{"product_id":"fundamentals-of-critical-care-isbn-9781119783251","title":"Fundamentals of Critical Care","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFundamentals of Critical Care\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Textbook for Nursing and Healthcare Students\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Critical Care\u003c\/i\u003e, a team of clinicians and health educators deliver an accessible, timely, and evidence-based introduction to the role of nurses and healthcare practitioners in critical care. The book explores fundamental concepts in critical care and their implications for practice. Each chapter outlines essential knowledge necessary to understand key concepts and includes high quality, full-colour artwork to enhance learning and recall.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReaders are also provided with clinical scenarios, practice questions, and red and orange flags to indicate physiological and psychological alerts respectively. Covering a range of common and specialised disease processes and treatments requiring critical care, the book provides:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to the critical care unit, including philosophies of care, ways of working, humanisation, and outreach\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive exploration of organisational influences, including political, local, national, and international influences\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussion of legal, ethical, and professional issues, as well as evidence-based approaches to critical care\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth examination of nursing care assessment tools, nursing communication, cognition, pharmacology, and more\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for nursing students and trainee nursing associates, \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Critical Care: A Textbook for Nursing and Healthcare Students\u003c\/i\u003e will also earn a place in the libraries of healthcare students in physiotherapy, paramedicine, medicine, and those returning to practice.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll content reviewed by students for students.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIf you would like to be one of our student reviewers, go to \u003cb\u003ewww.reviewnursingbooks.com\u003c\/b\u003e to find out more.\u003cbr\u003eTo receive automatic updates on Wiley books and journals, join our email list. Sign up today at \u003cb\u003ewww.wiley.com\/email\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContributors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow to use your textbook xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the companion website xxxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 1 The critical care unit 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVikki Park\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevels of care 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe critical care environment 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical care patients 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel 1 care 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel 2 care 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel 3 care 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical care competence 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interprofessional team 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunication 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWays of working 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding philosophies of care 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumanising critical care 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurviving critical care 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeath in critical care 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResilience 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing considerations and recommendations for practice 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture challenges 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2 Organisational influences 14\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVikki Park\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe four UK nations 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegislation 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfessional Statutory Regulatory Bodies (PSRBs) 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShared decision making 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapacity for shared decision making 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidentiality 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecisions relating to end-of-life care 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk management 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational influences 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNational influences 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUK government organisations 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetworks 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNational guidelines 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality assurance 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal policies 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing considerations and recommendations for practice 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3 Legal and ethical issues 24\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLeonie Armstrong, Tracey Carrott, and Jacqueline Newby\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidentiality 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd-of-life care and best interest decisions 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthical themes 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMental Capacity Act 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrgan donation 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsent (authorisation in Scotland) for organ donation 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst person consent 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst person opt-in 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst person opt-out 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppointed\/nominated representative (not Scotland) 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeemed consent 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ethics of deemed consent 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsent from a person in the highest-ranking relationship 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCadaveric organ donation 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe organ donation process 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost organ retrieval 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrgan allocation 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4 Professional issues in critical care 37\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAurora Medonica\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpportunities for learning 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNMC Code in critical care units: journey to independent, safe practice 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe core principles 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUK National Competency Framework: critical care 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment of critical thinking in healthcare 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prioritising process 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupport systems: the student 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5 Using an evidence-based approach 46\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003eSadie Diamond-Fox and Alexandra Gatehouse Introduction 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is evidence-based practice (EBP)? 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 1: formulating a clinical question – the PICO method 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 2: locating the evidence\/research: performing a systematic literature review 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 3: critical appraisal and the hierarchy of evidence 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 4: extracting the most relevant and useful results 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 5: implementing research into practice 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality healthcare in critical care 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical audit and quality improvement 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch and development in critical care 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6 Nursing care 58\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSarah Crowe and Fiona McLeod\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandards of care 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical care 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMobility 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical care bundles 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 7 Skin integrity 70\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVictoria Clemett\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy and physiology of the skin 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpact of ageing on skin and tissue integrity 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure ulcers 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing assessment 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevention of pressure ulcers 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of pressure ulcers 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound healing 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient factors that affect wound healing 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing assessment 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecognising wound infection 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of non-healing wounds 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 8 Shock 86\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarry Hill\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShock 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypovolaemic shock 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood analysis 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple organ dysfunction syndrome 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStaging of hypovolaemic shock 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinciples of managing hypovolaemic shock 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluid resuscitation 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraining and education for Registered Nurses 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiogenic shock 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObstructive shock 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAltered pathophysiology 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTension pneumothorax 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiac tamponade 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulmonary embolism (PE) 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistributive shock 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 9 Communication 98\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Jebb\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunicating effectively with patients 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunicating during a pandemic 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunication with families 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 10 Electronic health records 105\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTimothy Kuhn\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigitisation within healthcare 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstand your responsibilities and the law in relation to record keeping 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntensive Care Society Guidelines 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the different types of EHRs in critical care and how they are used 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding what patient data is available within the critical care unit and how this is recorded in an electronic health record 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding how EHRs are used in critical care audit and research 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the benefits and barriers to EHRs 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 11 Pharmacology 115\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSadie Diamond-Fox and Alexandra Gatehouse\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinciples of pharmacology and pharmacotherapy 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe processes of drug therapy 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedication safety in critical care 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrugs and dialysis 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCore drugs utilised within critical care 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory drugs 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiovascular drugs 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaematological drugs 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRenal drugs 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluids and electrolytes 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastrointestinal drugs 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsulin 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH2-histamine antagonists and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-emetics 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaxatives and anti-diarrhoeal drugs 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurological drugs 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalgesics 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpioids 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-opioid analgesics 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidural and regional anaesthesia 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedatives and anxiolytics 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscle relaxants 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnticonvulsants 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntideliriogenics 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunomodulatory drugs 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial agents 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntifungals 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntiviral drugs 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorticosteroids 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunoglobulins 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToxicology 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 12 Anaesthesia and sedation 138\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLorraine Mutrie and Iain Carstairs\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndications for sedation and anaesthesia 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnaesthetic and sedative medications 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedative drugs 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeuromuscular blocking agents and reversal agents 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedation management 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 13 Medicines management and drug calculations 150\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJan Guerin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurpose of pharmacological interventions in the critically ill adult patient 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegal and professional issues 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollaborative multidisciplinary team working 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedication errors 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverview of routes and methods of administering medications in CCU 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRights of medication administration 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManaging and reporting a medication error 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnaphylaxis 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathophysiology and clinical manifestations of DIA 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement for DIA 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedication calculation formulae 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisplacement 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 14 Neurological critical care 167\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSamantha O’Driscoll\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurological anatomy and physiology 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral nervous system 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurological assessment 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSigns and symptoms of increasing ICP 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary and secondary brain injury 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of raised ICP 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing care 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransfer 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 15 Cognition 186\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarry Hill and Sadie Diamond-Fox\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive impairment 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCauses of cognitive impairment 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSigns of cognitive impairment 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDelirium 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk factors 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of delirium 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleep 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment of sleep in ICU 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 16 Respiratory care: intubation and mechanical ventilation 197\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarry Hill and Lorraine Mutrie\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory failure 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypoventilation 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVentilation\/perfusion (V\/Q) mismatch 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWork of breathing 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArterial blood gases (ABGs) 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-invasive\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eventilation (NIV) 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh flow nasal oxygen 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntubation 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical ventilation 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArtificial ventilation 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinute ventilation (Vm) 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFraction of inspired oxygen 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive end-expiratory\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003epressure (PEEP) 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolume control 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure control 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInspiratory:Expiratory (I:E) ratio 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInverse ratio 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynchronisation 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumidification 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenefits of mechanical ventilation 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisks of mechanical ventilation 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVentilator care bundles 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProne positioning 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProne positioning in COVID-19 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeaning from mechanical ventilation 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 17 Lung function in critical care 213\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRana Din and Joyce Smith\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy and physiology 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition of air 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlveolar gas 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpired air 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLung volumes 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulmonary ventilation 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal respiration 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVentilation\/Perfusion 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransport of gases 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal respiration 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment of lung function 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal breath sounds (vesicular) 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsent Sounds 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWheeze 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrackles 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe work of breathing 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompliance 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistance 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmphysema 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsthma 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObstructive sleep apnoea 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProne positioning 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 18 Cardiac physiology 227\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Sinnott\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunctions of the cardiovascular system 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy of the heart and great vessels 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePericardium 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLayers of the heart 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChambers of the heart 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValves of the heart 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoronary circulation 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiac conduction system 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cardiac cycle 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiac output and blood pressure 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulation of heart rate 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStroke volume 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe regulation of blood pressure 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe microcirculation 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapillary exchange 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of ventilation on the cardiovascular system 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 19 Cardiovascular critical care 247\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlice Shaw and Paul Sinnott\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiovascular assessment 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeart rate and rhythm 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtrial ectopic beats 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVentricular ectopic beats 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood pressure 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvasive blood pressure monitoring 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral venous catheters (CVCs) and central venous pressure (CVP) 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarkers of organ and tissue perfusion 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurological status 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrine output 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood results 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvanced haemodynamic monitoring 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiac pacing 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing considerations and recommendations for practice 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 20 Fluids and electrolytes in critically ill patients 265\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarry Hill\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe role of the critical care nurse 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntravenous fluids 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystalloids versus colloids critical care 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluid management 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThird spacing 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment and monitoring 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraining and education 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrolyte replacement therapy 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of hyperkalaemia 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral sodium and water 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral rehydration therapy (ORT) 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral bicarbonate 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParenteral preparations for fluid and electrolyte imbalance 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlasma and plasma substitutes 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlasma substitutes 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluid overload 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe four Ds of fluid management 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHyponatraemia 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypernatraemia 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypokalaemia 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHyperkalaemia 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypophosphataemia 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypocalcaemia 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypomagnesaemia 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 21 Critical care emergencies 280\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlexandra Gatehouse and Sadie Diamond-Fox\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA – Airway 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB – Breathing 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC – Circulation\/Cardiovascular 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD – Disability 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE – Everything else (exposure, endocrine, electrolytes and environmental) 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare of the patient post return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical care emergencies and human factors 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDebriefing 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo-not-attempt-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation (DNACPR) and Recommended Summary Plan for Emergency Care and Treatment (ReSPECT) 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 22 Gastrointestinal critical care 313\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnna Riley, Joe Box, and Aileen Aherne\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy and physiology 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI monitoring and investigation in the critically ill 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImaging and endoscopy 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBowel charts and abnormal GI motility 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe acute abdomen in critical care 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon surgical procedures cared for in critical care 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-operative monitoring 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal surgical drains 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnaesthetics 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-operative complications 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound dehiscence 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI pharmacology 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 23 Nutrition in critical care 330\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarry Hill and Lorraine Mutrie\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathophysiology 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFight or flight 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistance 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhaustion 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional screening and assessment 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect calorimetry (IC) 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoutes of administration 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing considerations and recommendations for practice 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare of people with feeding tubes 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlycaemic control 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefeeding syndrome 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscontinuing feed 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional guidance 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 24 Renal critical care 343\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlexandra Gatehouse and Sadie Diamond-Fox\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy and physiology of the renal tract 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVascular supply 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRenin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RASS) 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe nephrons 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl of plasma osmolality 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrolyte balance 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcid-base balance 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRenal failure 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcute kidney injury 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of AKI 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathophysiology 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrgan cross-talk 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk factors for AKI 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical features and examination 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvestigations 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific disorders associated with AKI 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrug-induced renal damage 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of AKI 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical features and examination 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChronic kidney disease 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetic nephropathy 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDosing of CRRT 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnticoagulation 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrug dosing and RRT 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKidney transplantation – critical care considerations 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 25 Endocrine critical care 370\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGeraldine Fitzgerald O’Connor and Emma Long\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThyroid and parathyroid glands 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisorders of the thyroid gland 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThyroid crisis 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParathyroid glands 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisorders of the parathyroid glands 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypocalcaemia 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePituitary gland 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisorders of the pituitary gland 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes insipidus 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathophysiology 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHyperglycaemia in the critically ill 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetic emergencies 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathophysiology 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 26 Haematological and immunological critical care 385\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarry Hill, Gerri Mortimore, and Pamela Arasen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal physiology 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood components 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaematopoiesis 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisorders of erythrocytes 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB12 vitamin deficiency 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSickle cell anaemia 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic haemochromatosis 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaemostasis 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLymphoma 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisseminated intravascular coagulation 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrombocytopenia 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutropenia and sepsis 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVasculitis 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood transfusions in adults 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood sample collections 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood groups 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompatibility 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndications for blood transfusions 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatelets 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFresh frozen plasma (FFP) 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCryoprecipitate 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGranulocytes 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcedural safety 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-procedure and sampling 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdministration of the blood product 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-procedural care 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraceability 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient information 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlternatives to blood transfusions 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of SaBTO recommendations on consent 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 27 Musculoskeletal considerations in critical care 411\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eClare L. Wade and Helen Sanger\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrauma 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of traumatic injury 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntensive care unit-acquired weakness 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment of musculoskeletal impairment or injury 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of musculoskeletal injury and impairment 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 28 Burn care within a critical care setting 426\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNicole Lee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of burn wound depths 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathological considerations 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurn size estimation 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn ABCDE approach to burn care 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreathing 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiovascular 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisability (neurological assessment) 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExposure (and everything else) 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological support 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 29 Maternal critical care 438\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWendy Pollock\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemiology 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdapted physiology 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecognising clinical deterioration 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing considerations and recommendations for practice 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 30 Critical care transfers 451\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKirstin Geer, Mark Cannan, and Stuart Cox\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInter-hospital and intra-hospital patient transfers 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransfer of the critically ill adult 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical care bed and repatriation 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe risks of critical care transfer 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreparation for transfer 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eABCDE process during critical care transfer 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 31 Rehabilitation after critical illness 470\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHelen Sanger and Clare L. Wade\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of critical illness – what do we mean by morbidity? 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescribing physical functioning and morbidity 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModels of post-critical care morbidity 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoals 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey timepoints in RaCI 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNational guidelines and standards 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 32 Dying and death 484\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHelen Merlane and Leonie Armstrong\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd-of-life care 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePalliative care 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDying 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecognising Dying 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvance care planning 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvolve and support 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing the dying patient 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe critical care environment 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymptom management 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd-of-life care discharges from a critical care setting 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare after death 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIan Peate OBE FRCN\u003c\/b\u003e is Senior Lecturer, Roehampton University; Visiting Professor of Nursing, St George’s University of London and Kingston University London; Visiting Professor, Northumbria University; Visiting Senior Clinical Fellow, University of Hertfordshire, and Editor-in-Chief of the \u003ci\u003eBritish Journal of Nursing.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e Barry Hill\u003c\/b\u003e is the Director of Education (Employability) for Nursing, Midwifery and Health at Northumbria University. His academic practice includes teaching and learning as well as research which impacts on undergraduate, postgraduate and CPD programmes. He specialises in clinical education relating to acute and critical care, and advanced level practice.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFundamentals of Critical Care\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e A Textbook for Nursing and Healthcare Students \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Critical Care\u003c\/i\u003e, a team of clinicians and health educators deliver an accessible, timely, and evidence-based introduction to the role of nurses and healthcare practitioners in critical care. The book explores fundamental concepts in critical care and their implications for practice. Each chapter outlines essential knowledge necessary to understand key concepts and includes high quality, full-colour artwork to enhance learning and recall. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Readers are also provided with clinical scenarios, practice questions, and red and orange flags to indicate physiological and psychological alerts respectively. Covering a range of common and specialised disease processes and treatments requiring critical care, the book provides: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to the critical care unit, including philosophies of care, ways of working, humanisation, and outreach\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive exploration of organisational influences, including political, local, national, and international influences\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussion of legal, ethical, and professional issues, as well as evidence-based approaches to critical care\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth examination of nursing care assessment tools, nursing communication, cognition, pharmacology, and more\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e Perfect for nursing students and trainee nursing associates, \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Critical Care: A Textbook for Nursing and Healthcare Students\u003c\/i\u003e will also earn a place in the libraries of healthcare students in physiotherapy, paramedicine, medicine, and those returning to practice. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll content reviewed by students for students.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e If you would like to be one of our student reviewers, go to \u003cb\u003ewww.reviewnursingbooks.com\u003c\/b\u003e to find out more.\u003cbr\u003e To receive automatic updates on Wiley books and journals, join our email list. Sign up today at \u003cb\u003ewww.wiley.com\/email\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989257961701,"sku":"NP9781119783251","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119783251.jpg?v=1761783410","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/fundamentals-of-critical-care-isbn-9781119783251","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}