{"product_id":"lte-small-cell-optimization-isbn-9781118912577","title":"LTE Small Cell Optimization","description":"\u003cp\u003eLTE network capabilities are enhanced with small cell deployment, with optimization and with new 3GPP features. LTE networks are getting high loaded which calls for more advanced optimization. Small cells have been discussed in the communications industry for many years, but their true deployment is happening now. New 3GPP features in Release 12 and 13 further push LTE network performance. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis timely book addresses R\u0026amp;D and standardization activities on LTE small cells and network optimization, focusing on 3GPP evolution to Release 13. It covers LTE small cells from specification to products and field results; Latest 3GPP evolution to Release 13; and LTE optimization and learnings from the field.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Abbreviations xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eHarri Holma\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 LTE Global Deployments and Devices 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Mobile Data Traffic Growth 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 LTE Technology Evolution 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 LTE Spectrum 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Small Cell Deployments 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Network Optimization 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 LTE Evolution Beyond Release 13 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Summary 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 LTE and LTE Advanced in Releases 8–11 11\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAntti Toskala\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Releases 8 and 9 LTE 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Releases 8 and 9 Physical Layer 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 LTE Architecture 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 LTE Radio Protocols 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 LTE Advanced in Releases 10 and 11 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Carrier Aggregation 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Multiple Input Multiple Output Enhancements 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 HetNet Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 UE Capability in Releases 8–11 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusions 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 LTE-Advanced Evolution in Releases 12–13 29\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAntti Toskala\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Machine-Type Communications 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Enhanced CoMP 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 FDD–TDD Carrier Aggregation 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 WLAN-Radio Interworking 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Device-to-Device Communication with LTE 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Single Cell Point to Multipoint Transmission 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Release 12 UE Capabilities 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Conclusions 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Small Cell Enhancements in Release 12\/13 45\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAntti Toskala, Timo Lunttila, Tero Henttonen and Jari Lindholm\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Small Cell and Dual Connectivity Principles 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Dual Connectivity Architecture Principle 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Dual Connectivity Protocol Impacts 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Dual Connectivity Physical Layer Impacts and Radio Link Monitoring 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Other Small Cell Physical Layer Enhancement 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 256QAM for LTE Downlink 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Small Cell ON\/OFF Switching and Enhanced Discovery 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Power Saving with Small Cell ON\/OFF 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Over the Air Synchronization Between eNodeBs 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Release 13 Enhancements 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Conclusions 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Small Cell Deployment Options 59\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eHarri Holma and Benny Vejlgaard\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Small Cell Motivation 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Network Architecture Options 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Frequency Usage 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Selection of Small Cell Location 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Indoor Small Cells 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Distributed Antenna Systems 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Wi-Fi and Femto Cells 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 Femto Cell Architecture 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4 Recommendations 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Cost Aspects 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Macro Network Extension 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Outdoor Small Cells 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3 Outdoor Pico Cluster 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.4 Indoor Offloading 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Summary 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Small Cell Products 77\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eHarri Holma and Mikko Simanainen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 3GPP Base Station Categories 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Micro Base Stations 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Pico Base Stations 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Femtocells 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Low-Power Remote Radio Heads 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Alternative Remote Radio Head Designs for Indoor Use 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Distributed Antenna Systems 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Wi-Fi Integration 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Wireless Backhaul Products 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Summary 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Small Cell Interference Management 91\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRajeev Agrawal, Anand Bedekar, Harri Holma, Suresh Kalyanasundaram, Klaus Pedersen and Beatriz Soret\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Packet Scheduling Solutions 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Concept Description 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Performance and Algorithms 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Enhanced Coordinated Multipoint (eCoMP) 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Summary 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Small Cell Optimization 121\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eHarri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Claudio Rosa, Anand Bedekar and Hua Wang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 HetNet Mobility Optimization 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Inter-site Carrier Aggregation with Dual Connectivity 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 User Data Rates with Inter-site Carrier Aggregation 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Mobility with Dual Connectivity 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Ultra Dense Network Interference Management 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Ultra Dense Network Characteristics 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Proactive Time-Domain Inter-cell Interference Coordination 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Reactive Carrier-Based Inter-cell Interference Coordination 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Power Saving with Small Cell On\/Off 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Multivendor Macro Cell and Small Cells 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Summary 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Learnings from Small Cell Deployments 145\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eBrian Olsen and Harri Holma\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Small Cell Motivations by Mobile Operators 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Small Cell Challenges and Solutions 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Summary of Learnings from Small Cell Deployments 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Installation Considerations 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Example Small Cell Case Study 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Site Solution and Backhaul 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Coverage and User Data Rates 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.3 Macro Cell Offloading and Capacity 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.4 KPIs in Network Statistics 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.5 Mobility Performance 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.6 Parameter and RF Optimization 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Summary 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 LTE Unlicensed 159\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAntti Toskala and Harri Holma\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Unlicensed Spectrum 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Operation Environment 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Motivation for the Use of Unlicensed Spectrum with LTE 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Key Requirements for 5 GHz Band Coexistence 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 LTE Principle on Unlicensed Band 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 LTE Performance on the Unlicensed Band 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Coexistence Performance 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Coverage with LTE in 5 GHz Band 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Standardization 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Conclusions 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 LTE Macro Cell Evolution 175\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMihai Enescu, Amitava Ghosh, Bishwarup Mondal and Antti Toskala\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Network-Assisted Interference Cancellation 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Evolution of Antenna Array Technology 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Deployment Scenarios for Antenna Arrays 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Massive-MIMO Supported by LTE 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Sectorization (Vertical)-Based Approaches 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Reciprocity-Based Approaches 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Further LTE Multi-antenna Standardization 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Release 13 Advanced Receiver Enhancements 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Conclusions 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 LTE Key Performance Indicator Optimization 195\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJussi Reunanen, Jari Salo and Riku Luostari\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Key Performance Indicators 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Physical Layer Optimization 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Call Setup 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Random Access Setup 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 RRC Connection Setup 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 E-RAB Setup 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 E-RAB Drop 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Handover Performance 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 UE-Triggered RRC Connection Re-establishments 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 eNodeB-triggered RRC Connection Re-establishments 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Handover and Mobility Optimization 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Throughput Optimization 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 MIMO Multi-stream Usage Optimization 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 High-Speed Train Optimization 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Network Density Benchmarking 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Summary 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Capacity Optimization 249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJussi Reunanen, Riku Luostari and Harri Holma\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Traffic Profiles in Mass Events 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Uplink Interference Management 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 PUSCH 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 PUCCH 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 RACH and RRC Setup Success Rate 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 Centralized RAN 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Downlink Interference Management 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 PDSCH 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Physical Downlink Control Channel 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Signalling Load and Number of Connected Users Dimensioning 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Signalling Load 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 RRC-Connected Users 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Load Balancing 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Capacity Bottleneck Analysis 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Summary 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 VoLTE Optimization 293\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRiku Luostari, Jari Salo, Jussi Reunanen and Harri Holma\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Voice Options for LTE Smartphones 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Circuit Switched Fallback 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Basic Concepts 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 CSFB Call Setup Time, Transition to Target RAT 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 CSFB Call Setup Success Rate 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Return to LTE after CSFB Call 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Voice over LTE 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Setup Success Rate and Drop Rate 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 TTI Bundling and RLC Segmentation 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Semi-persistent Scheduling 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Packet Bundling 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.5 Re-establishment with Radio Preparations 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.6 Voice Quality on VoLTE 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Signalling Flows 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Performance 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Summary 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Inter-layer Mobility Optimization 333\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJari Salo and Jussi Reunanen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Inter-layer Idle Mode Mobility and Measurements 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Initial Cell Selection and Minimum Criteria for UE to Camp on a Cell 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Summary of Cell Reselection Rules 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Idle Mode Measurements 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Inter-layer Connected Mode Measurements 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Inter-layer Mobility for Coverage-Limited Network 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Basic Concepts 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Mapping Throughput Target to SINR, RSRQ and RSRP 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Inter-layer Mobility Example #1 (Non-equal Priority Non-equal Bandwidth LTE Layers) 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.4 Inter-layer Mobility Example #2 (Equal Priority Equal Bandwidth LTE Layers) 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Inter-layer Mobility for Capacity-Limited Networks 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Static Load Balancing via Mobility Thresholds 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Dynamic Load Balancing via eNodeB Algorithms 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Summary 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Smartphone Optimization 379\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRafael Sanchez-Mejias, Laurent No¨el and Harri Holma\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Smartphone Traffic Analysis in LTE Networks 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Data Volumes and Asymmetry 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Traffic-Related Signalling 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Mobility-Related Signalling 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4 User Connectivity 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Smartphone Power Consumption Optimization 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Impact of Downlink Carrier Aggregation 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Impact of Discontinuous Reception 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Smartphone Operating Systems 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Messaging Applications 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Streaming Applications 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Voice over LTE 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.1 VoLTE System Architecture 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.2 VoLTE Performance Analysis 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.3 Standby Performance 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.4 Impact of Network Loading and Radio Quality 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Smartphone Battery, Baseband and RF Design Aspects 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8.1 Trends in Battery Capacity 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8.2 Trends in Cellular Chipset Power Consumption 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8.3 Impact of Small Cells on Smartphone Power Consumption 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Summary 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Further Outlook for LTE Evolution and 5G 423\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAntti Toskala and Karri Ranta-aho\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Further LTE-Advanced Beyond Release 13 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Towards 5G 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 5G Spectrum 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Key 5G Radio Technologies 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Expected 5G Schedule 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Conclusions 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 433\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cstrong\u003eHarri Holma\u003c\/strong\u003e, Antti Toskala and Jussi Reunanen, Nokia (Finland and Thailand).","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989545959653,"sku":"NP9781118912577","price":121.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118912577.jpg?v=1761784542","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/lte-small-cell-optimization-isbn-9781118912577","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}