{"product_id":"infrared-and-raman-spectroscopy-in-forensic-science-isbn-9780470749067","title":"Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science","description":"This book will provide a survey of the major areas in which information derived from vibrational spectroscopy investigations and studies have contributed to the benefit of forensic science, either in a complementary or a unique way. This is highlighted by examples taken from real case studies and analyses of forensic relevance, which provide a focus for current and future applications and developments. \u003cp\u003eAbout the Editors xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection I: Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction and Scope 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJohn M. Chalmers, Howell G.M. Edwards and Michael D. Hargreaves\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Historical Prologue 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Application of Infrared Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Vibrational Spectroscopy Techniques: Basics and Instrumentation 9\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJohn M. Chalmers, Howell G.M. Edwards and Michael D. Hargreaves\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy Techniques 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 The basics and some comparisons 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Quantitative and classification analyses 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Reference databases and search libraries\/algorithms 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy: Instrumentation 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Spectrometers 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Vibrational spectroscopy–microscopy systems 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Fibre optics and fibre-optic probes 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Remote, portable, handheld, field-use, and stand-off vibrational spectroscopy instrumentation 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Closing Remarks 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Vibrational Spectroscopy Sampling Techniques 45\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJohn M. Chalmers, Howell G.M. Edwards and Michael D. Hargreaves\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy: Sampling Techniques 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Raman spectroscopy 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Mid-infrared spectroscopy 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Near-infrared spectroscopy: sampling techniques 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Terahertz\/far-infrared spectroscopy: sampling techniques 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Closing Remarks 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection II: Criminal Scene 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Criminal Forensic Analysis 89\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEdward G. Bartick\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Forensic Analysis 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 General Use of IR and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Analysis 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Progression of infrared spectroscopy development in forensic analysis 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Progression of Raman spectroscopy development in forensic analysis 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Sampling methods 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Applications of Evidential Material Analysis 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Polymers 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Drugs 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Explosives 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Fingerprint analysis 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Summary and Future Direction 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.1 Forensic Analysis of Hair by Infrared Spectroscopy 111\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eKathryn S. Kalasinsky\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Introduction 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Basic Forensic Hair Analysis 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Uniqueness of Hair to Chemical Analysis 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4 Mechanism for Chemical Substance Incorporation into Hair 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.5 Applications 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.6 Disease Diagnosis 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.7 Summary 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.2 Raman Spectroscopy for Forensic Analysis of Household and Automotive Paints 121\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSteven E.J. Bell, Samantha P. Stewart and W.J. Armstrong\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Introduction 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Paint Composition 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Analysis of Resin Bases 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 White Paint 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 Coloured Household Paints 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.6 Multi-Layer Paints 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.7 Automotive Paint 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.8 Conclusions 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.3 Raman Spectroscopy for the Characterisation of Inks on Written Documents 137\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eA. Guedes and A.C. Prieto\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Introduction 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Experimental 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Chemical Differences in the Composition of Writing Inks through Time, and Modern Inks: Major Groups 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Ink Discrimination 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 Forensic Test 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.6 Conclusions 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.4 Forensic Analysis of Fibres by Vibrational Spectroscopy 153\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003ePeter M. Fredericks\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Introduction 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Raman Spectroscopy 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Data Analysis 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.5 Conclusions 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.5 In Situ Crime Scene Analysis 171\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eEdward G. Bartick\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Introduction 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Instrumentation 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Applications 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Conclusion 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.6 Raman spectroscopy gains currency 185\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eR. Withnall, A. Reip and J. Silver\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Introduction 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Banknotes 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Postage Stamps 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Potential Forensic Applications 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.5 Conclusions 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection III: Counter Terrorism and Homeland Security 205\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Counter Terrorism and Homeland Security 207\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVincent Otieno-Alego and Naomi Speers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy for Explosives Identification 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Level of chemical identification 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Capability to analyse a large range of explosives and related chemicals 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Other positive features of IR and Raman spectroscopy in explosive analysis 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Case Studies – Example 1 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Portable IR and Raman Instruments 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Case Studies – Example 2 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Post-Blast Examinations 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Detection of Explosives in Fingerprints 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Applications of SORS in explosive analysis 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Terahertz Spectroscopy of Explosives 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Sampling modes and sample preparation 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 THz spectroscopy of explosives and explosive related materials 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Summary 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.1 Tracing Bioagents – a Vibrational Spectroscopic Approach for a Fast and Reliable Identification of Bioagents 233\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eP. R\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eösch, U. M\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003eü\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003enchberg, S. St\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eöckel and J. Popp\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Introduction 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Toxins 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Viruses 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4 Bacteria 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4.1 Bulk samples 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4.2 Single bacterium identification 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.5 Conclusion 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.2 Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Explosives and Precursors: Applications and Instrumentation 251\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMary L. Lewis, Ian R. Lewis and Peter R. Griffiths\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Background 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Introduction 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 UV Excited Raman Studies of Explosives 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 FT-Raman Studies of Explosives 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Neither FT-Raman nor Traditional Dispersive Raman 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.6 Surface Enhanced Raman and Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Studies of Explosives 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.7 Dispersive Raman Studies of Explosives 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.8 Compact Dispersive Raman Spectrometers for the Study of Explosives 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.9 Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.10 Stand-Off Raman of Explosives 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.11 Raman Microscopy and Imaging 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.12 Vehicle-Mounted Raman Analysers 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.13 Classification Schema for Explosives 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.14 Summary 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.3 Handheld Raman and FT-IR Spectrometers 275\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael D. Hargreaves, Robert L. Green, Wayne Jalenak, Christopher D. Brown \u003cbr\u003e and Craig Gardner\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Introduction 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Handheld\/Portable Raman and FT-IR Devices 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Explosives 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Tactical Considerations 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Sample Considerations 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Raman and FT-IR Spectroscopy Explosive Identification Capabilities 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.7 Performance Characterisation 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.8 Summary 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisclaimer 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.4 Non-Invasive Detection of Concealed Liquid and Powder Explosives using Spatially Offset Raman spectroscopy 289\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKevin Buckley and Pavel Matousek\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Introduction 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Discussion and Examples 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Summary 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.5 Terahertz Frequency Spectroscopy and its Potential for Security Applications 295\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eA.D. Burnett, A.G. Davies, P. Dean, J.E. Cunningham and E.H. Linfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Introduction 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Terahertz Frequency Radiation 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4 Examples of the Use of THz Spectroscopy to Detect Materials of Security Interest 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection IV: Drugs and Drugs of Abuse 315\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Raman Spectroscopy of Drugs of Abuse 317\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSteven E.J. Bell, Samantha P. Stewart and S.J. Speers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Bulk Drugs 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 General introduction 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Experimental considerations 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Laboratory-based methods 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Raman outside the laboratory 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Trace Detection 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Drug microparticles 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Conclusions 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.1 Drugs of Abuse – Application of Handheld FT-IR and Raman Spectrometers 339\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael D. Hargreaves\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Introduction 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Advantages of Vibrational Spectroscopy 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 General Drugs of Abuse – Introduction 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4 Vibrational Spectroscopy 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.5 Analysis of Street Samples 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.6 New Narcotic Threats 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.7 Identification of Drug Precursors 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.8 Case Studies 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.9 Conclusion 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisclaimer 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.2 Non-Invasive Detection of Illicit Drugs Using Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy 351\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKevin Buckley and Pavel Matousek\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Introduction 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Application Examples 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Summary 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.3 Detection of Drugs of Abuse Using Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering 357\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKaren Faulds and W. Ewen Smith\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Introduction 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Substrates 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Direct Detection 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Indirect Detection 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5 Conclusions 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection V: Art 367\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Tool for Tracing Art Forgeries 369\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eA. Deneckere, P. Vandenabeele and L. Moens\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 How to Trace Art Forgeries with Vibrational Spectroscopy? 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Detection of anachronisms 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Comparing with the artist’s palette 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Impurities 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Conclusion 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.1 Identification of Dyes and Pigments by Vibrational Spectroscopy 383\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJuan Manuel Madariaga\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Introduction 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Review of the Scientific Literature 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Databases of Reference Materials 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 FT-IR and Raman Spectroscopy Applications 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.2 The Vinland Map: An Authentic Relic of Early Exploration or a Modern Forgery – Raman Spectroscopy in a Pivotal Role? 401\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHowell G.M. Edwards\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Introduction 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 The Scientific Analysis of the Vinland Map and Tartar Relation 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Raman Microspectroscopic Study 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.3 Study of Manuscripts by Vibrational Spectroscopy 409\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLucia Burgio\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Introduction 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Why Raman Microscopy? 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Dating and Authentication 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Provenance and Trade Routes 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Infrared Spectroscopy 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection VI: Archaeology and Mineralogy 419\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Forensic Applications in Mineralogy 421\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJ. Jehlicka\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Applications of Raman Spectroscopy for Provenancing 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Minerals 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Class 1: Elements 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Minerals from other groups of the mineralogical classification system 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Opals 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Natural Glass 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Meteorites 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Identification and Provenancing of Gemstones 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Synthetic gemstones 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 Semi-precious minerals 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.3 Garnets 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Common Minerals 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1 Clays 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Databases 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Identification of Inclusions in Minerals 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Raman Mapping Techniques 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12 Analyses Outdoors and On Site 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13 Applications of Raman Spectroscopy to the Provenancing of Rocks 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14 Summary 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.1 Identification of Ivory by Conventional Backscatter Raman and SORS 447\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael D. Hargreaves and Howell G.M. Edwards\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Introduction 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Application of Raman Spectroscopy 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Conclusions 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisclaimer 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.2 Applications to the Study of Gems and Jewellery 455\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLore Kiefert, Marina Epelboym, Hpone-Phyo Kan-Nyunt and Susan Paralusz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Introduction 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Case Study Example I: Mid-Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Diamonds 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Case Study Example II: Detection of Fissure Fillings in Emeralds 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Case Study Example III: The Raman Identification of Turquoise 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Summary 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Ceramics and Glasses 469\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaola Ricciardi and Philippe Colomban\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Introduction 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 How to Discriminate Between Genuine Artifacts and Copies and Fakes 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 On-Site Measurements and Procedures 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Case Studies 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Conclusions 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.4 Raman Spectroscopy at Longer Excitation Wavelengths Applied to the Forensic Analysis of Archaeological Specimens: A Novel Aspect of Forensic Geoscience 481\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHowell G.M. Edwards\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Introduction 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Experimental 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Results and Discussion 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Human Tissues and Skeletal Remains 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.5 Conclusions 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection VII: Counterfeit Consumer Products 513\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Counterfeit Consumer Products 515\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndrew J. O’Neil\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Background 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Anti-Counterfeiting Organisations 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Definition of a Counterfeit Product 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Counterfeit Product Spectroscopic Analysis 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Counterfeit alcoholic beverages and whisky 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Counterfeit stamps 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Counterfeit currency 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Counterfeit medicines 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Case Studies Using Mid-infrared, Raman and Near-infrared Spectroscopies and NIR Multispectral Imaging 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Case Study I: Counterfeit Clothing 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Case study Ia: counterfeit Burberry Classic Check Scarf 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Case study Ib: counterfeit New Era 59fifty baseball caps 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Case Study II: Counterfeit Aftershave 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Case Study III: Counterfeit Medicines 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.1 Near-infrared spectrometry 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.2 Raman spectrometry 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.3 NIR Multispectral Imaging 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Case Study IV: Counterfeit Product Packaging 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.1 ATR\/FT-IR Spectroscopy 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Case Study V: Counterfeit Royal Mail First Class Stamps 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10.1 Near-infrared spectroscopic analysis 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10.2 Near-infrared multispectral imaging 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Case Study VI: Counterfeit Bank of England Banknotes 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11.1 ATR\/FT-IR Spectroscopic Analysis 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11.2 NIR Multispectral Imaging 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Conclusion 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.1 Raman Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Counterfeit Tablets 561\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKaho Kwok and Lynne S. Taylor\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 The Pharmaceutical Counterfeiting Problem 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Analytical Techniques to Detect Counterfeit Products 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Using Raman Spectroscopy to Characterise Genuine and Counterfeit Tablets–A Case Study 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4 Conclusions 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.2 Examination of Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Labels 573\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMark R. Witkowski and Mary W. Carrabba\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Introduction 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Counterfeit Packaging Analysis 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Case Study I: Counterfeit Lipitor Ò Labels 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Case Study II: Counterfeit Zyprexa Ò Labels 578\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Conclusion 581\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisclaimer 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy for “Food Forensics” 583\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVictoria L. Brewster and Royston Goodacre\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Introduction 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Adulteration 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Provenance 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Food Spoilage 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Micro-Organism Identification 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6 Conclusion 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.4 Infrared Spectroscopy for the Detection of Adulteration in Foods 593\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBanu Özen and Figen Tokatli\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Introduction 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Adulteration of Food Products and Application of IR Spectroscopy in the Detection of Adulteration 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Case Study: Adulteration of Extra Virgin Olive Oils with Refined Hazelnut Oil 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Summary 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJohn Chalmers\u003c\/b\u003e, recently completed post-doctoral research with Professor Edwards at the University of Bradford. He has just joined Litethru, a company based in Daresbury, involved in developing Raman instrumentation for non-invasive analysis.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHowell Edwards\u003c\/b\u003e is Director of Research in the School of Life Sciences at Bradford University. His studies in the application of Raman spectroscopy to biological \/ geological interfaces have been extended to a space environment and he was an adjunct scientist for the Mars Express Beagle 2 lander mission, and a contributor to the ESA FOTON 12-Biopan international consortium for the analysis of Martian lithic analogues. He has published over 430 research papers in \u003ci\u003eRaman spectroscopy\u003c\/i\u003e and is on the Editorial Advisory Boards of the \u003ci\u003eJournal of Raman Spectroscopy\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eSpectrochimica Acta: Biomolecular Spectroscopy\u003c\/i\u003e, the \u003ci\u003eInternet Journal of Vibrational Spectroscopy\u003c\/i\u003e and the \u003ci\u003eAsian Journal of Spectroscopy\u003c\/i\u003e. Currently, he has research collaborations with groups in Spain, France, Denmark, Germany, Australia, Brazil and the USA.\u003cbr\u003eHe has lectured widely on Raman spectroscopy and its applications. Professor Edwards is a national committee member of the Molecular Spectroscopy Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry and also of the UK Astrobiology Panel.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMike Hargreaves\u003c\/b\u003e is an independent consultant in the field of vibrational spectroscopy. He left ICI in 1997 after 22 years, serving as a Business Research Associate in the Science Support Group of ICI Technology. He held the position of chairman of the UK Infrared and Raman Discussion Group (IRDG) for a number of years and is current chairman of the RSC (Royal Society of Chemistry) Molecular Spectroscopy Subject Group. He is a member of the Association of British Spectroscopists (ABS) Trust, and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. In 1994, he received the Williams-Wright Award from the Coblentz Society and in 2008 was President of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy.\u003c\/p\u003e  For many years the practices of infrared and Raman spectroscopy were confined largely to dedicated academic, industrial or national research laboratories.  Major technical advances over the last 10-20 years have resulted in smaller, easier to use instrumentation that is much more user-friendly. Demands and needs from users for increased portability of scientific instrumentation have produced spectrometers and interferometers of small dimensions and of sufficient quality such that handheld Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) instruments have been realized over the last few years, opening up much wider application of Raman and infrared spectroscopy to forensic science applications, particularly for adoption into field usage.  \u003cp\u003eThis unique reference book provides\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAn introduction to the principles of forensic science and how Raman and infrared spectroscopy can be applied\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eRelevant application examples, highlighting how infrared, Raman and THz spectroscopy can be applied to these fields\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCoverage of key areas of instrumentation, sampling, crime scenes, drugs of abuse and homeland security with case study chapters\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExtensively referenced chapters making further reading and investigation simpler for the reader\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis book is intended to introduce both a novice or an established spectroscopic practitioner of analytical chemistry to the technical elements of Raman and infrared spectroscopy as applied to forensic science, outlining several proven and potential applications within this field.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989423898853,"sku":"NP9780470749067","price":226.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470749067.jpg?v=1761784049","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/infrared-and-raman-spectroscopy-in-forensic-science-isbn-9780470749067","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}