{"product_id":"life-history-evolution-isbn-9781394185726","title":"Life History Evolution","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProvides a timely and authoritative account of Life History Evolution by a multidisciplinary team of scholars and researchers from around the world\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLife History Evolution: Traits, Interactions, and Applications\u003c\/i\u003e presents a cutting-edge synthesis of the mechanisms driving life history strategies that span the breadth of taxa, from bacteria to humans. Integrating classical and contemporary perspectives, this comprehensive volume addresses how organisms evolve traits in response to diverse ecological pressures. Editors Michal Segoli and Eric Wajnberg bring together leading experts to explore the intersection of evolutionary biology, ecology, and applied research, focusing on the evolving complexity of life history traits and their implications. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn-depth yet accessible chapters cover a broad spectrum of life history traits, from classical traits of lifespan and reproduction to more complex interactions like social behaviour, predator-prey dynamics, and human-induced evolutionary processes. The contributing authors explain essential concepts, identify critical knowledge gaps, discuss future research directions, and demonstrate the relevance of life history evolution in addressing climate change, species invasion, pollution, and more. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProviding a well-balanced understanding of life history traits and their implications, \u003ci\u003eLife History Evolution:\u003c\/i\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncorporates recent advances in evolutionary theory, including eco-evolutionary feedback loops and anthropogenic impacts\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eOffers diverse perspectives and original research from leading experts in fields such as evolutionary biology, ecology, entomology, zoology, agriculture, and veterinary medicine\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiscusses life history evolution in the context of co-evolved interactions such as predator-prey, parasite-host, plant-herbivore, and endosymbiont-host relationships\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eProvides an overview of the foundational theory, recent developments, and current thinking in the field\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFeatures numerous case studies that highlight real-world applications in biological control, wildlife management, climate change adaptation, and others\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevealing how life history traits shape the evolutionary strategies of organisms, \u003ci\u003eLife History Evolution: Traits, Interactions, and Applications\u003c\/i\u003e is an essential resource for undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers in ecological science. It is an ideal textbook for courses in evolutionary ecology, evolutionary biology, conservation biology, environmental science, and environmental management. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Traits 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Body Size and Timing of Maturation 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eToomas Tammaru and Tiit Teder\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Part I 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Part II 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Conclusions 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Evolution of Ageing and Lifespan 29\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlexei A. Maklakov\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Evolutionary Theory of Ageing 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Asynchronous Ageing 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Sex Differences in Ageing 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Williams and Anti-Williams: Age, Density and Condition-Dependence of Mortality 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Concluding Remarks 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Offspring Size and Life History Theory: What Do We Know?: What Do We Still Need to Learn? 49\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDustin J. Marshall\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Offspring Size Defined 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 The Knowns 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 The Unknowns 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 The Evolution of Insect Egg Loads: The Balance of Time and Egg Limitation 61\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichal Segoli, Miriam Kishinevsky, and George E. Heimpel\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Trade-Offs Between Early and Late Components of Reproduction 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Time vs. Egg Limitation in Insects 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Egg Maturation Patterns 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 The Relative Importance of Egg and Time Limitation 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Additional Life History Strategies to Overcome the Risk of Egg Limitation 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Sex-Specific Life Histories 77\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHanna Kokko\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Various Unidirectional Effects: Unguarded X, Mother’s Curse and Toxic Y 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Multi-directionality: Coevolution of Different Traits 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Towards Progress 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Parental Care and Life History 97\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHope Klug and Michael B. Bonsall\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 What Is Parental Care and How Does It Relate to Life History? 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Distinguishing Between the Origin and the Maintenance of Parental Care 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Life History and the Origin of Parental Care 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Life History and the Maintenance of Parental Care 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Co-evolution Between Parental Care, Offspring Traits and Parental Traits 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Sexual Selection, Life History and Sex Differences in Parental Care 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Stochasticity, Environmental Variability, Life History and Parental Care 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Plasticity and the Evolution of Parental Care 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Final Conclusions and Future Directions 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Sex Allocation 113\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJun Abe and Stuart A. West\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Fisher’s Theory 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Interaction with Relatives 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Environmental Condition 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Future Directions 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Life History Evolution: Complex Life Cycles Across Animal Diversity 131\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndreas Heyland, Konstantin Khalturin, and Vincent Laudet\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Integration of Metamorphic Development Within the Life Cycle 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 The Regulation of Metamorphic Development by Hormones 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Review of Metamorphic Mechanisms Across Taxa with Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Anthropogenic Environmental Impacts and Global Climate Change 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Social Living and Life History Evolution, with a Focus on Ageing and Longevity 155\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJudith Korb and Volker Nehring\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Ultimate Causes of Long Reproductive Lifespans 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Colony Life History in Obligatory Eusocial Insects 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Proximate Mechanisms 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Conclusion 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Integrating Dispersal in Life History 175\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDries Bonte\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Dispersal as Part of the Life History 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 The Theory of Dispersal and Life Histories 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Dispersal-Life History Co-variation in Nature 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Concluding Remarks and Outlook: Why Should We Care? 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 The Evolution of Human Life Histories 191\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMegan Arnot and Ruth Mace\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Life History Trade-Offs 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 The Life Histories of Great Apes 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Variation in Human Life History 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Menopause and the Post-reproductive Lifespan 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Final Remarks 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Interactions 213\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Life History Traits in the Context of Predator–Prey Interactions 215\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJoseph Travis\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Types of Predation 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Theory for Predator-Driven Life History Evolution 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Empirical Evidence 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Adaptive Plasticity in Life Histories 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Future Directions 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Life History Trait Evolution in the Context of Host–Parasite Interactions 229\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlison B. Duncan, Giacomo Zilio, and Oliver Kaltz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Host Life History Evolution in Response to Parasites 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Parasite Life History Evolution in Response to Hosts: The Case of Virulence 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Concluding Remarks 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 How Do Microbial Symbionts Shape the Life Histories of Multicellular Organisms? 255\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eElad Chiel and Yuval Gottlieb\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Categories of Microbial Symbiosis 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 How Microbial Symbionts Are Involved in Essential Biological Functions of Their Hosts? 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Nutritional Microbial Symbionts 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Reproductive Microbial Symbionts 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Defensive Microbial Endosymbionts 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Diapause and Microbial Symbionts 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Concluding Remarks 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Ecological and Evolutionary Links Between Defences and Life History Traits in Plants 269\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eXoaquín Moreira and Luis Abdala-Roberts\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Defences Against Herbivores 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Correlated Evolution of Plant Defences and Life History Traits 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Tripartite Views Shed Insight into the Evolution of Plant Life History Traits 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Challenges for Future Research 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Are you in Synch?: How the Timing of Plant and Insect Life History Events Affects Pollination Interactions 285\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTamar Keasar and Tzlil Labin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Generalisation in Pollination Networks 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 What Drives Flowering Phenology? 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 What Drives Pollinator Phenology? 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Do Interacting Plant–Insect Species Share Similar Reaction Norms to Temperature? 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Species-Level Phenological Asynchrony and Generalized Pollination: A Case Study 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Community-Level Phenology and Pollination Specialisation 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Concluding Remarks 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Life Histories in the Context of Mutualism 297\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRenee M. Borges\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Mutualism Benefits and Life History Traits 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Future Directions 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Applications 315\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Life History and Climate Change 317\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJuha Merilä and Lei lv\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Effects of ACC on Life History Strategies and Trade-Offs 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Phenology 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Body Size 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Reproductive Output and Success 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Survival and Senescence 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Population Demography and Extinction Risk 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Genetic or Environmental Responses 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Conclusions and Outlook 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Environmental Pollution Effects on Life History 333\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDenis Réale, Loïc Quevarec, and Jean-Marc Bonzom\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 The Role of Life History Theories in Ecotoxicology 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 The Acquisition\/Allocation Principle and the Responses of Organisms to Pollution 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Literature Survey on Mechanisms Involved in the Life History Responses to Pollutants 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Case Studies 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Conclusion and Future Directions 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Life History Evolution on Expansion Fronts 357\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eElodie Vercken and Ben L. Phillips\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 What Are Expansion Fronts and Why Are They Hotspots for Rapid Evolution 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Trade-Offs Matter 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Other Types of Expansions, How Our Expectations Might Change 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 An Applied Case Study: The Cane Toad 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Summary and Future Directions 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Adaptive Evolution of Life History Traits in Urban Environments 375\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYuval Itescu, Maud Bernard-Verdier, and Jonathan M. Jeschke\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Urban Drivers of Selection on Life History Traits 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Studying Evolution in Urban Areas 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Available Evidence of Adaptive Life History Evolution in Urban Areas 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Synthesis and Perspectives 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Life History and Biological Control 403\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul K. Abram and Ryan L. Paul\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Selecting Among Interspecific Life History Variation 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Managing or Manipulating Intraspecific Life History Variation 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Using Life History to Inform Environmental Management and Agent Release Strategies 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Future Directions and Conclusions 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Life History and Exploitative Management of Fish and Wildlife 425\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarco Festa-Bianchet\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Life History Traits, Density-Dependence and Sustainable Harvest 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Contrasting Life Histories and Harvest Potential 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Ecological Plasticity and Evolutionary Sources of Variability: A Few Ungulate Examples 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 How Can Knowledge of Life History Traits Improve Harvest Management? 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Life History and Trophy Hunting 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 Life History and Compensatory Population Responses to Harvest 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8 The Special Case of Sexually Selected Infanticide 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9 Can Harvest Affect the Evolution of Life History Strategies? 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.10 Conclusion and Future Directions 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Life History and the Control of Diseases 439\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJessica E. Metcalf and Justin K. Sheen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Life History Outcomes: A Classic Theoretical Scaffold to Illustrate Predictions 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Levels of Selection 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 The Complexities of Variance and Covariation in Empirical Systems 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Frontiers in Life History Evolution and Pathogen Control 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Conclusions 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 457\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMichal Segoli\u003c\/b\u003e is an evolutionary and behavioural ecologist at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, where she teaches courses in life history evolution, evolutionary ecology, and conservation biological control. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEric Wajnberg\u003c\/b\u003e is a population biologist affiliated with INRIA and INRAE in France and USP\/ESALQ in Brazil. With 40 years of experience, he focuses on population genetics, behavioural ecology, and statistical modeling.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989528068325,"sku":"NP9781394185726","price":110.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781394185726.jpg?v=1761784470","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/life-history-evolution-isbn-9781394185726","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}