{"product_id":"medical-imaging-isbn-9780470505700","title":"Medical Imaging","description":"\u003cp\u003e\"An excellent primer on medical imaging for all members of the medical profession . . . including non-radiological specialists. It is technically solid and filled with diagrams and clinical images illustrating important points, but it is also easily readable . . . So many outstanding chapters . . . The book uses little mathematics beyond simple algebra [and] presents complex ideas in very understandable terms.\"\u003cbr\u003e —\u003cb\u003eMelvin E. Clouse\u003c\/b\u003e, MD, Vice Chairman Emeritus, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Deaconess Professor of Radiology, Harvard Medical School\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA well-known medical physicist and author, an interventional radiologist, and an emergency room physician with no special training in radiology have collaborated to write, in the language familiar to physicians, an introduction to the technology and clinical applications of medical imaging. It is intentionally brief and not overly detailed, intended to help clinicians with very little free time rapidly gain enough command of the critically important imaging tools of their trade to be able to discuss them confidently with medical and technical colleagues; to explain the general ideas accurately to students, nurses, and technologists; and to describe them effectively to concerned patients and loved ones. Chapter coverage includes:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eIntroduction: Dr. Doe's Headaches\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSketches of the Standard Imaging Modalities\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eImage Quality and Dose\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCreating Subject Contrast in the Primary X-Ray Image\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTwentieth-Century (Analog) Radiography and Fluoroscopy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eRadiation Dose and Radiogenic Cancer Risk\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTwenty-First-Century (Digital) Imaging\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDigital Planar Imaging\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComputed Tomography\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNuclear Medicine (Including SPECT and PET)\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiagnostic Ultrasound (Including Doppler)\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMRI in One Dimension and with No Relaxation\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMapping T1 and T2 Proton Spin Relaxation in 3D\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eEvolving and Experimental Modalities\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e  \u003cp\u003ePreface x\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction: Dr. Doe’s Headaches: An Imaging Case Study xiv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputed tomography xiv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePicture archiving and communication system xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1, T2, and FLAIR MRI xvi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMR spectroscopy and a virtual biopsy xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunctional MRI xviii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiffusion tensor MR imaging xviii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMR guided biopsy xx\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathology xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositron emission tomography? xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment and follow-up xxii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Sketches of the Standard Imaging Modalities: Different Ways of Creating Visible Contrast Among Tissues 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“Roentgen has surely gone crazy!” 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent imaging probes interact with different tissues in different ways and yield different kinds of medical information 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwentieth-century (analog) radiography and fluoroscopy: contrast from differential attenuation of X-rays by tissues 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwenty-first century (digital) images and digital planar imaging: computer-based images and solid-state image receptors 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputed tomography: three-dimensional mapping of X-ray attenuation by tissues 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear medicine, including SPECT and PET: contrast from the differential uptake of a radiopharmaceutical by tissues 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic ultrasound: contrast from differences in tissue elasticity or density 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnetic resonance imaging: mapping the spatial distribution of spin-relaxation times of hydrogen nuclei in tissue water and lipids 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix: selection of imaging modalities to assist in medical diagnosis 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Image Quality and Dose: What Constitutes a “Good” Medical Image? 37\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA brief history of magnetism 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout those probes and their interactions with matter . . . 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe image quality quartet: contrast, resolution, stochastic (random) noise, artifacts – and always dose 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality assurance 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnown medical benefits versus potential radiation risks 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Creating Subject Contrast in the Primary X-ray Image: Projection Maps of the Body from Differential Attenuation of X-rays by Tissues 67\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreating a (nearly) uniform beam of penetrating X-rays 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction of X-ray and gamma-ray photons with tissues or an image receptor 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a body does to the beam: subject contrast in the pattern of X-rays emerging from the patient 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat the beam does to a body: dose and risk 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Twentieth-century (Analog) Radiography and Fluoroscopy: Capturing the X-ray Shadow with a Film Cassette or an Image Intensifier Tube plus Electronic Optical Camera Combination 91\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecording the X-ray pattern emerging from the patient with a screen-film image receptor 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrime determinants\/measures of image quality: contrast, resolution, random noise, artifacts, . . . and, always, patient dose 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecial requirements for mammography 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImage intensifier-tube fluoroscopy: viewing in real time 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion: bringing radiography and fluoroscopy into the twenty-first century with solid-state digital X-ray image receptors 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Radiation Dose and Radiogenic Risk: Ionization-Induced Damage to DNA can cause Stochastic, Deterministic, and Teratogenic Health Effects – And How To Protect Against Them 127\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur exposure to ionizing radiation has doubled over the past few decades 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiation health effects are caused by damage to DNA 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStochastic health effects: cancer may arise from mutations in a single cell 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeterministic health effects at high doses: radiation killing of a large number of tissue cells 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003ci\u003eFour Quartets\u003c\/i\u003e of radiation safety 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Twenty-first Century (Digital) Imaging: Computer-Based Representation, Acquisition, Processing, Storage, Transmission, and Analysis of Images 152\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital computers 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital acquisition and representation of an image 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital image processing: enhancing tissue contrast, SNR, edge sharpness, etc. 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputer networks: PACS, RIS, and the Internet 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImage analysis and interpretation: computer-assisted detection 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputer and computer-network security 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiquid crystal displays and other digital displays 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe joy of digital 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Digital Planar Imaging: Replacing Film and Image Intensifiers with Solid State, Electronic Image Receptors 176\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital planar imaging modalities 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect detection with a fluorescent screen and a CCD 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputed radiography 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital radiography with an active matrix flat panel imager 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital mammography 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital fluoroscopy and digital subtraction angiography 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital tomosynthesis: planar imaging in three dimensions 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Computed Tomography: Superior Contrast in Three-Dimensional X-Ray Attenuation Maps 191\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputed tomography maps out X-ray attenuation in two and three dimensions 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImage reconstruction 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeven generations of CT scanners 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnology and image quality 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient- and machine-caused artifacts 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDose and QA 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix: mathematical basis of filtered back-projection 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Nuclear Medicine: Contrast from Differential Uptake of a Radiopharmaceutical by Tissues 234\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnstable atomic nuclei: radioactivity 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiopharmaceuticals: gamma- or positron-emitting radionuclei attached to organ-specific agents 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImaging radiopharmaceutical concentration with a gamma camera 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatic and dynamic studies 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTomographic nuclear imaging: SPECT and PET 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality assurance and radiation safety 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Diagnostic Ultrasound: Contrast from Differences in Tissue Elasticity or Density Across Boundaries 274\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical ultrasound 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe US beam: MHz compressional waves in tissues 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction of an ultrasound beam and detection of echoes with a transducer 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePiezoelectric transducer elements 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransmission and attenuation of the beam within a homogeneous material 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReflection of the beam at an interface between materials with different acoustic impedances 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImaging in 1 and 1 × 1 dimensions: A- and M-modes 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImaging in two, three, and four dimensions: B-mode 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoppler imaging of blood flow 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElastography 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSafety and QA 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 MRI in One Dimension and with No Relaxation: A Gentle Introduction to a Challenging Subject 307\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrologue to MRI 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“Quantum” approach to proton nuclear magnetic resonance 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnetic resonance imaging in one dimension 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“Classical” approach to NMR 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFree induction decay imaging (but without the decay) 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpin-echo imaging (still without T1 or T2 relaxation) 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMRI instrumentation 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Mapping T1 and T2 Relaxation in Three Dimensions 352\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitudinal spin relaxation and T1 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransverse spin relaxation and T2-\u003ci\u003ew\u003c\/i\u003e images 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2∗ and the gradient-echo (G-E) pulse sequence 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInto two and three dimensions 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMR imaging of fluid movement\/motion 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Evolving and Experimental Modalities 387\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptical and near-infrared imaging 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolecular imaging and nanotechnology 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermography 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerahertz (T-ray) imaging of epithelial tissues 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrowave and electron spin resonance imaging 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectroencephalography, magnetocardiography, and impedance imaging 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhoto-acoustic imaging 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputer technology: the constant revolution 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImaging with a crystal ball 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuggested Further Reading 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cb\u003eAnthony Brinton Wolbarst, PhD\u003c\/b\u003e, a physicist formerly at Harvard Medical School, the National Cancer Institute, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is currently an Associate Professor at the University of Kentucky College of Health Sciences, Division of Radiation Sciences and College of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Radiology in Lexington, Kentucky, USA. \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePatrizio Capasso, MD,\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor and Division Chief of Vascular \u0026amp; Interventional Radiology in the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Surgery at the University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center Lexington, Kentucky, USA.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrew R. Wyant, MD,\u003c\/b\u003e is Assistant Professor for Physician Assistant Studies at the University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center Lexington, Kentucky, USA. Among many other courses that he teaches is a popular clinical skills seminar in in Radiographic Interpretation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"An excellent primer on medical imaging for all members of the medical profession . . . including non-radiological specialists. It is technically solid and filled with diagrams and clinical images illustrating important points, but it is also easily readable . . . So many outstanding chapters . . . The book uses little mathematics beyond simple algebra [and] presents complex ideas in very understandable terms.\"\u003cbr\u003e —\u003cb\u003eMelvin E. Clouse\u003c\/b\u003e, MD, Vice Chairman Emeritus, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Deaconess Professor of Radiology, Harvard Medical School\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA well-known medical physicist and author, an interventional radiologist, and an emergency room physician with no special training in radiology have collaborated to write, in the language familiar to physicians, an introduction to the technology and clinical applications of medical imaging. It is intentionally brief and not overly detailed, intended to help clinicians with very little free time rapidly gain enough command of the critically important imaging tools of their trade to be able to discuss them confidently with medical and technical colleagues; to explain the general ideas accurately to students, nurses, and technologists; and to describe them effectively to concerned patients and loved ones. Chapter coverage includes:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eIntroduction: Dr. Doe's Headaches\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSketches of the Standard Imaging Modalities\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eImage Quality and Dose\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCreating Subject Contrast in the Primary X-Ray Image\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTwentieth-Century (Analog) Radiography and Fluoroscopy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eRadiation Dose and Radiogenic Cancer Risk\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTwenty-First-Century (Digital) Imaging\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDigital Planar Imaging\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComputed Tomography\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNuclear Medicine (Including SPECT and PET)\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiagnostic Ultrasound (Including Doppler)\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMRI in One Dimension and with No Relaxation\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMapping T1 and T2 Proton Spin Relaxation in 3D\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eEvolving and Experimental Modalities\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989601796325,"sku":"NP9780470505700","price":119.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470505700.jpg?v=1761784765","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/medical-imaging-isbn-9780470505700","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}