{"product_id":"fundamentals-of-gas-shale-reservoirs-isbn-9781118645796","title":"Fundamentals of Gas Shale Reservoirs","description":"Provides comprehensive information about the key exploration, development and optimization concepts required for gas shale reservoirs\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes statistics about gas shale resources and countries that have shale gas potential\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eAddresses the challenges that oil and gas industries may confront for gas shale reservoir exploration and development\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIntroduces petrophysical analysis, rock physics, geomechanics and passive seismic methods for gas shale plays\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetails shale gas environmental issues and challenges, economic consideration for gas shale reservoirs\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes case studies of major producing gas shale formations\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eContributors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Gas Shale: Global Significance Distribution and Challenges 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Shale Gas Overview 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Shale Gas Geology 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Characteristics of a Producing Shale Gas Play 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 The Significance of Shale Gas 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Global Shale Gas Resources 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Sources of Information 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Resource Estimation Methodologies 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Global Resource Data 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 China 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 The United States 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Mexico 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4 Southern South America 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5 South Africa 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.6 Australia 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.7 Canada 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.8 North Africa 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.9 Poland 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.10 France 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.11 Russia 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.12 Scandinavia 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.13 Middle East 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.14 India 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.15 Pakistan 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.16 Northwest Africa 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.17 Eastern Europe (Outside of Poland) 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.18 Germany and Surrounding Nations 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.19 The United Kingdom 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.20 Northern South America 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.21 Turkey 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Data Assessment 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Distribution 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Basin Type 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.3 Depositional Environment 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.4 TOC Content 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.5 Clay Content 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Industry Challenges 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.1 Environmental Challenges 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.2 Commercial\/Economic 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Discussion 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Conclusions 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A.1 Global Shale Gas Resource Data 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Organic Matter]Rich Shale Depositional Environments 21\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Processes Behind the Deposition of Organic Matter]Rich Shale 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Processes Behind the Transport and Deposition of Mud 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Production Destruction and Dilution: The Many Roads to Black Shale 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Stratigraphic Distribution of Organic Matter]Rich Shales 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Geographic Distribution of Organic Matter]Rich Shales 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Background 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Controls on the Geographic Distribution of Black Shales 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Organic Matter]Rich Shale Depositional Environments 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Continental Depositional Environments 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Paralic Depositional Environments 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Shallow Marine Depositional Environments 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.4 Deep Marine Depositional Environments 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Conclusion 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Geochemical Assessment of Unconventional Shale Gas Resource Systems 47\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Objective and Background 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Kerogen Quantity and Quality 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Sample Type and Quality 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Kerogen Type and Compositional Yields 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Thermal Maturity 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Organoporosity Development 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Gas Contents 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Expulsion–Retention of Petroleum 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Secondary (Petroleum) Cracking 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Upper Maturity Limit for Shale Gas 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Gas Composition and Carbon Isotopes 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Additional Geochemical Analyses for Shale Gas Resource System Evaluation 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 Oil and Condensate with Shale Gas 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15 Major Shale Gas Resource Systems 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16 Conclusions 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Sequence Stratigraphy of Unconventional Resource Shales 71\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 General Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Unconventional Resource Shales 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Ages of Sea]Level Cycles 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Water Depth of Mud Transport and Deposition 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Criteria to Identify Sequences and Systems Tracts 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Paleozoic Resource Shale Examples 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Barnett Shale (Devonian) 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Woodford Shale (Late Devonian–Early Mississippian) 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Marcellus Shale (Devonian) 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 New Albany Shale (Upper Devonian–Lower Mississippian) 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Mesozoic Resource Shale Examples 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Montney Formation (Early Triassic) 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Haynesville\/Bossier Shales (Late Jurassic) 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Eagle Ford Formation (Cretaceous) 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.4 LaLuna Formation (Upper Cretaceous) 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Cenozoic Resource Shale Example 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Conclusions 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Applications 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Pore Geometry in Gas Shale Reservoirs 89\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Gas Shales and Their Challenges 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Pore Size Classification 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Samples Characteristics 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Sample Collection 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Mineral Composition 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Experimental Methodology 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Capillary Pressure Profile 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Nitrogen Adsorption (N2) 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Low]Field NMR 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Image Acquisition and Analysis 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental PSD Methods 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Permeability Measurement 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Results 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Pore Size Distribution from MICP Experiments 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Pore Size Distribution from Nitrogen Adsorption Experiments 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 NMR T2 Relaxation Time 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.5 Focused Ion Beam\/Scanning Electron Microscopy 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.6 Capillary Pressure and Permeability 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Discussion 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Porosity and PSD Comparisons 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Interchanging MICP with NMR Data 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3 Pore]Body to Pore]Throat Size Ratio: Pore Geometry Complexity 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.4 Pore Throat Size and Permeability 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.5 Mineralogy 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Conclusions 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 5.A XRD Results 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Petrophysical Evaluation of Gas Shale Reservoirs 117\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Key Properties for Gas Shale Evaluation 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Pore System Characteristics 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Organic Matter Characteristics 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Permeability 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Gas Storage Capacity 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Shale Composition 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.6 Geomechanical Properties 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Petrophysical Measurements of Gas Shale Reservoirs 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Pore Structure Evaluation Techniques 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Fluid Saturation Measurement 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Permeability Measurement 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Adsorbed Gas Measurement 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Well Log Analysis of Gas Shale Reservoirs 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Well Log Signatures of Gas Shale Formations 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Well Log Interpretation of Gas Shale Formations 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Pore Pressure Prediction for Shale Formations Using well Log Data 139\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Normal Pressure 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Overpressure 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Overpressure-Generating Mechanisms 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Loading Mechanisms 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Unloading Mechanisms (Fluid Expansion) 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 World Examples of Overpressures 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Overpressure Indicators from Drilling Data 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.5 Identification of Shale Intervals 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Overpressure Estimation Methods 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Overview of the Compaction Theory 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Eaton’s Method 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Effective Stress Method 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Bowers’s Method 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 The Role of Tectonic Activities on Pore Pressure In Shales 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Geology of the Study Area 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Stress Field in the Perth Basin 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Pore Pressure in Tectonically Active Regions (Uplifted Areas) 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Pore Pressure in Tectonically Stable Regions 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5 Origins of Overpressure in Kockatea Shale 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Discussion 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Significance of Pore Pressure Study 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Overpressure Detection and Estimation 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Pore Pressure and Compressional Tectonics 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4 Overpressure-Generating Mechanisms 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.5 Overpressure Results Verifications 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusions 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Geomechanics of Gas Shales 169\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Mechanical Properties of Gas Shale Reservoirs 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Gas Shale Reservoir Properties under Triaxial Loading 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 True]Triaxial Tests 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Gas Shale Reservoir Properties under Ultrasonic Tests 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Nanoindentation Tests on Gas Shale Plays 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Scratch Tests 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Anisotropy 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Anisotropy in Gas Shale Reservoirs 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Wellbore Instability in Gas Shale Reservoirs 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Structurally Controlled Instability 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Instability Due to Directional Dependency of Geomechanical Parameters 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Time]Dependent Instability 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Rock Physics Analysis of Shale Reservoirs 191\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Laboratory Measurements on Shales: Available Datasets 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Organic Matter Effects on Elastic Properties 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Partial Saturation Effects 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Maturity Effects 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Seismic Response of Orss 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Conclusions 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Passive Seismic Methods for Unconventional Resource Development 207\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Geomechanics and Natural Fracture Basics for Application to Hydraulic Fracturing 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Basics of Earth Stress and Strain 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Natural Fracture Basics and Interaction with Hydraulic Fractures 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Seismic Phenomena 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 MEQs and Their Magnitudes 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Earthquake Focal Mechanisms 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Other Types of Seismic Activity Produced by Hydraulic Fracturing 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Microseismic Downhole Monitoring 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Downhole Monitoring Methodology 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Downhole Monitoring 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Monitoring Passive Seismic Emissions with Surface and Shallow Buried Arrays 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Recording 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Seismic Emission Tomography 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 MEQ Methods 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4 Imaging Cumulative Seismic Activity 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.5 Direct Imaging of Fracture Networks 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.6 Comparison of Downhole Hypocenters and Fracture Images 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.7 Summary 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Integrating Interpreting and Using Passive Seismic Data 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 General Considerations 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Interpreting Reservoir Stress from Focal Mechanisms 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3 Fracture Width Height SRV and Tributary Drainage Volume 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.4 Using Passive Seismic Results for Frac Well]Test and Reservoir Simulation 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Conclusions 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Gas Transport Processes in Shale 245\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Detection of Nanopores in Shale Samples 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Gas Flow in Micropores and Nanopores 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Gas Flow in a Network of Pores in Shale 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Gas Sorption in Shale 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Diffusion in Bulk Kerogen 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Measurement of Gas Molecular Diffusion into Kerogen 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Pulse]Decay Permeability Measurement Test 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.1 Pulse]Decay Pressure Analysis 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.2 Estimation of Permeability Parameters with the Pulse]Decay Experiment 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Crushed Sample Test 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.1 Porosity Measurement 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.2 Crushed Sample Pressure Analysis for Permeability Measurement 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.3 Crushed Sample Permeability Estimation with Early]Time Pressure Data 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.4 Crushed Sample Permeability Estimation with Late]Time Pressure Data 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Canister Desorption Test 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.1 Permeability Estimation with Early Time Cumulative Desorbed Gas Data 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.2 Permeability Estimation with Late]Time Cumulative Desorbed Gas Data 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 A Review of the Critical Issues Surrounding the Simulation of Transport and Storage in Shale Reservoirs 267\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Microgeometry of Organic]Rich Shale Reservoirs 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Gas Storage Mechanisms 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Fluid Transport 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Capillary Pressure Relaxation to Equilibrium State and Deposition of Stimulation Water 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Characterization of Fluid Behavior and Equations of State Valid for Nanoporous Media 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Viscosity Corrections 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Corrections for Interfacial Tension 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Upscaling Heterogeneous Shale]Gas Reservoirs into Large Homogenized Simulation Grid Blocks 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 Upscaling Fine Continuum Model of Shale to Lumped]Parameter Leaky Tank Model of Shale 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2 Upscaling Finely Detailed Continuum Model of Shale to Coarse Continuum Model of Shale 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Final Remarks 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Performance Analysis of Unconventional Shale Reservoirs 283\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Shale Reservoir Production 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Flow Rate Decline Analysis 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Decline Curve Analysis in Unconventional Reservoirs 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Flow Rate Transient Analysis (RTA) and its Relation to Rate Decline Analysis 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Field Applications 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Flow Rate and Pressure Transient Analysis in Unconventional Reservoirs 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Bilinear Flow Regime in Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Linear Flow Analysis for Reservoir Permeability 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Field Applications 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 Type-Curve Matching 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Reservoir Modeling and Simulation 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 History Matching and Forecasting 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Dual-Porosity Single-Phase Modeling 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Dual-Porosity Multicomponent Gas Modeling 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Specialty Short-Term Tests 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Mini-DST 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Mini-Frac Test 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Enhanced Oil Recovery 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Conclusion 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Resource Estimation for Shale Gas Reservoirs 301\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Unique Properties of Shale 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2 Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.3 Energy Information Administration’s Classification System 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.4 Reserves Estimate Methodology for Unconventional Gas Reservoirs 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.5 Monte Carlo Probabilistic Approach 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.6 Analytical Models 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.7 Economic Analysis 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.8 Region]Level World Shale Gas Resource Assessments 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.9 Shale Gas OGIP Assessment in North America 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.10 Recent Shale Gas Production and Activity Trends 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.11 Drilling Stimulation and Completion Methods in Shale Gas Reservoirs 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Methodology 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Resource Evaluation of Shale Gas Plays 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Reservoir Model 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Well Spacing Determination 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Reservoir Parameters Sensitivity Analysis 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Reservoir Parameters 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.5 Model Verification 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.6 Resource Assessment 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.7 Reserve Evaluation 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Discussion 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Molecular Simulation of Gas Adsorption in Minerals and Coal: Implications for Gas Occurrence in Shale Gas Reservoirs 325\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulation 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Major Challenges in Shale Gas Research 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.3 MS of Gas Adsorption 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.4 Methodology and Workflow of Molecular Simulation 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.5 Simulation Algorithms and Software 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 MS of Gas Adsorption on Minerals 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 MD Simulation of Gas Adsorption on Quartz 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Gas Adsorption on Wyoming]Type Montmorillonite 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 MD Simulation of Gas Adsorption on Zeolite 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.4 MD Simulation of Gas Adsorption on Coal 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Conclusions 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Wettability of Gas Shale Reservoirs 341\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Wettability 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Imbibition in Gas Shales 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Factors Influencing Water Imbibition in Shales 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Sample Expansion 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Depositional Lamination 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Chemical Osmosis 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.4 Water Film and Salt Crystals 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.5 Water Adsorption (Clay Swelling) 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.6 Connectivity of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Pore Networks 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.7 Effect of Polymer and Surfactant 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Quantitative Interpretation of Imbibition Data 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Scaling Imbibition Data 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Modeling Imbibition Data 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Estimation of Brine Imbibition at the Field Scale 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Initial Water Saturation in Gas Shales 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Conclusions 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Gas Shale Challenges Over The Asset Life Cycle 361\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 The Asset Life Cycle 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Exploration Phase Objectives—Recommended Practices 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Appraisal Phase Objectives—Recommended Practices 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Development Phase Objectives—Recommended Practices 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.4 Production Phase Objectives—Recommended Practices 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.5 Rejuvenation Phase Objectives—Recommended Practices 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Exploration Phase Discussion 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Screening Study—Current Practice 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Screening Study Recommended Practices 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 Reservoir Characterization—Current Practice 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.4 Reservoir Characterization—Recommended Practices 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.5 Determining Initial Economic Value and Reservoir Potential 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Appraisal Phase Discussion 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Drill Appraisal Wells—Current Practice 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Drill Appraisal Wells—Recommended Practices 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Build Reservoir Models for Simulation—Current Practice 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.4 Build Reservoir Models for Simulation—Recommended Practices 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.5 Generate a Field Development Plan—Current Practice 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.6 Generate a Field Development Plan—Recommended Practices 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.7 Validate Economics of the Play or Pilot Project 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Development Phase Discussion 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1 Implement the Field Development Plan 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 Surface Facilities 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.3 Design Wells and Optimize Drilling Costs—Current Practice 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.4 Design Wells and Optimize Drilling Costs—Recommended Practice 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.5 Refine and Optimize Hydraulic Fracturing and Wellbore Completion Design—Current Practices (Characterize the Lateral) 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.6 Current Hydraulic Fracturing Practices 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.7 Hydraulic Fracturing—Recommended Practices 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.8 Characterize the Lateral 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.9 Current Wellbore Completion Practice 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.10 Wellbore Completion—Recommended Practices 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.11 Drilling Considerations for Completion Methods 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.12 Fracturing Considerations for Completion Method 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Production Phase Discussion 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1 Monitor and Optimize Producing Rates—Current Practice 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.2 Monitor and Optimize Producing Rates—Recommended Practices 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.3 Manage the Water Cycle—Recommended Practices 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.4 Preventing Corrosion Scaling and Bacterial Contamination in Wells and Facilities 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.5 Protecting the Environment 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Rejuvenation Phase Discussion 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 Conclusions—Recommended Practices 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Gas Shale Environmental Issues and Challenges 381\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Overview 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Water Use 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 The Disposal and Reuse of Fracking Wastewater 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Groundwater Contamination 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Methane Emissions 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Other Air Emissions 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Social Impacts on Shale Gas Communities 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Induced Seismicity: Wastewater Injection and Earthquakes 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Regulatory Developments 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10 Disclosure of Fracking Chemicals 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.11 At the Federal Government Level 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12 Conclusion 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“Comprehensive and up-to-date, Fundamentals of Gas Shale Reservoirs is an essential reference for anyone interested in gas shale reservoirs. It is also a must have text for students, of any discipline, studying non-conventional oil and gas resources and it is bound to become the 'gold standard' textbook in this field. In addition, this book is available in both print and e-book edition, making it easy to choose the format that best suits your needs.”  (\u003ci\u003eTundraco\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 October 2015)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cb\u003eReza Rezaee\u003c\/b\u003e is a Professor in the Department of Petroleum Engineering at Curtin University, Australia. He is the winner of Australian Gas innovation research 2012 award for introducing a new method to enhance natural gas production from tight gas reservoirs. He has published more than 120 peer-reviewed journal and conference papers and is the author of 3 books. His current research has been focused on integrated reservoir characterization, formation evaluation and petrophysics. He is a former “Research Fellow”, School of Geology and Geophysics, Oklahoma University.  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProvides comprehensive information about the key exploration, development and optimization concepts required for gas shale reservoirs\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eNatural gas production from hydrocarbon rich shale formations, known as “shale gas”, is one of the most rapidly expanding trends in onshore domestic oil and gas exploration and production today. \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Gas Shale Reservoirs\u003c\/i\u003e introduces the reader to the topic of shale gas reservoirs and highlights the importance of the shale gas.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e In general this book provides comprehensive information about the key exploration, development and optimization concepts required for shale gas reservoirs. It addresses the challenges that oil and gas industries may confront for gas shale reservoir exploration and development. Specifically it covers such topics as shale gas classification, economic considerations, hydraulic fracturing, environmental considerations and issues, reserve estimation, and fluid flow mechanism in shale among others. Through contributions from leading experts in diverse fields, \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Gas Shale Reservoirs\u003c\/i\u003e  features statistics about gas shale resources as well as countries that have shale gas potential.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Other topics covered include:\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Organic geochemical properties of shale gas resource systems\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Wettability of gas shale reservoirs\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Methods used for evaluating pore geometry in shales\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Shale gas geomechanics\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Gas transport processes in shale\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Finally the book includes case studies of major producing gas shales including Barnett, Haynesville, and Marcellus.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Reza Rezaee is a Professor in the Department of Petroleum Engineering at Curtin University, Australia. He is the winner of Australian Gas innovation research 2012 award for introducing a new method to enhance natural gas production from shale gas and tight gas reservoirs. He is a former “Research Fellow”, School of Geology and Geophysics, Oklahoma University.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989259436261,"sku":"NP9781118645796","price":167.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118645796.jpg?v=1761783413","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/fundamentals-of-gas-shale-reservoirs-isbn-9781118645796","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}