{"product_id":"heavy-metal-toxicity-and-tolerance-in-plants-isbn-9781119906469","title":"Heavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComprehensive resource detailing the molecular mechanisms underlying heavy metal toxicity and tolerance in plants\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eHeavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants\u003c\/i\u003e provides a comprehensive overview of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular basis of heavy metal tolerance and functional omics that allow for a deeper understanding of using heavy metal tolerance for deliberate manipulation of plants. Through the authors’ unique approach, the text enables researchers to develop strategies to enhance metal toxicity and deficiency tolerance as well as crop productivity under stressful conditions, in order to better utilize natural resources to ensure future food security. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe text presents the basic knowledge of plant heavy metal\/metalloid tolerance using modern approaches, including omics, nanotechnology, and genetic manipulation, and covers molecular breeding, genetic engineering, and approaches for high yield and quality under metal toxicity or deficiency stress conditions. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith a collection of 26 chapters contributed by the leading experts in the fields surrounding heavy metal and metalloids toxicity and tolerance in crop plants, \u003ci\u003eHeavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants\u003c\/i\u003e includes further information on: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAdvanced techniques in omics research in relation to heavy metals\/metalloids toxicity and tolerance\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eHeavy metals\/metalloids in food crops and their implications for human health\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMolecular mechanisms of heavy metals\/metalloids toxicity and tolerance in plants\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMolecular breeding approaches for reducing heavy metals load in the edible plant parts\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eHormonal regulation of heavy metals toxicity and tolerance\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eApplications of nanotechnology for improving heavy metals stress tolerance\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eGenetic engineering for heavy metals\/metalloids stress tolerance in plants\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith comprehensive coverage of the subject, \u003ci\u003eHeavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants\u003c\/i\u003e is an essential reference for researchers working on developing plants tolerant to metals\/metalloids stress and effective strategies for reducing the risk of health hazards. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEditor Biographies xxxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Plant Response and Tolerance to Heavy Metal Toxicity: An Overview of Chemical Biology, Omics Studies, and Genetic Engineering 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLovely Mahawar, Sakshi Pandey, Aparna Pandey, and Sheo Mohan Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Plant–Metal Interaction 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Morphoanatomical Responses 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Physiological Responses 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Biochemical Responses 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Molecular Responses 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Mechanisms to Tolerate Heavy Metal Toxicity 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Avoidance 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.1 Mycorrhizal Association 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.2 Root Exudates 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Sequestration 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Important Strategies for the Enhancement of Metal Tolerance 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Omics 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.1 Genomics 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.2 Transcriptomics 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.3 Proteomics 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.4 Metabolomics 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.5 Ionomics 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.6 miRNAomics 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.7 Metallomics 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Genetic Engineering 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2.1 CRISPR Technology 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2.2 Plastid Transformation 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2.3 Gene Silencing 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Advanced Techniques in Omics Research in Relation to Heavy Metal\/Metalloid Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants 35\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAli Raza, Shanza Bashir , Hajar Salehi , Monica Jamla, Sidra Charagh, Abdolkarim Chehregani Rad, and Mohammad Anwar Hossain\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 An Overview of Plant Responses to Heavy Metal Toxicity 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 How the Integration of Multi-omics Data Sets Helps in Studying the Heavy Metal Stress Responses and Tolerance Mechanisms? 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 The Contribution of State-of-the-Art Genomics-Assisted Breeding 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.1 Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Mapping 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.2 Genome-Wide Association Studies 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Transcriptomics 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Proteomics 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Metabolomics 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 miRNAomics 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.6 Phenomics 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Heavy Metals\/Metalloids in Food Crops and Their Implications for Human Health 59\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShihab Uddin, Hasina Afroz, Mahmud Hossain, Jessica Briffa, Renald Blundell, and Md. Rafiqul Islam\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Arsenic 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Sources and Forms 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Food Chain Contamination 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Pharmacokinetic Processes 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Toxicology Processes 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Remedial Options 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Cadmium 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Sources and Forms 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Food Chain Contamination 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Pharmacokinetic Processes 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Toxicology Processes 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Remedial Options 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Lead 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Sources and Forms 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Food Chain Contamination 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Pharmacokinetic Processes 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Toxicology Processes 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Remedial Options 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Chromium 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Sources and Forms 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Food Chain Contamination 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Pharmacokinetic Processes 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Toxicology Processes 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5 Remedial Options 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Mercury 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Sources and Forms 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Food Chain Contamination 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Pharmacokinetic Processes 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4 Toxicology Processes 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.5 Remedial Options 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Conclusions 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Aluminum Stress Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Approaches 87\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRicha Srivastava, Ayan Sadhukhan, and Hiroyuki Koyama\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Exploration of Al Tolerance QTLs 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Unraveling the Genetic Architecture of Al Tolerance from Natural Variation 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Identification of Novel Al Tolerance Genes Through Genome-Wide Association Studies 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Exploring Expression Level Polymorphisms to Identify Upstream Al Signaling 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Identify Novel Al Tolerance Genes 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Identification of Al Tolerance Genes from Proteomics 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Breeding Approaches for Aluminum Toxicity Tolerance in Rice and Wheat 105\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBuu Chi Bui and Lang Thi Nguyen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Plant Signaling 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Rice Genetic Mapping 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Linkage Mapping 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Association Mapping 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Root Transcriptome 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Wheat Genetic Mapping 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Wheat MATE Gene Family 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Wheat Proteomics 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Conclusion 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Chromium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 125\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSonali Dubey, Manju Shri, and Debasis Chakrabarty\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Chromium Sources and Bioavailability 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Chromium Uptake, Translocation, and Sub-cellular Distribution in plants 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Detoxification Mechanisms for Cr 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Omics Approaches Used by Plants to Combat Cr Toxicity 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Transcriptomics 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Chromium-Induced miRNAs in Plants 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Metabolomics 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Proteomics 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Phytoremediation of Cr Metal by Plants 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Phytoremediation Approach for Cr Detoxification 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Other Strategies Involved in Cr Remediation 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Phytostabilization\/Phytoextraction for Cr Decontamination 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Conclusion 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Manganese Toxicity and Tolerance in Photosynthetic Organisms and Breeding Strategy for Improving Manganese Tolerance in Crop Plants: Physiological and Omics Approach Perspectives 141\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDaisuke Takagi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 The Change in Mn Availability Within the Soil 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Why Should We Consider the Occurrence of Mn Toxicity in Plants? Possible Threats of Mn Toxicity in Agricultural Land 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 The History of Mn Toxicity 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 The Features of Mn Toxicity in Terrestrial Plants and Possible Molecular Mechanisms 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 The Mechanisms of Emergence of Brownish Patchy Spots in Leaves: The Apoplastic Mn Toxicity 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 The Mechanisms of Foliar Chlorosis Under Excess Mn: Symplastic Mn Toxicity 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Breeding Strategy for Overcoming the Future Threat of Excess Mn Conditions 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Limiting Mn Absorption from Soil to Root 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Sequestration of Mn from Cytosol to the Vacuole or Apoplast 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Maintenance of Auxin Homeostasis 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 The Reinforcement of Silicon Uptake and Its Distribution 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Iron Excess Toxicity and Tolerance in Crop Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 169\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMay Sann Aung and Hiroshi Masuda\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Iron Uptake and Translocation Mechanism in Plants 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Importance of Iron in Living Organisms 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Fe Acquisition Systems in Plants 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Fe Translocation Mechanisms in Plants 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Fe Excess Toxicity in Plants 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Fe Excess Toxicity in Global Agriculture 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Causes of Fe Excess Toxicity in Soils and Its Interaction with Plants 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.1 State of Fe in Soils and Soil pH Effects on Fe Excess Toxicity 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.2 Soil Improvement Methods to Ameliorate Fe Excess Toxicity 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.3 Soil Water and Drainage Effects on Fe Excess Toxicity 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Effects of Fe Excess Toxicity on Plant Growth 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Crop Defense Mechanisms Against Excess Fe and Genes Regulating Fe Excess 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Defense I: Fe Exclusion from Roots 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.1 Genes Involved in Defense I 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Defense II: Fe Retention in Roots and Suppression of Fe Translocation to Shoots 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Defense III: Fe Compartmentalization in Shoots 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3.1 Genes Involved in Defense II and IIi 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3.2 Role of YSL4 and YSL6 Transporters in Preventing Fe Excess in Early Plant Development 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Defense IV: ROS Detoxification 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4.1 Genes Involved in Defense IV 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4.2 GLY1 as a Detoxifying Agent 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Research Outlook on Fe Excess Response of Plants 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Regulation of Fe homeostasis in Plants in Response to Fe Excess Stress 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Transcription Factors 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Cis-Regulatory Elements 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor Contributions 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisclosures 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Molecular Breeding for Iron Toxicity Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) 191\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDorothy A. Onyango, Mathew M. Dida, Khady N. Drame, Benson O. Nyongesa, and Kayode A. Sanni\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Role of Iron in Plants and Rice 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Iron Toxicity and Its Effects on Rice 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Iron Toxicity Tolerance Mechanisms in Rice Plants 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Fe Exclusion from Roots 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Fe Retention in Roots and Suppression of Fe Translocation to Shoots 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Fe Compartmentalization in Shoots 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 ROS Detoxification 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Candidate Genes Involved in the Mechanisms of Fe Toxicity 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6 Genetic Variants for Iron Toxicity Tolerance in Rice Germplasm 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Molecular Breeding for Fe Toxicity Tolerance in Rice 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conclusion 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Cobalt Induced Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Approaches 207\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbdul Salam, Muhammad Siddique Afridi, Ali Raza Khan, Wardah Azhar, Yang Shuaiqi, Zaid Ulhassan, Jiaxuan Qi, Nu Xuo, Yang Chunyan, Nana Chen, and Yinbo Gan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Plant Response to Cobalt Stress 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Uptake and Translocation of Cobalt in Plants 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Cobalt-Induced ROS Generation and Their Damaging Effects 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 ROS-Induced Lipid Peroxidation 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 ROS-Induced Damage to Genetic Material 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Cobalt-Induced Plant Antioxidant Defense System 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1.1 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1.2 Catalases (CAT) 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1.3 Glutathione Peroxidases (GPX) 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1.4 Glutathione Reductase (GR) 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Nonenzymatic Antioxidants 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.1 Ascorbic Acid 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.2 Tocopherols 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.3 Reduced Glutathione (GSH) 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Omics Approaches in Cobalt Stress Tolerance 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Transcriptomic 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Metabolomics 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Proteomics 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Nickel Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants 231\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSondes Helaoui, Marouane Mkhinini, Iteb Boughattas, Noureddine Bousserrhine, and Mohamed Banni\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Sources of Ni 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Natural Sources of Ni 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources of Ni 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Role of Ni in Plants 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Ni Uptake and Accumulation in Plants 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Ni Toxicity in Plants 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Growth Inhibition 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Photosynthesis Inhibition of Ni 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.3 Induction of Oxidative Stress 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Tolerance Mechanisms 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Omics Approaches in Ni Stress Tolerance 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1 Transcriptomics 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2 Proteomics 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3 Metabolomics 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Conclusion 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Copper Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 251\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMoreira A, Moraes LAC, Delfim JJ, and Moreti LG\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Copper in Plants 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Functions of Copper 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Uptake, Transport, Distribution, and Remobilization Mechanisms 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Deficient, Sufficient, and Toxic Levels of Copper in Plants 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Copper Sources: Fertilizers and Fungicides 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Omics Approaches for Cu Responses and Tolerance in Plants 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Genomics 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Transcriptomics 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Proteomics 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Metabolomics 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 miRNAomics 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Concluding Remarks 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Zinc Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 275\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eImran Haider Shamsi, Qichun Zhang, Zhengxin Ma, Sibgha Noreen, Muhammad Salim Akhter, Ummar Iqbal, Muhammad Faheem Adil, Muhammad Fazal Karim, and Najeeb Ullah\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Zinc Uptake and Translocation Mechanisms in Plants 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 Transporters and Metal-Binding Compounds Involved in Zinc Homeostasis 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Impact of Excess Zinc on Physio-genetics Aspects of Plants 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Effect of Zinc Toxicity on Seed Germination and Growth of Plants 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Effect of Zinc Toxicity on Oxidative Metabolism in Plants 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Effect of Zn Toxicity on Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Plants Stress Adaptation to Zinc Toxicity 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Multi-omics Approaches for Zinc Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Genomics and Metabolomics 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Proteomics and Transcriptomics 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 miRNA Omics and CRISPR\/Cas9 System 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping and Genome-Wide Association Study 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Arsenic Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 293\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarsha Majumder, Palin Sil, and Asok K. Biswas\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Occurrence and Distribution of As in the Environment 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Arsenic Uptake, Accumulation, and Detoxification in Plants 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Uptake of Inorganic Arsenic 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Uptake of Methylated Arsenic 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Arsenic Accumulation and Detoxification 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Arsenic Methylation and Volatilization 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Influence of Arsenic on Phytotoxicity 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Germination and Growth 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Nutrient Uptake 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Defense 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Ascorbate–Glutathione Cycle 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.5 Photosynthesis 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.6 Respiration 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.7 Carbohydrate Metabolism 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.8 Nitrogen Metabolism 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Modulation in “Omics” Profiling Under As Challenged Environment 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Genomic Profiling 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Transcriptomic Profiling 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.3 Proteomic Profiling 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.4 Metabolomic Profiling 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Progress in Molecular Biotechnology to Evolve As-Tolerant Plants 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor Contributions 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Selenium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 323\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAli Kıyak, Selman Uluısık, Ertugrul Filiz, and Firat Kurt\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Selenium Toxicity in Plants 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Se-Induced Protein Malformation 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 ROS-Induced Se Phytotoxicity 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Selenium Tolerance in Plants 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Selenium Biofortification in Plants 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Conclusion 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Breeding for Rice Cultivars with Low Cadmium Accumulation 335\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eli Tang, Yaokui li, Yan Peng, Bigang Mao, Ye Shao, Zhongying Ji, and Bingran Zhao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Cd Accumulation in Rice 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Cd Uptake 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Radial Transport and Xylem Loading 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Distribution of Cd in Shoots 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Transgenic Approach for Breeding Low-Cd Rice 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Traditional Transgenic Technology 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Genome-Editing Technology 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Mutation Breeding for Low-Cd Rice Cultivars 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Molecular Marker-Assisted Breeding for Low-Cd Rice Cultivars 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Future Perspectives 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Mercury Toxicity: Plant Response and Tolerance 349\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eArifin Sandhi, Abu Bakar Siddique, and Meththika Vithanage\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Global Mercury Pollution 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Mercury Uptake and Toxicity in Plants 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Existence of Differential Plant Response to Hg Stress 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Plant Morphological Responses 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Plant Anatomical Responses 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Cellular Responses 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.4 Plant Photosynthetic Response 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.5 Enzymatic and Metabolic Responses 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.6 Plant Hormonal Responses 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.7 Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Responses 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Plant Tolerance Mechanisms 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1 Chelation 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 Enzymatic and Antioxidative Tolerance 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.3 Hormonal Regulations 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.4 miRNA-Mediated Tolerance 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Phytoremediation Prospects 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Conclusion 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Lead Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 373\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSayyeda Hira Hassan, Yassine Chafik, Manhattan Lebrun, Gabriella Sferra, Sylvain Bourgerie, Gabriella Stefania Scippa, Domenico Morabito, and Dalila Trupiano\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Omics’ Contribution in Uncovering Molecular Alterations in Plants Under Pb Exposure 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Genetics and Epigenetics Regulations of Pb Toxicity and Tolerance 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 The Role of Plant Cell Wall, Cell Signaling, and Transduction 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Pb-Binding Proteins\/Transporters and Their Involvement in Tolerance 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Pb-Induced Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Mechanisms 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Metabolic Pathways Associated with Pb Tolerance 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.1 Sugar\/Carbohydrate and Energy Metabolic Pathway 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.2 Phenylpropanoid Pathway 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.3 Sulfur-Related Pathway and Phytohormones 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Interaction of Heavy Metal with Drought\/Salinity Stress in Plants 407\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZiqian Li, Wentao Chen, Qianlong Tan, Yuanyuan Hou, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Baber Iqbal, and Yong li\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1 Zinc (Zn) 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2 Cadmium (Cd) 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3 Aluminium (Al) 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.4 Other Metals 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Photosynthesis 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Antioxidant System 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Conclusions and Prospects 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Hormonal Regulation of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Crop Plants 425\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eÉderson Akio Kido, Gizele de Andrade Luz, Valquíria da Silva, Maria Fernanda da Costa Gomes, and José Ribamar Costa Ferreira Neto\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 General Aspects of Plants Under HM Stress 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Phytohormone-Mediating Plant Response to HM Stress 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Abscisic Acid 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2 Auxin 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.3 Brassinosteroid 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.4 Cytokinin 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.5 Ethylene 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.6 Gibberellin 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.7 Jasmonate 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.8 Melatonin (MT) 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.9 Salicylic Acid (SA) 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.10 Strigolactone (SL) 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Crosstalk of Phytohormones in Plants Responding to Heavy Metals 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Final Considerations 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Heavy-Metal-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species and Methylglyoxal Formation\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eand Detoxification in Crop Plants: Modulation of Tolerance by Exogenous Chemical Compounds 461\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBeatrycze Nowicka, Tahsina Sharmin Hoque, Sheikh Mahfuja Khatun, Jannatul Naim, Ahmed Khairul Hasan, and Mohammad Anwar Hossain\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Heavy-Metal-Induced ROS and Methylglyoxal Production in Plant Cells 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Detoxification of ROS and Methylglyoxal in Plant Cells 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Exogenous Chemical-Compounds-Mediated Heavy Metal\/Metalloid Tolerance in Crop Plants 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Biochar Amendments in Soils and Heavy Metal Tolerance in Crop Plants 493\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAgnieszka Medyńska-Juraszek and Bhakti Jadhav\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Heavy Metal Immobilization Mechanisms on Biochar 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.1 Heavy Metal Immobilization Through Soil pH Modification 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Biochar Interactions Through Rhizosphere 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.1 Effect on Plant Root Development 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.2 Changes in Elements Uptake from Rhizosphere 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Biochar-Induced Plant Respond to Metal Stress 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.1 Biochar Induces Changes in Photosynthetic Activity 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.2 Biochar Induces Changes in Antioxidant and Phytohormone Activity 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.3 Biochar as a Source of Specific Chemical Compounds Affecting Heavy Metal Uptake By Plants 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Effect of Biochar on Heavy Metal Concentrations in Different Crops 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Effect of Biochar Type on Heavy Metal Immobilization 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Their Metabolites: Clean and Green Approaches to Deal with Heavy Metal Toxicity 513\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eImtinen Sghaier, Ameur Cherif, and Mohamed Neifar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Chemical Fertilizers and Their Impacts 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.1 Impacts of Chemical Fertilizers on Atmospheric Ecosystem 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.2 Impacts of Chemical Fertilizers on Aquatic Ecosystem 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.3 Impacts of Chemical Fertilizers on Soil 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.4 Impacts of Chemical Fertilizers on Plants 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 PGPR and Biofertilization Traits 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.1 Acquisition of Nutrients 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.2 Production of Siderophores 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.3 Production of Exopolysaccharides 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Resistance to Abiotic Stress 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Biostimulation Potential and PGPR 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Biocontrol Potential and PGPR 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 PGPR and Heavy Metal Bioremediation 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Applications of Nanotechnology for Improving Heavy Metal Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants 533\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMeng Jiang, Yue Song, Mukesh Kumar Kanwar, and Jie Zhou\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Impacts of NPs on the HM Stress in Plants 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.1 Silicon 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.2 Selenium 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.3 Iron 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.4 Zinc Oxide 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.5 Titanium Dioxide 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.6 Cerium Dioxide 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Mechanisms of NPs to Mitigate the Toxicity of HM 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Summary and Prospect 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 The Dynamics of Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals: Recent Progress and Future Perspective 553\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eImran Haider Shamsi, Xiaoli Jin, Xin Zhang, Qidong Feng, Zakir Ibrahim, Muhammad Faheem Adil, Muhammad Fazal Karim, and Najeeb Ullah\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Introduction 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.1 Types of Phytoremediation 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.1.1 Phytostabilization 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.1.2 Phytovolatalization 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.1.3 Phytoextraction 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.2 Modified Concept 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.2.1 Chemical-Assisted Phytoremediation Employing Non-hyperaccumulator Plants 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.2.2 Biochar-Assisted Phytoremediation 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.2.3 Microbial-Assisted Phytoremediation 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Importance of Phytoremediation 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Role of Phytoremediation as a Sustainable Solution 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Biophilic Design as Phytoremediation in Urban Sustainability 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.1 Eco-Design 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2 Biophilic Design 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2.1 Hypothesis of Biophilic 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2.2 Dimensions of Biophilic Design 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2.3 Direct Experience of Nature 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2.4 Indirect Experience of Nature 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2.5 Experience of Place and Space 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2.6 Sustainable Biophilic Cities 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.3 Health Benefits 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.4 Biophilic as an Antidepressant in Urban Environment 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.5 Economic Benefits 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.6 Sustainability and Resilience 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Conclusion 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Future Perspective 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Genetic Engineering for Heavy Metal\/Metalloid Stress Tolerance in Plants 573\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMohammad Anwar Hossain, Md. Tahjib-Ul-Arif , Sopnil Ahmed Jahin, Abu Bakar Siddique, Mumtarin Haque Mim, Sharif-Ar-Raffi, Muhammad Javidul Haque Bhuiyan, and Beatrycze Nowicka\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Mechanisms of Heavy Metal\/Metalloid Tolerance in Plants 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Strategies for Improving Metal\/Metalloid Stress Tolerance in Plants 576\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Transgenic Plants and Heavy Metal\/Metalloid Stress Tolerance in Plants 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1 Sulfur Metabolism Engineering and Heavy Metal Tolerance 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.2 Glyoxalase Pathway Genes and Heavy Metal Stress Tolerance 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.3 Enhanced Antioxidant Defense and Heavy Metal Tolerance 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.4 Phytochelatin and Metallothionein Genes and Heavy Metal Tolerance 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.5 Metal Ion Transporter Genes\/Proteins and Heavy Metal Stress Tolerance 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 CRISPR\/Cas System and Heavy Metal Tolerance Development 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 593\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMohammad Anwar Hossain \u003c\/b\u003eis a Professor in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAKM Zakir Hossain \u003c\/b\u003eis a Professor in the Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSylvain Bourgerie \u003c\/b\u003eis an Associate Professor working in the Laboratory of Woody Plants and Crops Biology, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMasayuki Fujita \u003c\/b\u003eis a Professor in the Department of Plant Science, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOm Parkash Dhankher \u003c\/b\u003eis Professor of Agriculture Biotechnology in the Stockbridge School of Agriculture, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eParvez Haris \u003c\/b\u003eis a Professor and Chair of Biomedical Science at De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComprehensive resource detailing the molecular mechanisms underlying heavy metal toxicity and tolerance in plants\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eHeavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants \u003c\/i\u003eprovides a comprehensive overview of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular basis of heavy metal tolerance and functional omics that allow for a deeper understanding of using heavy metal tolerance for deliberate manipulation of plants. Through the authors’ unique approach, the text enables researchers to develop strategies to enhance metal toxicity and deficiency tolerance as well as crop productivity under stressful conditions, in order to better utilize natural resources to ensure future food security. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe text presents the basic knowledge of plant heavy metal\/metalloid tolerance using modern approaches, including omics, nanotechnology, and genetic manipulation, and covers molecular breeding, genetic engineering, and approaches for high yield and quality under metal toxicity or deficiency stress conditions. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith a collection of 26 chapters contributed by the leading experts in the fields surrounding heavy metal and metalloids toxicity and tolerance in crop plants, \u003ci\u003eHeavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants \u003c\/i\u003eincludes further information on: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdvanced techniques in omics research in relation to heavy metals\/metalloids toxicity and tolerance\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eHeavy metals\/metalloids in food crops and their implications for human health\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMolecular mechanisms of heavy metals\/metalloids toxicity and tolerance in plants\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMolecular breeding approaches for reducing heavy metals load in the edible plant parts\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eHormonal regulation of heavy metals toxicity and tolerance\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eApplications of nanotechnology for improving heavy metals stress tolerance\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eGenetic engineering for heavy metals\/metalloids stress tolerance in plants\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith comprehensive coverage of the subject, \u003ci\u003eHeavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants \u003c\/i\u003eis an essential reference for researchers working on developing plants tolerant to metals\/metalloids stress and effective strategies for reducing the risk of health hazards.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989354594533,"sku":"NP9781119906469","price":265.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119906469.jpg?v=1761783788","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/heavy-metal-toxicity-and-tolerance-in-plants-isbn-9781119906469","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}