{"product_id":"evidence-in-medicine-isbn-9781119794141","title":"Evidence in Medicine","description":"\u003cp\u003eHigh-quality evidence is the foundation for effective treatment in medicine. As the vast amount of published medical evidence continues to grow, concerns about the quality of many studies are increasing. \u003ci\u003eEvidence in Medicine\u003c\/i\u003e is a much-needed resource that addresses the ‘medical misinformation mess’ by assessing the flaws in the research environment. This authoritative text identifies and summarises the many factors that have produced the current problems in medical research, including bias in randomised controlled trials, questionable research practices, falsified data, manipulated findings, and more. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis volume brings together the findings from meta-research studies and systematic reviews to explore the quality of clinical trials and other medical research, explaining the character and consequences of poor-quality medical evidence using clear language and a wealth of supporting references. The text suggests planning strategies to transform the research process and provides an extensive list of the actions that could be taken by researchers, regulators, and other key stakeholders to address defects in medical evidence. This timely volume: \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eEnables readers to select reliable studies and recognise misleading research \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eHighlights the main types of biased and wasted studies \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiscusses how incentives in the research environment influence the quality of evidence \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIdentifies the problems researchers need to guard against in their work \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDescribes the scale of poor-quality research and explores why the problems are widespread \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes a summary of key findings on poor-quality research and a listing of proposed initiatives to improve research evidence \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eContains extensive citations to references, reviews, commentaries, and landmark studies \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEvidence in Medicine\u003c\/i\u003e is required reading for all researchers who create evidence, funders and publishers of medical research, students who conduct their own research studies, and healthcare practitioners wanting to deliver high-quality, evidence-based care. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAims of this book 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 1 The rationale for treatment: a brief history 7\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2 Sources of bias in randomised controlled trials 18\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod of treatment allocation 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems in measuring the outcome 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow-up and missing outcomes 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMissing outcome data and intention to treat 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther methodological concerns 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3 Wasted and unhelpful trials 34\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWasted Studies 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeglected areas of research 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnhelpful outcome measures 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLack of generalisability 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeak and misleading evidence 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4 Can the analysis bias the findings? 46\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe p-value problem 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestionable research practices 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnsuring high quality analysis: the Statistical Analysis Plan 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5 Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis 56\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying relevant trials 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtracting trial data 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quality of primary trials 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePooling effect sizes across trials 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther methodological issues 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6 Fabrication, falsification and spin 73\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFabrication 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalsification 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestionable Research Practices 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpin 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetractions 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 7 Why do researchers falsify data or manipulate study findings? 83\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research environment 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch oversight 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict of interest 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividual level explanations for research misconduct 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow honest people rationalise misconduct 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 8 Developing a strategy to prevent poor quality and misleading research 103\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch environment 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch transparency 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch oversight 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch integrity 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential elements of a transformational strategy 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplementing a programme for action 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix 1 Summary of the key findings on poor quality research 118\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems in the design, conduct, analysis and reporting of studies 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency of data fabrication and falsification 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe causes of poor quality and misleading research 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings in perspective 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix 2 Initiatives to improve the quality of research 123\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChange the research environment 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImprove training 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncrease research transparency 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality of trial methodology 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrial registration 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReporting of the methods of systematic reviews 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncreasing access to and use of reporting guidelines 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplement vigorous research oversight 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePromote research integrity 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamples of coordinated initiatives 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c\/p\u003e \"\u003ci\u003eEvidence in Medicine: The Common Flaws, Why They Occur and How to Prevent Them\u003c\/i\u003e will open your eyes to the squishy underbelly of clinical research. Given the numerous pitfalls for the unwary — and overly ingenious — investigator, it is no surprise that “possibly 85 percent of clinical research is wasted.\"' \u003cb\u003e– Journal of Clinical Research Best Practices\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIain K Crombie\u003c\/b\u003e is Emeritus Professor of Public Health at Dundee University, UK. He has published more than 160 research papers as well as books on critical appraisal, research methods, grant applications, and clinical audits. He has extensive experience teaching both undergraduate and postgraduate courses in epidemiology, medical statistics, and research methods.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003eHigh-quality evidence is the foundation for effective treatment in medicine. As the vast amount of published medical evidence continues to grow, concerns about the quality of many studies are increasing. \u003ci\u003eEvidence in Medicine\u003c\/i\u003e is a much-needed resource that addresses the ‘medical misinformation mess’ by assessing the flaws in the research environment. This authoritative text identifies and summarises the many factors that have produced the current problems in medical research, including bias in randomised controlled trials, questionable research practices, falsified data, manipulated findings, and more.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis volume brings together the findings from meta-research studies and systematic reviews to explore the quality of clinical trials and other medical research, explaining the character and consequences of poor-quality medical evidence using clear language and a wealth of supporting references. The text suggests planning strategies to transform the research process and provides an extensive list of the actions that could be taken by researchers, regulators, and other key stakeholders to address defects in medical evidence. This timely volume:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnables readers to select reliable studies and recognise misleading research\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHighlights the main types of biased and wasted studies\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDiscusses how incentives in the research environment influence the quality of evidence\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIdentifies the problems researchers need to guard against in their work\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDescribes the scale of poor-quality research and explores why the problems are widespread\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes a summary of key findings on poor-quality research and a listing of proposed initiatives to improve research evidence\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eContains extensive citations to references, reviews, commentaries, and landmark studies\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEvidence in Medicine\u003c\/i\u003e is required reading for all researchers who create evidence, funders and publishers of medical research, students who conduct their own research studies, and healthcare practitioners wanting to deliver high-quality, evidence-based care.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989178302693,"sku":"NP9781119794141","price":31.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119794141.jpg?v=1761783106","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/evidence-in-medicine-isbn-9781119794141","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}