{"product_id":"metabolic-syndrome-pathophysiology-isbn-9780813815534","title":"Metabolic Syndrome Pathophysiology","description":"\u003ci\u003eMetabolic Syndrome Pathophysiology: The Role of Essential Fatty Acids\u003c\/i\u003e provides current research exploring the links among insulin, insulin receptors, polyunsaturated fatty acids, brain growth and disease. Specific interactions of essential fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain development and several disease groups are described. The role of inflammation in disease and how fatty acids regulate low-systemic inflammation are examined and explained. Metabolic and neurologic dynamics are presented to provide a linkage between the presence of omega-3 and omega-6 and protection against diseases and conditions such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, autoimmune diseases and hypertension. \u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 History, Definition, and Diagnosis of the Metabolic Syndrome 4\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Aspects of the Metabolic Syndrome 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition and Diagnosis of the Metabolic Syndrome Suggested by Various Groups and Associations 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Insulin Resistance in the Metabolic Syndrome 13\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIs Insulin Resistance Responsible for the Metabolic Syndrome? 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercise and Insulin Resistance 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory Nature of Exercise 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Is It Necessary to Redefine the Metabolic Syndrome? 22 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriteria 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Is Insulin Resistance a Disorder of the Brain? 26\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParasympathetic and Sympathetic Tones and Insulin Resistance 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal Pathway and Parasympathetic and Sympathetic System, and GLUT-4 and Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y in Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and the Metabolic Syndrome 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction(s) among NPY, Leptin, GLUT-4, Melanocortin, and Insulin and Its Relevance to Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and the Metabolic Syndrome 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsulin and Brain 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsulin and Brain Monoamines 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObesity and Basal Energy Expenditure 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Obesity 43\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of Obesity 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncidence and Prevalence of Obesity 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObesity Could Run in the Family 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth of Fast Food Industry and Obesity 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhy Is Obesity Harmful? 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetics of Obesity 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGene Expression Profile in Obesity 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochemical and Functional Differences between Adipose Cells of Different Regions 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntramyocellular Lipid Content and Insulin Resistance 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntramyocellular Lipid Droplets and Insulin Resistance 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntramyocellular Lipid Droplets, Insulin Resistance, Perilipins, and HSL 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerilipins in Humans 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors Regulating the Expression and Action of Perilipin 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerilipins and Inflammation 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow-grade Systemic Inflammation Occurs in Obesity 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Causes Abdominal Obesity? 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003ci\u003eβ\u003c\/i\u003e-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11\u003ci\u003eβ\u003c\/i\u003e-HSD-1) Enzyme and Obesity 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlucocorticoids and Perilipins 63              \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlucocorticoids, TNF-\u003ci\u003eα\u003c\/i\u003e, and Inflammation 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerilipins, 11\u003ci\u003eβ\u003c\/i\u003e-HSD-1, and Abdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in High-Risk Groups Such as South Asians 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Perinatal Nutrition and Obesity 74\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppetite Regulatory Centers Develop during the Perinatal Period 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVentromedial Hypothalamus Plays a Significant Role in the Development of Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and the Metabolic Syndrome 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlucokinase in Hypothalamic Neurons and VMH Lesion in Goto-Kakizaki Rats and Their Relationship to Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and the Metabolic Syndrome 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsulin and Insulin Receptors in the Brain and Their Role in the Pathobiology of Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and the Metabolic Syndrome 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPY, Insulin, and Nitric Oxide in Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and the Metabolic Syndrome 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsulin, Endothelial Nitric Oxide, and Metabolic Syndrome 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerinatal Programming of Adult Diseases 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFetal Nutrition Influences the Developing Neuroendocrine Hypothalamus 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Essential Hypertension 86\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevalence and Incidence of Hypertension 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFree Radicals in the Pathobiology of Hypertension 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncrease in Superoxide Anion Production in Hypertension: How and Why? 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanism(s) of Induction of Hypertension by Superoxide Anion 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRole of NO in Hypertension 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt, Cyclosporine, and Calcium Modulate O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e−. and Endothelial NO Generation 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-Arginine, NO, and Asymmetrical Dimethylarginine in Hypertension and Pre-eclampsia 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntihypertensive Drugs Suppress Superoxide Anion and Enhance NO Generation 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransforming Growth Factor-\u003ci\u003eβ\u003c\/i\u003e, NO, and Hypertension 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Dietary Factors and Hypertension 105\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrate-rich and High-fat Diet and Hypertension 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFructose-induced Hypertension and Insulin Resistance and Its Modulation by Dietary Salt 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy-dense Diet, Salt, and Hypertension 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiet-induced Hypertension, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, and Nitric Oxide 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh-sugar and High-fat-induced Hypertension and Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh-fructose and Salt-induced Hypertension and Insulin Resistance 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh-fat and High-carbohydrate-induced Hypertension and Sympathetic Nervous Activity 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Is Hypertension a Disorder of the Brain? 113\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO Synthase (NOS) Activity in the Brain, Kidney, and Endothelium and Its Relationship to Hypertension 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduced Hypothalamic NOS Produces Hypertension without Altering Hypothalamic Blood Flow 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothalamic NO Regulates Sympathetic Outflow 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteroid-induced Hypertension and Hypothalamus 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercise Enhances Hypothalamic NOS Activity 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hence the Metabolic Syndrome Are Disorders of the Brain 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 122\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType 1 Diabetes Mellitus 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathobiology of Type 1 Diabetes 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType 2 Diabetes Mellitus 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic Criteria for DM 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic Criteria for GDM 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Particular Reference to Hypothalamus 130\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType 2 Diabetes Mellitus as a Disorder of the Brain 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiver Communicates with the Brain through the Vagus 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiver and Pancreatic \u003ci\u003eβ\u003c\/i\u003e Cells Communicate with Each Other through the Vagus 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Gut-brain-liver Axis Is Activated by Long-chain Fatty Acids (LCFAs or LCPUFAs) 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBDNF and Obesity 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBDNF and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Humans 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsulin, Melanocortin, and BDNF 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGhrelin, Leptin, and BDNF 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow-grade Systemic Inflammation Occurs in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBDNF and Inflammation 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Insulin and Insulin Receptors in the Brain and Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 146\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsulin and Insulin Receptors in the Brain 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlucose Transporters and Glucokinase in Hypothalamus 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeuron-specific Disruption of the Insulin Receptor Gene (NIRKO) 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsulin and Hypothalamic Neuropeptides 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeptin Receptors on Pancreatic \u003ci\u003eβ\u003c\/i\u003e Cells 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlucagon-like Peptide, Insulin, and the Metabolic Syndrome 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Insulin, Endothelial Nitric Oxide, and the Metabolic Syndrome 156\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsulin Resistance and Nitric Oxide 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGhrelin Improves Endothelial Function in the Metabolic Syndrome 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-talk between Insulin and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePro-inflammatory Cytokines Produce Insulin Resistance 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, the Metabolic Syndrome, and the Gut Microbiota 167\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGut Flora, Diet, Obesity, and Inflammation 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGerm-free Mice Are Resistant to Obesity 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnteroendocrine Cell Expression of Gpr41 and Obesity 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow-grade Systemic Inflammation, Diet, and Obesity 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastric Bypass Surgery for Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiet, Gut, Liver, Adipose Tissue, and Hypothalamus in Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Is It Possible That the Metabolic Syndrome Originates in the Perinatal Period? 177\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerinatal Programming of Appetite Regulatory Centers and Hypothalamic Centers 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsulin and Insulin Receptors in the Brain 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Essential Fatty Acids: Biochemistry and Physiology 181\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolism of EFAs 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary Sources of EFAs 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModulators of Metabolism of EFAs 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePUFAs and SREBPs 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCholesterol, Saturated Fats, and Trans-fats Interfere with the Activity of ∆\u003csup\u003e6\u003c\/sup\u003e and ∆\u003csup\u003e5\u003c\/sup\u003e Desaturases 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActions of EFAs and Their Metabolites 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrief Description of Formation of Lipoxins, Resolvins, Neuroprotectin D1 (Protectins), and Maresins 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrolipids 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Role of EFAs\/PUFAs in Brain Growth and Development and Pathophysiology of the Metabolic Syndrome 201\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePUFAs in Brain Growth and Development 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRAR-RXR Nuclear Receptors, PUFAs, and Neuronal Growth 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction among TNF-\u003ci\u003eα\u003c\/i\u003e, AA\/EPA\/DHA, and Insulin and Their Role in Neuronal Growth and Synapse Formation 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePUFAs and Catenin, \u003ci\u003ewnt\u003c\/i\u003e, and Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Brain Growth and Development 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eβ\u003c\/i\u003e-Catenin-\u003ci\u003eWnt\u003c\/i\u003e Signaling and PUFAs 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModulation of the Secretion and Function of NMDA, \u003ci\u003eγ\u003c\/i\u003e –Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), Serotonin, and Dopamine by PUFAs 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeptin Regulates NPY\/AgRP and POMC\/CART Neurons and Programs Hypothalamic “Body Weight\/Appetite\/Satiety Set Point” 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePUFAs Regulate Leptin, NPY\/AgRP, and POMC\/CART Neurons and Participate in Programming Hypothalamic “Body Weight\/ Appetite\/Satiety Set Point” 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePUFAs, Insulin, and Acetylcholine Not Only Interact among Themselves but Are Also Neuroprotective in Nature 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePUFAs and Insulin Resistance 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal Diet Influences \u003ci\u003eδ\u003c\/i\u003e∆\u003csup\u003e6\u003c\/sup\u003e and \u003ci\u003eδ\u003c\/i\u003e∆\u003csup\u003e5\u003c\/sup\u003e Desaturases and Leptin Levels 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction(s) among Hypothalamic Neuropeptides, Gut, Adipose Tissue, Insulin, Cytokines, and Free Radicals and Its Relevance to the Pathophysiology of the Metabolic Syndrome 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothalamic Gene Expression Profile in the RYGB Animal Model 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncreased Phospholipase A\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c\/sub\u003eExpression after RYGB Surgery and Its Relevance to Suppression of Low-grade Systemic Inflammation in the Obese and Formation of Anti-inflammatory Lipids 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpression of Gene for eNOS in RYGB 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRYGB-induced Weight Loss Is Due to Changes in the Levels of Hypothalamic Neuropeptides and Monoamines 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Are the Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications of This Knowledge? 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherapeutic Implications 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePUFAs and Endocannabinoids 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePUFAs and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothalamic PUFAs Regulate Insulin Secretion and Glucose Homeostasis by Influencing ATP-sensitive K\u003csup\u003e+ \u003c\/sup\u003eChannels 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVagus as the Communicator between Gut, Liver, and Hypothalamus 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 EFAs\/PUFAs and Their Metabolites in Insulin Resistance 240\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGLUT-4 in Insulin Resistance 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTumor Necrosis Factor Induces Insulin Resistance 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaloric Restriction Influences Insulin Signaling Pathway, Antioxidants, daf genes, PTEN, Sirtuins (Silent Mating Type Information Regulation 2 Homologue), and Longevity and Their Relationship to Insulin Resistance 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePUFAs Can Reduce Insulin Resistance 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePUFAs, GLUT-4, TNF-\u003ci\u003eα\u003c\/i\u003e, Anti-oxidants, \u003ci\u003edaf\u003c\/i\u003e Genes, SIRT1, and PPARs 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Implications of the Interactions among PUFAs, \u003ci\u003edaf \u003c\/i\u003eGenes, PPARs, and Sirtuins 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 EFAs\/PUFAs and Atherosclerosis 252\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtherosclerosis Is a Systemic Inflammatory Condition 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-talk among Platelets, Leukocytes, and Endothelial Cells 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeukocytes and Atherosclerosis 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEFAs Modulate Uncoupling Protein-1 Expression 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction(s) among \u003ci\u003eω\u003c\/i\u003e-3 and \u003ci\u003eω\u003c\/i\u003e-6 Fatty Acids and Trans-fats and Saturated Fats 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtheroprotective Actions of \u003ci\u003eω\u003c\/i\u003e-3 and \u003ci\u003eω\u003c\/i\u003e-6 Fatty Acids: How and Why? 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 265\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cb\u003eUndurti N. Das,\u003c\/b\u003e M.D. is the Chairman and Research Director of UND Life Sciences, USA and Ramalingaswami Fellow of the Department of Biotechnology, India. Dr Das is also the Editor-in-Chief of the journal \u003ci\u003eLipids in Health and Disease\u003c\/i\u003e. He has published more than 400 international publications and has been awarded four USA patents.   \u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eMetabolic Syndrome Pathophysiology: The Role of Essential Fatty Acids\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMetabolic Syndrome Pathophysiology: The Role of Essential Fatty Acids\u003c\/i\u003e provides current research exploring the links among insulin, insulin receptors, polyunsaturated fatty acids, brain growth and disease. Specific interactions of essential fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain development and several disease groups are described. The role of inflammation in disease and how fatty acids regulate low-systemic inflammation are examined and explained. Metabolic and neurologic dynamics are presented to provide a linkage between the presence of omega-3 and omega-6 and protection against diseases and conditions such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, autoimmune diseases and hypertension.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreliminary chapters provide an overview of the history and diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and its link to insulin resistance. Following chapters cover obesity, hypertension and diabetes, and remaining chapters provide detailed information on the role and physiology of essential fatty acids.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis book is a key reference for nutrition researchers and clinical nutritionists working in the areas of lipids and metabolism, metabolic syndrome, obesity, hypertension and diabetes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensively reviews current research on metabolic diseases\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiscusses molecular aspects of biochemistry, physiology, and pathology of metabolism of essential fatty acids\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes chapters devoted to obesity, hypertension, heart disease and certain cancers\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989610348773,"sku":"NP9780813815534","price":256.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780813815534.jpg?v=1761784799","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/metabolic-syndrome-pathophysiology-isbn-9780813815534","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}