{"product_id":"fundamentals-of-physical-volcanology-isbn-9781119266419","title":"Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe world’s leading student text on physical volcanology offers an unmatched introduction to the field\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the revised second edition of \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Physical Volcanology\u003c\/i\u003e, the authors provide a comprehensive introduction to the processes that control when and how volcanoes erupt. Understanding these processes involves bringing together ideas from a number of disciplines, including branches of geology, such as petrology and geochemistry, and aspects of physics, such as fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith the help of new and improved illustrations, this new edition explains eruption types and mechanisms, subsurface processes, volcanic eruption products, and how volcanoes affect their surrounding environment. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReaders will also find: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuantitative treatment of physical volcanological processes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA review of the historical development of volcanology\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExamples of current research trends and topics in volcanology\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for undergraduate earth sciences students and graduate students starting research programs in volcanology, \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Physical Volcanology\u003c\/i\u003e will also earn a place in the libraries of researchers in related fields seeking an accessible introduction to the principles of physical volcanology. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Volcanic Systems 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Styles of Volcanic Eruptions 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Effusive Eruptions 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Hawaiian-Style Eruptions 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Flood Basalt Eruptions 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Plinian Eruptions 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 Ignimbrite-Forming Eruptions 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.6 Strombolian Eruptions 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.7 Vulcanian Eruptions 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.8 Hydromagmatic Eruptions 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.8.1 Deep Marine Environments 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.8.2 Lava Flows Entering Water 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.8.3 Shallow Marine and Crater Lake Eruptions 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.8.4 Subglacial Eruptions 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.8.5 Interactions with Groundwater 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.9 Diatreme-Forming Eruptions 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Volcanic Systems 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 The Structure and Aims of This Book 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Further Reading 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Questions to Think About 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Magma Generation and Segregation 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Rock-Melting Mechanisms 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Volcanism and Plate Tectonics 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Tectonic Settings, Melting Processes, and Magma Composition 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.1 Mid-Ocean Ridges and Oceanic Intraplate Settings 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.2 Continental Intraplate Settings 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.3 Subduction Zones – Island Arcs and Continental Arcs 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Melting and Melt Segregation in the Mantle 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Nature of the Mantle 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Onset of Mantle Melting 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Melt Migration 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Summary 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Further Reading 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Questions to Think About 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Magma Migration 33\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Diapiric rise of Melt 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 The Change From Diapir Rise to Dike Formation 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Dike Propagation 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Trapping of Dikes 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Consequences of Dike Trapping 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Summary 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Further Reading 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Questions to Think About 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Magma Storage 45\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Evidence for Magma Storage Within the Crust 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Structural Evidence Provided by Calderas 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Petrological Evidence in Lava Flows 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Geophysical Evidence 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3.1 Seismic Techniques 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3.2 Gravity and Magnetotelluric Techniques 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3.3 Deformation Techniques 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Geological Evidence From Exposed Intrusions 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Formation and Growth of Magma Reservoirs 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Magma Reservoirs and Their Impact on Volcanic Systems 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Fractionation in Magma Reservoirs 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Regulation of Eruption Frequency and Magnitude 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Volatiles and Chamber Failure 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Summary 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Further Reading 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Questions to Think About 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 The Role of Volatiles 69\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Volatiles in Magma 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 The Solubility of Volatiles in Magma 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Bubble Nucleation 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Bubble Growth 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Growth by Diffusion 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Growth by Decompression 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Bubble Coalescence 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Influence of Volatiles on Magma Dynamics 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Magma Fragmentation and the Influence of Volatiles on Eruption Styles 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Summary 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Further Reading 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Questions to Think About 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Steady Explosive Eruptions 83\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Influence of Gas Bubbles Prior to Magma Fragmentation 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Acceleration of the Gas–Magma Mixture 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Controls on Exit Velocity 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Magmatic Gas Content and Exit Velocity 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Dike Shape, Vent Geometry, and Exit Velocity 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Eruption Plumes in Steady Eruptions 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Plume Rise 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Controls on Plume Height 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Fallout of Clasts from Eruption Plumes 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Rise of Clasts in an Eruption Plume 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Fallout of Clasts from Eruption Plumes 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Unstable Eruption Columns 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Plume Density and Column Stability 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 Causes of Column Instability 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Summary 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Further Reading 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Questions to Think About 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Transient Volcanic Eruptions 99\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Magmatic Explosions 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Modeling Transient Magmatic Explosions 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.1 Relating Vent Pressures to Eruption Velocities 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.2 Predicting the Range of Ballistic Clasts 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.3 Plume Heights in Transient Eruptions 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Transient Eruptions Involving External Water 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Types of Hydromagmatic Eruptions 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Mechanisms of Violent Magma–Water Interactions 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Tephra from Hydromagmatic Eruptions 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Summary 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Further Reading 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Questions to Think About 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Pyroclastic Falls and Pyroclastic Density Currents 111\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Fallout of Clasts from Eruption Columns 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Fallout from the Rising Eruption Column 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Fallout from the Umbrella Region 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Fall Speeds of Pyroclasts 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Other Factors Affecting Fallout from Eruption Columns 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Common Features of Fall Deposits 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 The Application of Eruption Column Models 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Analyzing a Fall Deposit 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Estimating the Eruption Rate and the Eruption Speed 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Finding the Wind Speed 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Finding the Fall Deposit Volume and the Eruption Duration 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Fall Deposits: Summary 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Pyroclastic Density Currents and Their Deposits 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Origins of Pyroclastic Density Currents 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.1 Column Collapse and Pyroclastic Fountaining 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.2 Directed Blasts and Collapses from Lava Domes and Flows 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Pyroclastic Density Current Emplacement Processes 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Nature of the Deposits 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Summary 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Further Reading 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Questions to Think About 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Lava Flows 133\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Origin of Lava Flows 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Types of Lava Flows 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Lava Flow Rheology 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Rheological Control of Lava Flow Geometry 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Lava Flow Motion 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Lengths of Lava Flows 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Surface Textures of Lava Flows 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Effects of Ground Slope and Lava Viscosity 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Summary 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Further Reading 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Questions to Think About 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Eruption Styles, Scales, and Frequencies 153\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Chemical Composition and Styles of Volcanic Activity 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Chemical Composition and Effusive Eruptions 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Conditions of Effusive Eruption 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Chemical Composition and Lava Flows 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Chemical Composition and Explosive Eruptions 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Transient and Sustained Explosive Activity 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Chemical Composition and Transient Explosive Activity 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Chemical Composition and Sustained Explosive Eruptions 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3.1 Role of Viscosity 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3.2 Role of Gas Content 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Summary of Compositional Controls on Eruption Character 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Magnitudes and Frequencies of Volcanic Eruptions 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 The Magnitude of Historic Volcanic Eruptions 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 The Magnitude of Volcanic Eruptions in the Geological Record 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3 The Frequency of Volcanic Eruptions 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.4 Magma Reservoirs and Eruption Magnitude and Frequency 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Elastic and Inelastic Eruptions and the Contribution of “Mush” 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Eruptions of Exceptional Magnitude 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.1 Introduction 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.2 Large Ignimbrite-Forming Eruptions 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.3 Flood Basalt Eruptions 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Summary 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Further Reading 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Questions to Think About 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Volcanic Hazards and Volcano Monitoring 175\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Types of Volcanic Hazards 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Lava Flows 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Pyroclastic Falls 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Ash in the Atmosphere 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Pyroclastic Density Currents and Surges 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.5 Lahars 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.6 Jökulhlaups 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.7 Volcanic Gases 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Hazard Assessment 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Monitoring Volcanoes and Short-term Eruption Prediction 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Hazard Mitigation 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Summary 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Further Reading 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Questions to Think About 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Volcanoes and Climate 191\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Evidence for the Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Climate 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Satellite Monitoring of Climate Change After Volcanic Eruptions 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 The Effects of Volcanic Eruptions on Climate 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 The Influence of Plume Height on Climate Change 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 The Effect of Geographical Location on Climate Impact 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 The Effects of Eruption Volume on Climate Impact 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 The Effects of Magma Composition on Climate Impact 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.5 The Effects of Eruption Duration on Climate Impact 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Volcanoes and Mass Extinctions 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Summary 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Further Reading 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Questions to Think About 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Volcanism on Other Planets 203\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Volcanically Active Bodies in the Solar System 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 The Effects of Environmental Conditions on Volcanic Processes 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 The Moon 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Mars 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Venus 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Mercury 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Io 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Europa 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Differentiated Asteroids 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Summary 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 Further Reading 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13 Questions to Think About 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnswers to Questions 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 231\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eElisabeth Parfitt\u003c\/b\u003e was previously a lecturer in Physical Volcanology at the University of Leeds and an Honorary Research Fellow at Lancaster University in the UK. She also spent time in the USA as a Research Scientist at Brown University and at the State University of New York at Buffalo. She currently works as an Archivist in North Wales. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLionel Wilson\u003c\/b\u003e is Emeritus Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Lancaster University, UK. He is also a Visiting Professor at the University of Hawai‘i and Brown University in the USA. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLaura Kerber\u003c\/b\u003e is a Research Scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and a Visiting Associate in Planetary Sciences at the California Institute of Technology.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe world’s leading student text on physical volcanology offers an unmatched introduction to the field\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the revised second edition of \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Physical Volcanology\u003c\/i\u003e, the authors provide a comprehensive introduction to the processes that control when and how volcanoes erupt. Understanding these processes involves bringing together ideas from a number of disciplines, including branches of geology, such as petrology and geochemistry, and aspects of physics, such as fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith the help of new and improved illustrations, this new edition explains eruption types and mechanisms, subsurface processes, volcanic eruption products, and how volcanoes affect their surrounding environment. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReaders will also find: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuantitative treatment of physical volcanological processes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA review of the historical development of volcanology\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExamples of current research trends and topics in volcanology\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for undergraduate earth sciences students and graduate students starting research programs in volcanology, \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Physical Volcanology\u003c\/i\u003e will also earn a place in the libraries of researchers in related fields seeking an accessible introduction to the principles of physical volcanology.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989262647525,"sku":"NP9781119266419","price":53.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119266419.jpg?v=1761783427","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/fundamentals-of-physical-volcanology-isbn-9781119266419","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}