{"product_id":"handbook-of-assisted-and-amendment-enhanced-sustainable-remediation-technology-isbn-9781119670360","title":"Handbook of Assisted and Amendment-Enhanced Sustainable Remediation Technology","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLearn more about phytoremediation technology with this state-of-the-art resource from an internationally recognized editor and leader in his field\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Handbook of Assisted and Amendment-Enhanced Sustainable Remediation Technology\u003c\/i\u003e discusses sustainable approaches to the removal of contaminants from the environment or the reduction of their toxicity. The distinguished editor has included resources from an internationally recognized group of academics who discuss strategies to increase the effectiveness of phytoremediation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecial attention is paid to the use of organic amendments to facilitate soil cleanup and the growth of phytoremediation plants. The book includes discussions of new remediation technologies, global trends in the environmental remediation industry, and the future challenges and opportunities likely to arise in the short and long term.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Handbook of Assisted and Amendment-Enhanced Sustainable Remediation Technology\u003c\/i\u003e provides a compelling case for the cost-effectiveness, aesthetics, and minimal environmental disturbance of phytoremediation. Topics covered include:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eA discussion of activated carbon from lignin, particularly its use as a sorbent for in situ remediation of contaminated sediments\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eAn exploration of fresh and mature organic amendments for phytoremediation of technosols contaminated with high concentrations of trace elements\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eAn examination of the revitalization of metal-contaminated, EDTA-washed soil by addition of unpolluted soil, compost, and biochar\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eA treatment of wheat straw biochar amendments on the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soil\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for environmental engineers, environmental scientists, geologists, chemical engineers, and landscape engineers, \u003ci\u003eHandbook of Assisted and Amendment-Enhanced Sustainable Remediation Technology\u003c\/i\u003e is also an indispensable reference for scientists working in the green chemistry and technology industries, biochemical engineers, environmental regulators, and policy makers.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Global Scenario of Remediation and Combined Clean Biofuel Production \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Global Remediation Industry and Trends \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMajeti Narasimha Vara Prasad, Lander de Jesus Alves and Fabio Carvalho Nunes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Rise of Phytoremediation 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 The Phytoremediation Industry 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 The Key Players in Global Remediation and Phytoremediation 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3.1 Markets by Sector 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3.2 Markets by Application 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3.3 Sizes of Market Sectors Potentially Available to Phytoremediation 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Global 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Mining in Latin America and Phytoremediation Possibilities 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Sustainable Valorization of Biomass: From Assisted Phytoremediation to Green Energy Production \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e29\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMartina Grifoni, Francesca Pedron, Meri Barbafieri, Irene Rosellini, Gianniantonio Petruzzelli and Elisabetta Franchi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Bioenergy: The Role of Biomass 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Assisted Phytoremediation: Valorization of Biomass 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Assisted Phytoremediation-Bioenergy: An Integrated Approach 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusions 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Biochar-Based Soil and Water Remediation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e53\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Biochar – Production, Properties, and Service to Environmental Protection against Toxic Metals \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e55\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMonika Ga³wa-Widera\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 How to Produce Biochar 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Biochar Properties 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Biochar in the Service of Environmental Protection 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Soil Characteristics 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Environmental Hazards Caused by Heavy Metals 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Characteristics of Selected Heavy Metals 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Zinc 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Copper 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Lead 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Cadmium 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Soil Pollution 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 What is Remediation and What is it for? 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 Improving Soil Properties 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15 Removal of Impurities 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16 The Addition of Biochar to Contaminated Soils may be Such a Solution 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17 Summary 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Biochar-based Water Treatment Systems for Clean Water Provision \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e77\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDwiwahju Sasongko, David Gunawan and Antonius Indarto\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Synthesis of Biochar 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Pyrolysis Process 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Pyrolysis Technology 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Biochar Properties 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Biochar Surface Chemistry 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Pyrolysis Effect on Chemical Properties of Biochar 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Pyrolysis Effect on Physical Properties of Biochar 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Mechanism of Adsorption 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Heavy Metal Removal Mechanism 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Organic Contaminants Removal Mechanism 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Pathogenic Organism Removal Mechanism 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Factors Affecting Adsorption of Contaminants on Biochar 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Biochar Properties 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Post Treatment or Modification 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Solution pH 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Co-existed Ions 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.5 Dosage of Adsorbents 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.6 Temperature 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.7 Contact Time 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.8 Initial Concentration of Pollutants 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Biochar-Based Water Treatment Systems 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Biochar Supply 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Biochar Use 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Regeneration 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3.1 Thermal Regeneration 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3.2 Solvent Regeneration 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3.3 Microwave Irradiation Regeneration 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Supercritical Fluid Regeneration 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.5 Sustainability of Biochar Utilization 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Biochar for Wastewater Treatment \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e103\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnna Kwarciak-Koz³owska and Renata W³odarczyk\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Biochar Production and Its Characteristics 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Modification of Biochar 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Comparison of Biochar with Activated Carbon 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Biochar Adsorption Mechanism 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Adsorption Kinetics of Aqueous-Phase Organic Compounds 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Influence of pH, Temperature, and Biochar Dose on the Adsorption Process 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Biochar Technology in Wastewater Treatment 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Summary 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Biochar for Bioremediation of Toxic Metals \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e119\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRenata W³odarczyk and Anna Kwarciak-Koz³owska\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 The Idea of Using Biochar with the Assumption of Closed Circulation 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 The Role of Biochar in Soil - General Information 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Biochar as a Sorbent – Physical and Structural Composition 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 The Role of Biochar in Removing Heavy Metals from Soil 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Utilization of Selected Heavy Metals from Soil 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Mechanism of Heavy Metals-Biochar 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Summary 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Biochar Assisted Remediation of Toxic Metals and Metalloids \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e131\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShalini Dhiman, Mohd Ibrahim, Kamini Devi, Neerja Sharma, Nitika Kapoor, Ravinderjit Kaur, Nandni Sharma, Raman Tikoria, Puja Ohri, Bilal Ahmad Mir and Renu Bhardwaj\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Biochar and its Remarkable Physical Chemical and Biological Properties 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Physical Properties of Biochar 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.1 Density and Porosity 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.2 Surface Area of Biochar 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.3 Pore Volume and Pore Size Distribution 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.4 Water Holding Capacity and Hydrophobicity 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.5 Mechanical Stability 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Chemical Properties 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.1 Atomic Ratios 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.2 Elemental Composition 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.3 Energy Content 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.4 Fixed Carbon and Volatile Matter 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.5 Presence of Functional Groups 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.6 pH of Biochar 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.7 Cation Exchange Capacity 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Biological Properties of Biochar 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3.1 Biochar as a Habitat for Soil Microorganisms 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3.2 Biochar as a Substrate for the Soil Biota 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Heavy Metal Pollutants 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Interactions between Biochar and Heavy Metal 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Types of Interactions Occurs between Biochar and Heavy Metals 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.1 Direct Interaction 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.2 Electrostatic Attractions 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.3 Ion Exchange 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.4 Complexation 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.5 Precipitation 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.6 Sorption 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.7 Indirect Interactions 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.8 Biochar Metal Interactions 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Biochar as a Bioremediator 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Pollutant by the Use of Microorganism and Biochar 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Pollutants by the Use of Plants and Biochar 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Pollutant through the Combination of Biochar, Plant, and Microorganism 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Application of Biochar in Bioremediation of Mining Area 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Application of Biochar in Bioremediation of Acid Mine Wastes 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Alkaline Tailing Soils 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Limitation of Biochar Amended Bioremediation 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Phytoextraction of Arsenic 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Phytoremediation of Sewage Sludge 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Conclusion 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Use of Biochar as an Amendment for Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e163\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSubodh Kumar Maiti and Dipita Ghosh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Biochar Production Conditions 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Modification to Improve Remediation Potential of Biochar 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Mechanism of Metal Immobilization by Biochar 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Direct Biochar–Heavy Metal Interaction 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.1 Electrostatic Attraction 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.2 Ion Exchange 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.3 Complexation 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.4 Precipitation 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Indirect Biochar–Heavy Metals–Soils Interactions 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.1 Impact on Soil pH, CEC, and Organic Carbon Content, thus Metal Mobility 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.2 Impacts on Soil Mineral Composition and Metal Mobility by Biochar Application 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Immobilization of Heavy Metals by Biochar 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Application of Biochar for Immobilization of Heavy Metals and Enhancement of Plant Growth 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Conclusions 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Biochars for Remediation of Recalcitrant Soils to Enhance Agronomic Performance \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e179\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnna Grobelak and Marta Jaskulak\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Biochar Properties 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Production 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Properties 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Application and Impact of Biochar on Soils 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Biochar in Soil Carbon Sequestration 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Influence on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Influence on Microbial Activity and Soil Biota 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Conclusions 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Biochar Amendment Improves Crop Production in Problematic Soils \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e189\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBhupinder Dhir\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Roles of Biochar in Soil Improvement 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Physical Characteristics 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Chemical Properties 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Biological Indices 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Other Roles of Biochar 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Agricultural Productivity in Biochar Amended Soil 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Advantages of Using Biochar as a Soil Supplement 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Reclamation of Degraded Soils Using Biochar 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Conclusions 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Organic Amendments Use in Remediation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e205\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Use of Organic Amendments in Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Soils: Prospects and Challenges \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e207\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGalina Koptsik, Graeme Spiers, Sergey Koptsik and Peter Beckett\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Agricultural Organic Waste 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Forestry By-Products 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Composts 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Sewage Sludge\/Biosolids 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Humic Substances 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Biochar 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Constructed Organic-Derived Soils 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Directions for Future Research 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Rice Husk and Wood Derived Charcoal for Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soil \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e235\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBoda Ravi Kiran and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Rice Husk Ash (RHA) – Production, Characteristics, and Application 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Utilization of Rice Husk Ash as Soil Amendment and Metal Removal 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Charcoal – Production and Applications 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Charcoal as Amendment and Metal Removal 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Conclusion 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Enhanced Composting Using Woody Biomass and Its Application in Wasteland Reclamation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e267\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZeba Usmani, Tiit Lukk, Eve-Ly Ojangu, Hegne Pupart, Kairit Zovo and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Composting Process 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Types of Composting 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Woody Biomass Waste as Co-composting Material 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Usage of Woody Biochar in Composting 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Woody Biochar-Microbial Consortia 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Usage of Wood Ash in Composting 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 Usage of Wood Derived Materials in Composting 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Composting Woody Biomass 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Application of Woody Biomass Compost in Restoration of Wastelands 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Conclusion 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Sewage Sludge as Soil Conditioner and Fertilizer \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e283\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKrzysztof Fija³kowski and Anna Kwarciak-Koz³owska\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Sewage Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Soil Remediation Practices 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Sewage Sludge in the Remediation of Degraded Soils 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2.1 Sewage Sludge as a Source of NPK 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Substrates Produced or Based on Sewage Sludge–Biosolids 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Biosolids as Fertility Restorer and Conditioner 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.5 Impact of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids on Soil Microorganisms 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.6 Sewage Sludge Amendments in Relation to CO2 Sequestration 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.7 Conclusion 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Sustainable Soil Remediation Using Organic Amendments \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e299\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarta Jaskulak and Anna Grobelak\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Organic Amendments for Soil Remediation 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Composts 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Animal Manures and Biosolids 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Impact of Organic Amendments on Soils 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Influence on Soil Physical Properties 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Influence on Microbial Activities and Soil Biota 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Influence of the Content of Nitrogen and Phosphorus 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Potential Risks of the Use of Organic Amendments 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Conclusions 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Advanced Technologies for Remediation of Inorganics and Organics \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e313\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Biosurfactant-Assisted Bioremediation of Crude Oil\/Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e315\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJeevanandam Vaishnavi, Punniyakotti Parthipan, Arumugam Arul Prakash, Kuppusamy Sathishkumar and Aruliah Rajasekar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Surfactants and Biosurfactants 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Microbial Surfactants 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Types of Biosurfactants 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Glycolipid Biosurfactants 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1.1 Rhamnolipids 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1.2 Trehalose 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1.3 Sophorolipid 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Phospholipids Biosurfactant 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Lipopeptides and Lipoproteins 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.4 Fatty Acid 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.5 Polymeric and Particulate Biosurfactant 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Optimization of Biosurfactants 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Biosurfactant in Bioremediation 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 Glycolipids Mediated Crude Oil Remediation 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2 Lipopeptide Mediated Crude Oil\/Hydrocarbons Degradation 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.3 Bioemulsifiers Mediated Crude Oil\/Hydrocarbons Degradation 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Challenges and Future Prospectives 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Conclusion 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Advanced Technologies for the Remediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soils \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e331\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePalak Bakshi, Arun Dev Singh, Jaspreet Kour, Sadaf Jan, Mohd Ibrahim, Bilal Ahmad Mir and Renu Bhardwaj\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Consumption and Need for Removal 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Worldwide Consumption of Pesticide 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Production and Usage of Pesticide in India 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Need for Removal 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Remediation Technologies for Pesticidal Contamination 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Physico–Chemical Remediation 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.1 Adsorption 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.2 Oxidation–Reduction 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.3 Catalytic Degradation 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.4 Nano Technology 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Biological Remediation 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2.1 Role of Plants 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2.2 Role of Microflora 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Conclusion 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Enzymes Assistance in Remediation of Contaminants and Pollutants \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e355\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMajeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Cyanide Degradation 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Rhizosphere 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Degradation of Pesticides 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Thiol Assisted Metal Tolerance in Plants \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e389\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePooja Sharma, Palak Bakshi, Dhriti Kapoor, Priya Arora, Jaspreet Kour, Rupinder Kaur, Ashutosh Sharma, Bilal Ahmad Mir and Renu Bhardwaj\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Sulfur Metabolism in Plants 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Thiols Induced Metal Tolerance in Plants 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Role of Metal Transporters 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.2 Role of Thioredoxins and Glutaredoxins 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.3 Role of Metallothioneins 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.4 Role of Phytochelatins in Heavy Metal Stress Mitigation 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.4.1 Heavy Metal Detoxification Mechanism 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.5 Role of Glutathione in Heavy Metal Stress Mitigation 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Conclusion 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Biological Remediation of Selenium in Soil and Water \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e403\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSiddhartha Narayan Borah, Suparna Sen, Hemen Sarma and Kannan Pakshirajan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Sources of Selenium 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.1 Soil 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2 Water 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.3 Air 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Significance in Human Health 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Biological Remediation Processes 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1 Phytoremediation 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1.1 Phytoextraction 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1.2 Phytovolatilization 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1.3 Rhizofiltration 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2 Bioremediation 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2.1 Planktonic Cells of Axenic Bacterial Culture 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2.2 Biofilm of Axenic Bacterial Culture 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2.3 Microbial Consortia 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.3 Bioamendment with Chelating Agents and Organic Matter 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.4 Biosorption 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Conclusion 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart V Microbe and Plant Assisted Remediation of Inorganics and Organics \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e423\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria for Soil Sustainability \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e425\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRaffia Siddique, Alvina Gul, Munir Ozturk and Volkan Altay\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Biofertilizer 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.1 PSM Requirement in Plants 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.2 Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms (PSM) 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.3 Application of PSB Inoculants 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Mechanism of P Solubilization 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.1 Lowering of Soil pH 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.2 Chelation 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.3 Mineralization 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 PSB Help Plant Growth 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.1 Mechanism of Action of PSB 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Soil Sustainability with PSB 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Microbe and Plant-Assisted Remediation of Organic Xenobiotics \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e437\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eA.P. Pinto, M.E. Lopes, A. Dordio and J.E.F. Castanheiro\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Impact of PAHs on Environment 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 PAHs in Soil and Sediments 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Molecular Weight and Aqueous Solubility 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Plant Assisted Remediation of PAHs 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1 Phytoremediation 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1.1 Phytoextraction 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1.2 Phytostabilization 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1.3 Phytovolatilization 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1.4 Phytodegradation 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1.5 Rhizodegradation 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Plant and Microbe Assisted Remediation – Synergistic Approaches 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 Plant–Endophyte Partnership in Phytoremediation 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7.1 Endophyte Colonization and Survival 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7.2 Beneficial Mutualistic Interactions Between Endophytes and Their Hosts 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7.2.1 Nutrient Bioavailability 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7.2.2 Modulation and Synthesis of Phytohormones 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7.2.3 Defense Mechanisms against Phytopathogens 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7.3 Biosurfactants and Their Roles in Phytoremediation 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8 Conclusions 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Assisted Phytoremediation of Inorganic and Organic Contaminants Including Amelioration of Perturbed Marginal Soils \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e477\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eElisabetta Franchi and Danilo Fusini\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR): Features and Mechanisms 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.1 Auxins, Cytokinins, Gibberellins 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.2 Siderophores 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.3 ACC Deaminase 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.4 Phosphate Solubilization 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.5 Nitrogen Fixation 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.6 Indirect Mechanisms 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Influence of PGPR on Heavy Metals and Hydrocarbons Remediation 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria to Face Salinity and Drought in Marginal Soils 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4.1 Survival to Abiotic Stress 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4.2 Affecting the Drought Pressure 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4.3 Improving the Salinity Tolerance 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4.4 Phytodepuration for Water Reclamation 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Conclusions 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Plant and Microbe Association for Degradation of Xenobiotics Focusing Transgenic Plants \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e501\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePooja Sharma, Palak Bakshi, Kanika Khanna, Jaspreet Kour, Dhriti Kapoor, Arun Dev Singh, \u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eTamanna Bhardwaj, Rupinder Kaur, Ashutosh Sharma and Renu Bhardwaj\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Xenobiotics in the Environment 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Mechanism of Degradation of Xenobiotics 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Plant and Microbe Association for Degradation of Xenobiotics 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Transgenic Plants and Microbes for the Remediation of Xenobiotics 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Conclusion 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 \u003ci\u003eAzolla \u003c\/i\u003eFarming for Sustainable Environmental Remediation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e517\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbin Sebastian, Palengara Deepa and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Introduction 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Diversity and Ecological Distribution 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Growth Conditions for Optimal Biomass Productivity 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Phytoremediation of Water Bodies 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Prospects in Sustainable Remediation and Bioeconomy 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Outlook 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Mangrove Assisted Remediation and Ecosystem Services \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e535\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJanaina dos Santos Garcia, Sershen and Marcel Giovanni Costa Franca\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Mangrove Ecosystems 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Mangrove Plants 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Factors Responsible for Mangrove Degradation and Destruction 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Ecosystem Services of Mangroves 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1 Mangrove as a Sink of Pollutants 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1.1 Heavy Metals 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1.2 Heavy Metal Indices 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1.3 Association with Other Elements 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1.4 Organic Compounds 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1.5 Waste Water 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1.6 Microorganism Association and Isolation 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 Methodologies to Use Mangroves for Remediation 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6 Final Comments 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart VI Nanoscience in Remediation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e557\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Nanotechnology Assisted Remediation of Polluted Soils \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e559\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eH.A.D.B. Amarasiri and Nadeesh M. Adassooriya\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Soil as Soil of Life 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Soil Pollution 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 Impact of Soil Pollution 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 Nanopollution 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 Soil Remediation 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.1 Conventional Soil Remediation Techniques and Methods 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.1.1 Bioremediation 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.1.2 Thermal Desorption 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.1.3 Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.1.4 Pump and Treat 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.1.5 In-Situ Oxidation 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2 Nanotechnology Based Soil Remediation Methods 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.1 Nanomaterials 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.2 Nano-Bioremediation 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.3 Bioremediation with Biogenic Uraninite NPs 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.4 Bioremediation with Engineered Polymeric NPs 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.5 Bioremediation with Single Enzyme NPs 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.6 Zeolites in Soil Remediation with Nanotechnology 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.7 Soil Remediation with Iron Oxide NPs 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.8 Soil Remediation with Nano Scale Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.9 Remediation with Other Metal-based NPs 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.10 Remediation with Phosphate-based NPs 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.11 Soil Remediation with Iron Sulfide NPs 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.12 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) in Soil Remediation 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.13 Nanoclay in Soil Remediation 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6 Future Scope of Nanotechnology in Soil Remediation 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Remediation of Wastewater Using Plant Based Nano Materials \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e583\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWangjam Kabita Devi, Maibam Dhanaraj Meitei and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Introduction 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Materials and Methods 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.1 Materials 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.2 Preparation of Extract 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.3 Synthesis of AgNPs 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.4 Characterization of Synthesized AgNPs 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.5 Catalytic Activity of Synthesized AgNPs 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3 Results and Discussion 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3.1 Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3.3 Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3.4 Catalytic Property of AgNPs 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 Conclusion 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 601\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMajeti Narasimha Vara Prasad,\u003c\/b\u003e is Emeritus Professor in the School of Life Sciences at the University of Hyderabad in India. He has published over 216 papers in scholarly journals and edited 34 books. He received his doctorate in Botany from Lucknow University, India in 1979. Based on an independent study by Stanford University scientists in 2020, he figured in the top 2% of scientists from India, ranked number 1 in Environmental Sciences (116 in world).\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLearn more about phytoremediation technology with this state-of-the-art resource from an internationally recognized editor and leader in his field\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ci\u003eHandbook of Assisted and Amendment-Enhanced Sustainable Remediation Technology\u003c\/i\u003e discusses sustainable approaches to the removal of contaminants from the environment or the reduction of their toxicity. The distinguished editor has included resources from an internationally recognized group of academics who discuss strategies to increase the effectiveness of phytoremediation.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecial attention is paid to the use of organic amendments to facilitate soil cleanup and the growth of phytoremediation plants. The book includes discussions of new remediation technologies, global trends in the environmental remediation industry, and the future challenges and opportunities likely to arise in the short and long term.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ci\u003eHandbook of Assisted and Amendment-Enhanced Sustainable Remediation Technology\u003c\/i\u003e provides a compelling case for the cost-effectiveness, aesthetics, and minimal environmental disturbance of phytoremediation.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTopics covered include:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA discussion of activated carbon from lignin, particularly its use as a sorbent for in situ remediation of contaminated sediments\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAn exploration of fresh and mature organic amendments for phytoremediation of technosols contaminated with high concentrations of trace elements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAn examination of the revitalization of metal-contaminated, EDTA-washed soil by addition of unpolluted soil, compost, and biochar\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA treatment of wheat straw biochar amendments on the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soil\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerfect for environmental engineers, environmental scientists, geologists, chemical engineers, and landscape engineers, \u003ci\u003eHandbook of Assisted and Amendment-Enhanced Sustainable Remediation Technology\u003c\/i\u003e is also an indispensable reference for scientists working in the green chemistry and technology industries, biochemical engineers, environmental regulators, and policy makers.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989326086373,"sku":"NP9781119670360","price":318.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119670360.jpg?v=1761783677","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/handbook-of-assisted-and-amendment-enhanced-sustainable-remediation-technology-isbn-9781119670360","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}