Current and Emerging Challenges 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Responding to the Challenges: Mitigating Approaches and New Developments 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Concluding Remarks: A Long‐Term View of the Precious Metals Industry 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Metal Sustainability from a Manufacturing Perspective: Initiatives at ASARCO LLC Amarillo Copper Refinery 397\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLuis G. Navarro, Tracy Morris, Weldon Read, and Krishna Parameswaran\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 General Overview of Sustainability from the Copper Industry Perspective 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 A Brief History of ASARCO LLC 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Asarco’s Footprint in Amarillo, Texas 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 How Refined Copper Is Produced 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Introduction to Physical Chemistry of Copper Electrorefining 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Electrolyte Purification 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 Other Sustainable Development Efforts at ACR 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9 Conclusions 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Sustainability Initiatives at ASARCO LLC: A Mining Company Perspective 424\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDr. Krishna Parameswaran\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 What is Sustainable Mining? 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Exploration 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Innovative Reclamation Methods 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Reclamation of San Xavier Tailings Storage Facilities and Waste Rock Deposition Areas 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Fostering Renewable Energy Projects on Disturbed Lands 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Utilization of Mining Wastes 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Conclusions 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Recycling and Dissipation of Metals: Distribution of Elements in the Metal, Slag, and Gas Phases During Metallurgical Processing 453\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKenichi Nakajima, Osamu Takeda, Takahiro Miki, Kazuyo Matsubae, and Tetsuya Nagasaka\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction: Background, Motivation, and Objectives 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Method: Chemical Thermodynamic Analysis of the Distribution of Elements in the Smelting Process 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Element Distribution Tendencies in Recycling Metals 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Metallurgical Knowledge for Recycling: Element Radar Chart for Metallurgical Processing 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Economic Perspectives on Sustainability, Mineral Development, and Metal Life Cycles 467\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRoderick G. Eggert\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 The Many Faces of Sustainability 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Economic Concepts 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Implications for Mine Development 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Implications for Regional and National Mineral Development 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Implications for Metal Life Cycles, Material Efficiency, and the Circular Economy 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 What to Do? 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Closing the Loop: Minerals Industry Issues 485\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWilliam J. Rankin and Nawshad Haque\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 The Waste Hierarchy 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Reducing and Eliminating Wastes 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Tools for Closing the Loop 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Closing the Loop: Barriers and Drivers 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDr. Reed M. Izatt,\u003c\/b\u003e Charles E. Maw Professor of Chemistry (Emeritus), Brigham Young University, U.S.A.\u003cbr\u003eReed M. Izatt received a BS degree in Chemistry from Utah State University (1951) and a PhD degree in Chemistry with an Earth Sciences minor from Pennsylvania State University (1954). After post-doctoral work at Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, he embarked on an academic career at Brigham Young University retiring as Charles E. Maw Professor of Chemistry (1993). He is the\u003cbr\u003eauthor or co-author of over 550 publications.\u003cbr\u003eResearch relevant to the subject matter of this book includes extensive studies of the coordination chemistry of metals; determination of trace metal concentration levels in human tissues and environmental samples; and development of novel liquid membrane and solid phase extraction systems capable of highly selective metal separations using molecular recognition principles. The separations work was recognized by the American Chemical Society in 1996 when Reed received the National Separation Science and Technology Award. In 1988, he co-founded IBC Advanced Technologies, Inc. (IBC). For 25 years, IBC has brought clean chemistry, highly selective metal separations to a variety of industries worldwide, including ore beneficiation and precious metal recycling.\u003cbr\u003eReed has edited several books, contributed numerous chapters in books, written many journal and review articles and presented plenary, invited, and regular lectures on the subject of selective metal separations at universities worldwide; regional, national, and international chemistry conferences; and government laboratories.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989612118245,"sku":"NP9781119009108","price":190.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119009108.jpg?v=1761784806","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/metal-sustainability-isbn-9781119009108","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}