{"product_id":"fundamentals-of-in-vivo-magnetic-resonance-isbn-9781394233090","title":"Fundamentals of In Vivo Magnetic Resonance","description":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAuthoritative reference explaining why and how the most important, radiation-free technique for elucidating tissue properties in the body works \u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eIn Vivo Magnetic Resonance \u003c\/i\u003ehelps readers develop an understanding of the fundamental physical processes that take place inside the body that can be probed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), uniquely bridging the gap between the physics of magnetic resonance (MR) image formation and the \u003ci\u003ein vivo \u003c\/i\u003eprocesses that influence the detected signals, thereby equipping the reader with the mathematical tools essential to study the spin interactions leading to various contrast mechanisms.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith a focus on clinical relevance, this book equips readers with practical knowledge that can be directly applied in medical settings, enabling informed decision-making and advancements in the field of medical imaging. The material arises from the lecture notes for a Stanford University Department of Radiology course taught for over 15 years.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAided by clever illustrations, the book takes a step-by-step approach to explain complex concepts in a comprehensible manner. Readers can test their understanding by working on approximately 60 sample problems.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWritten by two highly qualified authors with significant experience in the field, \u003ci\u003eIn Vivo Magnetic Resonance \u003c\/i\u003eincludes information on:  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe fundamental imaging equations of MRI \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuantum elements of magnetic resonance, including linear vector spaces, Dirac notation, Hilbert Space, Liouville Space, and associated mathematical concepts \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNuclear spins, covering external and internal interactions, chemical shifts, dipolar coupling, J-coupling, the spin density operator, and the product operator formalism \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ci\u003eIn vivo \u003c\/i\u003eMR spectroscopy methods \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMR relaxation theory and the underlying sources of image contrast accessible via modern clinical MR imaging techniques \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith comprehensive yet accessible coverage of the subject and a wealth of learning resources included throughout, \u003ci\u003eIn Vivo Magnetic Resonance \u003c\/i\u003eis an ideal text for graduate students in the fields of physics, biophysics, biomedical physics, and materials science, along with lecturers seeking classroom aids. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 A Brief History of MR 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 NMR versus MRI 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 The Roadmap 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Classical Description of MR 11\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Nuclear Magnetism 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Net Magnetization and the Bloch Equations 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Rf Excitation and Reception 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Spatial Localization 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 The MRI Signal Equation 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Summary 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Notes 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Quantum Mechanical Description of MR 27\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Why Quantum Mechanics for Magnetic Resonance? 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Historical Developments 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Wave Functions 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Mathematics of QM 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Linear Vector Spaces 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Dirac Notation and Hilbert Space 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Liouville Space 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 The Six Postulates of QM 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Postulate 1 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Postulate 2 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Postulate 3 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Postulate 4 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Postulate 5 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 Postulate 6 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 MR in Hilbert Space 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Review of Spin Operators 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Single Spin in a Magnetic Field 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Ensemble of Spins in a Magnetic Field 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 MR in Liouville Space 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Statistical Mixture of Quantum States 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 The Density Operator 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 The Spin-lattice Disconnect 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Hilbert Space versus Liouville Space 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5 Observations About the Spin Density Operator 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.6 Solving the Liouville von Neuman Equation 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Summary 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Notes 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Nuclear Spins 67\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Review of the Spin Density Operator and the Hamiltonian 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 External Interactions 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Internal Interactions 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Chemical Shift 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Dipolar Coupling 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 J Coupling 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Summary 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Notes 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Product Operator Formalism 81\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 The Density Operator, Populations, and Coherences 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Spin Systems and Associated Density Operators 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Density Matrix Calculations 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 POF for Single-Spin Coherence Space 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 POF for Two-Spin Coherence Space 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Branch Diagrams 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Multiple Quantum Coherences and 2D NMR 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Polarization Transfer 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Spectral Editing 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 J-difference Editing 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Multiple-quantum Filtering 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Summary 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Notes 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 In vivo MRS 113\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 \u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003eH MRS 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Acquisition Methods 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Detectable Metabolites and Applications 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 \u003csup\u003e31\u003c\/sup\u003eP-MRS 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 \u003csup\u003e13\u003c\/sup\u003eC-MRS 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Acquisition Methods 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 \u003csup\u003e13\u003c\/sup\u003eC Infusion Studies 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Hyperpolarized 13 c 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Deuterium Metabolic Imaging 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 \u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003eNa-MRI 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Summary 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Relaxation Fundamentals 145\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Basic Principles 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Molecular Motion 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Stochastic Processes 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 A Simple Model of Relaxation 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Dipolar Coupling 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 The Solomon Equations 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Calculating Transition Rates 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Nuclear Overhauser Effect 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Chemical Exchange 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Introduction 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Effects on Longitudinal Magnetization 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Effects on Transverse Magnetization 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Examples 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 In Vivo Water 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Hydration Layers 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Tissue Relaxation Times 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Magic Angle Effects 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Magnetization Transfer Contrast (MTC) 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5 Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5.1 Amide Proton (–NH) Transfer (APT) 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5.2 Hydroxyl (–OH) CEST 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5.3 Amine (–NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e) CEST 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Summary 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Notes 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Redfield Theory of Relaxation 181\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Perturbation Theory and the Interaction Frame of Reference 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 The Master Equation of NMR 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Calculating Relaxation Times 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Relaxation Mechanisms 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Dipolar Coupling Revisited 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Scalar Relaxation of the 1 st Kind and 2 nd Kind 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Chemical Shift Anisotropy (CSA) 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Relaxation in the Rotating Frame 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Physics of \u003ci\u003eT\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003e1\u003ci\u003eρ\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 The Spin-Lock Experiment 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Choosing the Optimum Spin-Lock Frequency 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 Rf Power Considerations 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.5 Adiabatic Spin-Lock 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.6 Applications 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Illustrative Redfield Theory Examples 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Hyperpolarized \u003csup\u003e13\u003c\/sup\u003eC-urea 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Hyperpolarized \u003csup\u003e13\u003c\/sup\u003eC-Pyr 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Summary 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Notes 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 MRI Contrast Agents 213\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Solomon–Bloembergen–Morgan Theory 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Gd\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c\/sup\u003e-Based \u003ci\u003eT\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003e1\u003c\/sub\u003e Contrast Agents 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 \u003ci\u003eT\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eand\u003ci\u003e T\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csup\u003e∗\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eContrast Agents 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 \u003ci\u003eT\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e, Diffusion, and Outer-Sphere Relaxation 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 SPIOs and USPIOs 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 PARACEST Contrast Agents 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Contrast Agents in the Clinic 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Gd-Based Agents 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Iron-Based Agents 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Summary 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 In vivo Examples 229\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Relaxation Properties of the Brain 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Morphological Imaging 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Perfusion Imaging 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Diffusion-weighted Imaging (DWI) 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4 Imaging Myelin 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.5 Susceptibility-weighted Imaging (SWI) 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Relaxation Properties of Blood 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Hemoglobin and Red Blood Cells 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 MRI Blood Oximetry 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 MRI of Hemorrhage 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Relaxation Properties of Cartilage 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 \u003ci\u003eT\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eMapping 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 DWI 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 \u003ci\u003eT\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003e1\u003ci\u003eρ\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e Mapping and Dispersion 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 gagCEST 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5 dGEMRIC 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.6 Ultrashort TE (UTE) Imaging 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.7 Sodium MRI 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.8 Summary 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Synopsis 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantum Mechanics 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpin Physics 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelaxation Theory 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical MRI 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 265\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDaniel M. Spielman, \u003c\/b\u003ePhD, is Professor of Radiology at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. He is a fellow of both the American Institute for Medical \u0026amp; Biological Engineering (AIMBE) and International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM), and has received multiple teaching awards including the ISMRM Outstanding Teacher Award (2005) and Stanford Department of Radiology Research Faculty of the Year (2022).  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKeshav Datta, \u003c\/b\u003ePhD, is Vice President, Research \u0026amp; Development, at VIDA Diagnostics Inc., Coralville, IA, USA, a precision lung health company, accelerating therapies to patients through AI-powered lung intelligence. He is also a Consulting Research Scientist at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAuthoritative reference explaining why and how the most important, radiation-free technique for elucidating tissue properties in the body works \u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eIn Vivo Magnetic Resonance \u003c\/i\u003ehelps readers develop an understanding of the fundamental physical processes that take place inside the body that can be probed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), uniquely bridging the gap between the physics of magnetic resonance (MR) image formation and the \u003ci\u003ein vivo \u003c\/i\u003eprocesses that influence the detected signals, thereby equipping the reader with the mathematical tools essential to study the spin interactions leading to various contrast mechanisms.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith a focus on clinical relevance, this book equips readers with practical knowledge that can be directly applied in medical settings, enabling informed decision-making and advancements in the field of medical imaging. The material arises from the lecture notes for a Stanford University Department of Radiology course taught for over 15 years.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAided by clever illustrations, the book takes a step-by-step approach to explain complex concepts in a comprehensible manner. Readers can test their understanding by working on approximately 60 sample problems.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWritten by two highly qualified authors with significant experience in the field, \u003ci\u003eIn Vivo Magnetic Resonance \u003c\/i\u003eincludes information on:  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe fundamental imaging equations of MRI \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuantum elements of magnetic resonance, including linear vector spaces, Dirac notation, Hilbert Space, Liouville Space, and associated mathematical concepts \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNuclear spins, covering external and internal interactions, chemical shifts, dipolar coupling, J-coupling, the spin density operator, and the product operator formalism \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ci\u003eIn vivo \u003c\/i\u003eMR spectroscopy methods \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMR relaxation theory and the underlying sources of image contrast accessible via modern clinical MR imaging techniques \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith comprehensive yet accessible coverage of the subject and a wealth of learning resources included throughout, \u003ci\u003eIn Vivo Magnetic Resonance \u003c\/i\u003eis an ideal text for graduate students in the fields of physics, biophysics, biomedical physics, and materials science, along with lecturers seeking classroom aids.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989260058853,"sku":"NP9781394233090","price":93.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781394233090.jpg?v=1761783416","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/fundamentals-of-in-vivo-magnetic-resonance-isbn-9781394233090","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}