{"product_id":"interfacial-engineering-in-functional-materials-for-dye-sensitized-solar-cells-isbn-9781119557333","title":"Interfacial Engineering in Functional Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOffers an Interdisciplinary approach to the engineering of functional materials for efficient solar cell technology\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten by a collection of experts in the field of solar cell technology, this book focuses on the engineering of a variety of functional materials for improving photoanode efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The first two chapters describe operation principles of DSSC, charge transfer dynamics, as well as challenges and solutions for improving DSSCs. The remaining chapters focus on interfacial engineering of functional materials at the photoanode surface to create greater output efficiency.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eInterfacial Engineering in Functional Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells\u003c\/i\u003e begins by introducing readers to the history, configuration, components, and working principles of DSSC It then goes on to cover both nanoarchitectures and light scattering materials as photoanode. Function of compact (blocking) layer in the photoanode and of TiCl4 post-treatment in the photoanode are examined at next. Next two chapters look at photoanode function of doped semiconductors and binary semiconductor metal oxides. Other chapters consider nanocomposites, namely, plasmonic nanocomposites, carbon nanotube based nanocomposites, graphene based nanocomposites, and graphite carbon nitride based nanocompositesas photoanodes. The book:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eProvides comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals through the applications of DSSC\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eEncompasses topics on various functional materials for DSSC technology\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFocuses on the novel design and application of materials in DSSC, to develop more efficient renewable energy sources\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIs useful for material scientists, engineers, physicists, and chemists interested in functional materials for the design of efficient solar cells\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eInterfacial Engineering in Functional Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells\u003c\/i\u003e will be of great benefit to graduate students, researchers and engineers, who work in the multi-disciplinary areas of material science, engineering, physics, and chemistry.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: History, Components, Configuration, and Working Principle 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eS.N. Karthick, K.V. Hemalatha, Suresh Kannan Balasingam, F. Manik Clinton, S. Akshaya, and Hee-Je Kim\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 History of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Components of DSSCs 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Conductive Glass Substrate 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Photoanode 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Counter Electrode 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Electrolytes 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4.1 Types of Solvents Used in Electrolytes 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4.2 Alternative Redox Mediators 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Dyes 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Configuration of DSSCs 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Metal Substrates for Photoanode and Glass\/TCO for Counter Electrode 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Metal Substrates for Counter Electrode and Glass\/TCO for Photoanode 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Metal Substrate for Photoanode and Polymer Substrate for Counter Electrode 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.4 Polymer Substrates for Flexible DSSCs 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.5 Glass\/TCO-Free Metal Substrates for Flexible DSSCs 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.6 Glass\/TCO-Free Metal Wire Substrates for Flexible DSSCs 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Working Principle of DSSCs 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Electron Transfer Mechanism in DSSCs 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Photoelectric Performance 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Function of Photoanode: Charge Transfer Dynamics, Challenges, and Alternative Strategies 17\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eA. Dennyson Savariraj and R.V. Mangalaraja\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The General Composition of DSSC 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Selection of Substrate for DSSCs 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Photoanode 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Coating Procedure 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Significance of Using Mesoporous Structure 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Sensitizer 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Charge Transfer Mechanism 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Interfaces 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Significance of Dye\/Metal Oxide Interface 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Factors That Influence Efficiency in DSSC 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.1 Dye Aggregation 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.2 Effect of Metal Oxide on the Performance of Metal Oxide\/Dye Interface 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.3 Role of Electronic Structure of Metal Oxides 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Kinetics of Operation in DSSCs 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Strategies to Improve the Photoanode Performance 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11.1 TiCl\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e Treatment 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11.2 Composites 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11.3 Light Scattering 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11.4 Nanoarchitectures 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11.5 Doping 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11.6 Interfacial Engineering 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 Conclusion 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Nanoarchitectures as Photoanodes 35\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHari Murthy\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 DSSC Operation 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Nanoarchitectures for Improved Device Performance of Photoanodes 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 ZnO 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 SnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Nb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c\/sub\u003e 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Graphene 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 Other Photoanode Materials 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Future Outlook and Challenges 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Conclusion 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Light Scattering Materials as Photoanodes 79\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRajkumar C and A. Arulraj\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Introduction to Light Scattering 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Materials for Light Scattering in DSSCs 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Early Theoretical Predictions of Light Scattering in DSSCs 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Different Light Scattering Materials 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Mixing of Large Particles into Small Particles 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Voids as Light Scatters 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Nano-Composites for Light Scattering 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3.1 Nanowire–Nanoparticle Composite 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3.2 Nanofiber–Nanoparticle Composite 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3.3 SrTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003e Nanocubes–ZnO Nanoparticle Composite 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3.4 Silica Nanosphere–ZnO Nanoparticle Composite 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3.5 SnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Aggregate–SnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Nanosheet Composite 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3.6 Ag (4,4′-Dicyanamidobiphenyl) Complex–TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e NP Composite 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Light Scattering Layers 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Surface Modified TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Particles in Scattering Layer 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Dual Functional Materials in DSSC 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Double-Light Scattering Layer 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Large Particles as Scattering Layers 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4.1 TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Nanotubes 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4.2 TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Nanowires 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4.3 TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Nanospindles 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4.4 TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Nanofibers 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4.5 TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Rice Grain Nanostructures 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4.6 Nest-Shaped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Structures 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4.7 Nano-Embossed Hollow Spherical TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4.8 Hexagonal TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Plates 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4.9 TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Photonic Crystals 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4.10 Cubic CeO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Nanoparticles 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4.11 Spherical TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Aggregates 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4.12 Hierarchical TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Submicroflowers 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4.13 SnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Aggregates 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4.14 ZnO Nanoflowers 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.5 Core–Shell Nanoparticles for Light Scattering in DSSCs 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.6 Double-Layer Photoanode 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.6.1 TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Aggregates 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.6.2 Morphology-Controlled 1D–3D Bilayer TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Nanostructures 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.6.3 Quintuple-Shelled SnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Hollow Microspheres 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.6.4 Carbon-Based Materials for Light Scattering 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.6.5 3D N-Doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Microspheres Used as Scattering Layers 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.6.6 ZnO Hollow Spheres and Urchin-like TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Microspheres 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.6.7 SnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e as Light-Scattering Layer 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.7 Three-Layer Photoanode 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.8 Four-Layer Photoanode 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.9 Surface Plasmon Effect in DSSC 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Conclusion 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Function of Compact (Blocking) Layer in Photoanode 107\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSu Pei Lim\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Titanium Dioxide (TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e) and Titanium (Ti)-Based Material as a Compact Layer 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) as a Compact Layer 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Less Common Metal Oxide as a Compact Layer 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Conclusion 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Function of TiCl\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e Posttreatment in Photoanode 125\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eT.S. Senthil and C.R. Kalaiselvi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Role of TiCl\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e Posttreatment in Photo-Anode 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Effect of Posttreatment of TiCl\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e on Various Perspectives 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Morphology, Porosity, and Surface Area 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Dye Adsorption and Photocurrent Generation 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Electron Transport and Diffusion Coefficient 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Recombination Losses at Short Circuit 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5 Concentration and Dipping Time of TiCl\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Conclusion 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Doped Semiconductor as Photoanode 139\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eK. S. Rajni and T. Raguram\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Photoanode 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Characterization 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Photoanodes 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Alkali Earth Metals-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.1 Lithium-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.2 Magnesium-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.3 Calcium-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Metalloids-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2.1 Boron-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2.2 Silicon-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2.3 Germanium-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2.4 Antimony-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Nonmetals-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.1 Carbon-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.2 Nitrogen-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.3 Fluorine-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.4 Sulfur-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.5 Iodine-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Transition Metals-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.1 Scandium-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.2 Vanadium, Niobium, and Tantalum-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.3 Chromium-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.4 Manganese and Cobalt-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.5 Iron-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.6 Nickel-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.7 Copper-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.8 Zinc-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.9 Yttrium-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.10 Zirconium-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.11 Molybdenum-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.12 Silver-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5 Post-Transition Metals 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5.1 Aluminum-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5.2 Gallium-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5.3 Indium-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5.4 Tin-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.6 Lanthanides-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.6.1 Lanthanum-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.6.2 Cerium-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.6.3 Neodymium-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.6.4 Samarium-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.6.5 Europium-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.7 Co-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.8 Tri-doped TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Conclusion 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Binary Semiconductor Metal Oxide as Photoanodes 163\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eS.S. Kanmani, I. John Peter, A. Muthu Kumar, P. Nithiananthi, C. Raja Mohan, and K. Ramachandran\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Why Metal Oxide Semiconductors? 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Development of MOS-Based DSSC 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\/ZnO Core\/Shell Configuration 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Preparation of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\/ZnO Core\/Shell Nanomaterials 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\/ZnO Core\/Shell Nanomaterials 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 DSSC Performance of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\/ZnO Core\/Shell Configuration 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Importance of Heterostructures 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 I–V Characteristics 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Matching of Bandgaps 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Conclusion 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Plasmonic Nanocomposite as Photoanode 193\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSu Pei Lim\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Plasmonic Nanocomposite Modified TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e as Photoanode 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Plasmonic Nanocomposite Modified ZnO as Photoanode 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Plasmonic Nanocomposite Modified with Less Common Metal Oxide as Photoanode 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Conclusion 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Carbon Nanotubes-Based Nanocomposite as Photoanode 213\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGiovana R. Cagnani, Nirav Joshi, and Flavio M. Shimizu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Recent Advances on DSSC Photoanodes 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Structure and Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 CNT-Based Photoanode Material 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Effect of the Morphology and Interface of the CNT Photoanodes on the Efficiency of the DSSC 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Summary and Future Prospect 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite as Photoanode 231\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSubhendu K. Panda, G. Murugadoss, and R. Thangamuthu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Graphene–TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Nanocomposite for Photoanode 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Conclusion and Remarks 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Nanocomposites as Photoanodes 247\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eT.S. Shyju, S. Anandhi, P. Vengatesh, C. Karthik Kumar, and M. Paulraj\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Importance of Graphitic Carbon Nitride 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Photoanodes for DSSC 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Preparation of Graphitic Carbon Nitride 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Bulk Graphitic Carbon Nitride 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitrides 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Doping in Graphitic Carbon Nitride 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Ag Deposited g-C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.5 Chemical Doping 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Operation Principles of DSSC 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Nanostructured Graphitic Carbon Nitride in DSSC 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Graphitic Carbon Nitride in Polymer Films Solar Cell 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Preparation of Carbon Nitride Counter Electrode 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Quantum Dot Graphitic Carbon Nitride 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Porous Graphitic Carbon Nitride 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Summary 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 265\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eALAGARSAMY PANDIKUMAR, P\u003csmall\u003eH\u003c\/small\u003eD,\u003c\/b\u003e is Scientist at CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India. His research includes development of novel materials involving graphene, graphitic carbon nitrides, and transition metal chalcogenides in combination with metals, metal oxides, polymers and carbon nanotubes for applications in photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, dye-sensitized solar cells and electrochemical sensor. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKANDASAMY JOTHIVENKATACHALAM, P\u003csmall\u003eH\u003c\/small\u003eD,\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor of Chemistry at Anna University, BIT campus, Tiruchirappalli, India. His research interests include photocatalysis, photoelectrochemistry, photoelectrocatalysis, and chemically modified electrodes. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKARUPPANAPILLAI B. BHOJANAA, MSc,\u003c\/b\u003e is DST-INSPIRE Research Fellow at Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOffers an Interdisciplinary approach to the engineering of functional materials for efficient solar cell technology\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWritten by a collection of experts in the field of solar cell technology, this book focuses on the engineering of a variety of functional materials for improving photoanode efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The first two chapters describe operation principles of DSSC, charge transfer dynamics, as well as challenges and solutions for improving DSSCs. The remaining chapters focus on interfacial engineering of functional materials at the photoanode surface to create greater output efficiency. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eInterfacial Engineering in Functional Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells\u003c\/i\u003e??begins by introducing readers to the history, configuration, components, and working principles of DSSC. It then goes on to cover both nanoarchitectures and light scattering materials as photoanode. Function of compact (blocking) layer in the photoanode and of TiCl4 post-treatment in the photoanode are examined at next. Next two chapters look at photoanode function of doped semiconductors and binary semiconductor metal oxides. Other chapters consider nanocomposites, namely, plasmonic nanocomposites, carbon nanotube based nanocomposites, graphene based nanocomposites, and graphite carbon nitride based nanocomposites as photoanodes. The book: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eProvides comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals through the applications of DSSC\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eEncompasses topics on various functional materials for DSSC technology\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFocuses on the novel design and application of materials in DSSC, to develop more efficient renewable energy sources\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIs useful for materials scientists, engineers, physicists, and chemists interested in functional materials for the design of efficient solar cells\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eInterfacial Engineering in Functional Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells\u003c\/i\u003e??will be of great benefit to graduate students, researchers and engineers, who work in the multi-disciplinary areas of materials science, engineering, physics, and chemistry.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989443592421,"sku":"NP9781119557333","price":161.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119557333.jpg?v=1761784120","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/interfacial-engineering-in-functional-materials-for-dye-sensitized-solar-cells-isbn-9781119557333","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}