{"product_id":"environmental-geography-isbn-9780471482802","title":"Environmental Geography","description":"Environmental Geography combines traditional physical geography with a consideration of human-related environmental issues.  This unique text emphasizes physical processes and systems, using the tools of geography, such as maps, to convey information. \u003cp\u003ePreface v\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction vii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 A World In Crisis: Environment and Humanity in the Twenty-First Century \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The State of Earth’s Nations 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Prospects for the New Century 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic Development 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironment 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand Use 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 The Concept of Development 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Earth’s Capacity to Support Humans 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Carrying Capacity Concept 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Limits to Growth 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Your Role in the Global Environmental Community 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Summary 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Key Terms and Concepts 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Questions For Review 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 The Search For An Enduring Balance Between Humanity and Environment \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e17\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The Growing Environmental Impact of Human Activity 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrends in Poor and Wealthy Countries 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Sustainable Land Use: The Key to Environmental Management 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumanity as Part of Nature 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccounting for Pollution Costs and Environmental Damage 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Resource Accounting 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduction of Poverty 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Necessary Changes in Resources Policies for Sustainability 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReforming Agriculture 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePromoting Efficient Raw Material and Energy Use 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Constraints on Achieving Sustainable Land Use 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Some Geographic Requisites for Sustainability 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 A Grass-Roots Effort at Sustainable Land Use 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Measuring Sustainability 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Summary 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Key Terms and Concepts 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Questions For Review 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The Global Context and Some Geographic Imperatives \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 The Scope of Environmental Geography 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Pollution 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Disturbance 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand Use and Technology 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 The Global Context and Setting 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s Surface Features 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Coordinate System 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZones of Latitude 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere People Live in the World 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Our Geographically Integrated Planet 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance and Scale 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUncertainty and Risk 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Human Use of the Earth 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Rural World 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgriculture, Forest, and Grassland 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Urban World 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 The Role of Human Values and Environmental Regulations 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Policy and Regulation 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational Regulation 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Summary 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Key Terms and Concepts 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Questions For Review 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Global Cycles and Systems: The Master Environmental Framework \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e49\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 The General Organization of the Earth’s Environments 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLithosphere, Hydrosphere, and Atmosphere 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Biosphere 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ecological Context 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 The Source of Energy for the Earth’s Environments 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable Solar Energy 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Distribution of Solar Energy 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiation and Moisture: Implications for Life Support 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 The Major Energy Systems of Earth 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Heat Path and Geophysical Systems 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Organic Path and Life Systems 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 The Cycle of Matter in Ecosystems 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrients 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrient Cycles 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Carbon Cycle 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CO2 Balance 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Oxygen Cycle 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Oxygen Balance 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nitrogen Cycle 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Phosphorus Cycle 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Interrelations in Environmental Systems 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary Relationships 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary Relationships 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 The Gaia Concept 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeophysiology 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Questions 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Summary 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Key Terms and Concepts 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Questions for Review 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Ecosystems and the Bioclimatic Environment \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e67\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Basic Form and Function\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eof an Ecosystem 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganization of Food Chains 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy Flow 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Plant Productivity: Feeding\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcosystems 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimiting Factors 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProductivity and Climatic Limitations 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Productivity and Human Needs\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eand Impacts 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Types of Ecosystems and Their\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerrestrial Ecosystems 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompositional Traits 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Interrelations within Communities 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiogeographical Trends 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Ecosystem Patterns and Distributions 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Terrestrial Patterns 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Marine Patterns 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatterns within Climatic Zones 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Models of Spatial Dynamics\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ein Ecosystems 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuccession Theory 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisturbance Theory 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Human Factor 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Land Use as Ecosystems 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Human Impact and Disturbance\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eof Ecosystems 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Summary 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Key Terms and Concepts 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Questions for Review 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 The Spread of Humanity and the Challenge of the Last Frontiers \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e92\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Human Dispersal and Adaptation 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 The Rise of Human Populations 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Spread of Agriculture 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergence of Global Power Centers 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Zones of Human Occupation 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Frontier Environments and the Modern\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThreat 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 The Wet Tropics 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTropical Forest Loss 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Consequences 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 The Dry Lands 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Dry Environments 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoisture Variability 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesertification 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 The Cold Lands 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Cold Lands 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand Use and Environment 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 The Mountain Lands 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Barriers 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 The Continental Shelves 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Resources 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Threats 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Summary 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Key terms and Concepts 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Questions for Review 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 The Human Population: Trends, Patterns, and Problems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e111\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Historical Perspectives of Population Trends 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResources, Technology, and Population Growth 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture Population Trends in the Next Generation 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Population Patterns and Trends 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemporal and Spatial Variations in Population 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational Comparisons of Population Size and Density 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariations in Population Density Patterns 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanging Perceptions of Population Trends 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Population Changes 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV\/AIDS Epidemic Slowing Population Growth 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Demographic Transition 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic Transition in the Developing World 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Fertility, Age Structure, and Population Momentum 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Family-Planning Programs in the Developing World 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 A Worldwide Program to Stabilize World Population—Improving the Status of Women 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Migration: Where Do People Go? 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Reasons for Migration 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth American Internal Migration 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Demographic Effects of Migration 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMigration and Environmental Impact 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Problems Faced by Developing Countries with Rapidly Growing Populations 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic and Environmental Problems of a Fast-Growing Developing Country— A Case Study of Brazil 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Neo-Malthusian Specter 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Perceived Problems in Developed Countries with Stable or Declining Populations 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Population Trends that Will Shape the Future 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinued but Declining Growth in the Developing World 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA World Growing Old 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational Migration: Poor People Moving to Rich Countries 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Two Alternative Views of Future Population Trends 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12 Summary 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13 Key Terms and Concepts 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14 Questions for Review 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Agriculture, Food Production, Hunger, and the Environment \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e137\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Cultural Evolution and the Development of Global Agriculture 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Industrialization and the Changing Nature of Agriculture 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Food Choices: The Plants and Animals that Feed the World 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Systems of Agricultural Production 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommercial Agriculture 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 A Geographical Perspective on World Hunger and Malnutrition 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamine 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalnutrition 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhy Does Hunger Persist in the Twenty-First Century? 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgricultural Subsidies and Hunger 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eU.S. Food Aid 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 New Horizons in World Agriculture: The Green Revolution 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA New Chapter in the Green Revolution 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutside the Green Revolution: New Strategies for Traditional Agriculture 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond the Green Revolution: Biotechnology 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransgenic Crops in the Developing World 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Agriculture and the Environment 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil Erosion 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalinization and Waterlogging 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroundwater Depletion and Contamination 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Water Impacts 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimplification, Substitution, and Environmental Change 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Regulation and Agriculture 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Moving Toward Sustainable Agricultural Production 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConserving Soil Productivity 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConserving Energy Resources 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConserving Water Resources 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of Perennials 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdoption of Natural Resource Accounting 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeveloping Agricultural Policies that Support Sustainable Agriculture 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Can Sustainable Agriculture Supply Enough Food for a Growing Population? 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater for Irrigation 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic Materials 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpansion of Knowledge 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Summary 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12 Key Terms and Concepts 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13 Questions for Review 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Energy Generation, Use, and the Environment \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e168\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Global Energy Sources and Uses 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Fossil Fuels 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoal 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude Oil or Petroleum 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Gas 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Nuclear Power 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenerating Electricity in a Nuclear Power Plant 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Renewable and Perpetual Energy Resources 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiomass 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydroelectric Power 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWind Power 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar Energy 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeothermal and Tidal Energy 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Transition to Renewable Energy Resources 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrogen: The Key to a Sustainable Energy Future 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Using Energy More Efficiently 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReducing Energy Consumption in Buildings 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproving Energy Efficiency in Industry 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaving Energy in Transportation 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuel-Cell Vehicles (FCVs) 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Summary 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Key Terms and Concepts 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Questions for Review 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 The Atmospheric Environment: Climate, Land Use, and Global Warming \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e199\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 The General Composition of Air 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon Dioxide and Ozone 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Vapor and Airborne Particles 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Troposphere 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Stratosphere and Above 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Atmospheric Pressure and General Circulation 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical Distribution of Pressure 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWind and Pressure Systems 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Pressure and Prevailing Wind Systems 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Circulation and Air Pollution 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Breakdown of the Solar Beam 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduction by the Stratosphere 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduction by the Troposphere 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Reflection and Absorption 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCloud and Pollution Factors 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Earth’s Heat Balance 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Distribution of Solar Heating 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling Heat and Radiation 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s Equilibrium Temperature 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat-Absorbing Gases 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrends and Forecasts 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Counterargument 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Consequences of Atmospheric Warming 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 The Effects of Urban Climate 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal Conditions 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation Trends 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth of Megacities 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat Syndrome 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproving the Urban Climate 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Managing the Global Climate 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEfforts of International Policy 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaking the Switch to Cleaner Fuel\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystems 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Reasonable Considerations 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Summary 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Key Terms and Concepts 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Questions for Review 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Air Pollution: Patterns, Trends, and Impacts \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e223\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Types of Air Pollution 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Major Pollutants 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative Human and Natural\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContributions 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Sources of Air Pollution 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePollution Sources in Developed Countries 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePollution Sources in Developing Countries 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Processes, Patterns, and Scales of Air Pollution 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlume Patterns 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal Inversion Episodes 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTropospheric Mixing of Pollutants 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Dispersal of Air Pollution 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Patterns of Pollution in the Urban Region 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban Land-Use Patterns 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal Pollution Patterns in Cities 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir Pollution within Buildings 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Urban Thermal Landscape 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban Planning for Air Quality 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Air Pollution Impacts on People and Environment 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir Pollution and Human Health 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpacts on Crops, Forests, and Ecosystems 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpacts on Water Quality 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Air Pollution Control: How Well Are We Doing? 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProspects for Clean Air in the Developing World 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding Pollution-Control Programs 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir Pollution Control in the United States 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Summary 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Key terms and Concepts 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Questions for Review 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 The Hydrologic Environment: Precipitation, Land Use, and Water Resources \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 The Hydrologic Cycle 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents of the Cycle 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Vapor, Condensation, and Precipitation 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoisture Exchange and Delivery 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Precipitation, Storms, and their Impact on Environment 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConvectional Precipitation 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Impacts 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThunderstorms and Global Warming 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrographic Precipitation 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Impacts 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrontal\/Cyclonic Precipitation 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Impacts 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConvergent Precipitation 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Impacts 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHurricanes and Global Warming 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Streamflow and Floods 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSources of Streamflow 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrainage Basins 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Flood Hazard and Land Use 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Managing the World’s Watersheds 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Groundwater 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAquifers and Their Functions 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAquifer Use and Decline 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Lakes, Ponds, and Wetlands 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWetlands 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWetland Trends 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLakes and Ponds 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Human Use of Water 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Supplies and Problems 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivatization of Water Supply Systems 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Effects of Water Use 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Managing Water Resources for Sustained Use 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Summary 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 Key Terms and Concepts 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13 Questions for Review 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Water Pollution: Patterns, Trends, and Impacts \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e280\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Types of Water Pollution 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Measuring Water Pollution 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePollution Concentration and Loading 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSetting Standards for Water Pollution 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Water Pollution Sources and Distribution Processes 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Pollution in the Traditional Rural Landscape 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Pollution in the Modern Urban Landscape 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStormwater Pollution 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Pollution from Agriculture 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil Erosion as a Source of Water Pollution 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir Pollution as a Source of Water Pollution 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Groundwater Pollution 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroundwater Pollution from Hazardous Waste 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroundwater Pollution from Solid Waste 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Sources of Groundwater Pollution 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroundwater Protection 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Pathways and Sinks in the Hydrologic Cycle 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMovement Through the Atmosphere and Streams 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePollution Sinks: Environmental Waste Bins 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumans and Other Organisms as Pollution Sinks 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Pollution of the Oceans 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Pollution Control with Treatment Systems 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary and Secondary Sewage Treatment\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystems 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvanced Treatment Systems 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow-Tech Treatment Systems 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Summary 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Key Terms and Concepts 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Questions for Review 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Hazardous Waste: Sources, Problems, and Management \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e306\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Types and Sources of Disposable Waste 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHazardous Wastes 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of Hazardous Wastes 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Traditional Methods of Waste Disposal 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHazardous Waste Dumping 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral and Eastern European Hazardous Waste Experience 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Evolving Geography of Hazardous Waste 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Some Consequences of Improper Waste Management 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Love Canal, Niagara Falls, New York Disaster 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Bhopal, India Disaster 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Effects of Hazardous Wastes 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResource Conservation and Recovery Act 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe U.S. Superfund Program 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolluter-Pays Laws 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Modern Hazardous Waste Disposal Methods 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand Disposal Methods for HazardousWaste 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadioactive Waste Disposal 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Hazardous Waste Treatment 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand Application of Hazardous Waste 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcessing and Incineration of Hazardous Waste 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Waste Reduction and Recycling 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhy Recycle? 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModern Recycling Efforts 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling the Automobile 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Summary 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 Key Terms and Concepts 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11 Questions for Review 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Soil and Land: Formation, Use, and Abuse \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e329\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Geographic Organization of the Land 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Topography and Land Use 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 The Soil Mantle: Sources of Plant Material 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Soil Properties: Key Soil Traits and Components 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil Composition 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil Texture 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil Water 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Types, Processes, and Climate 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Soil-Forming Processes: Solum as a Chemical System 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSources of Chemical Matter in Soil 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Process of the Solum 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil Formation and Features 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Soil Profile 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Integrated Models of Soil, Land Use, and Environment 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWet Tropical Soil Regime 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesert and Grassland Soil Regime 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMidlatitude Forest Soil Regime 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePermafrost Tundra Soil Regime 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWetland Soil Regime 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFloodplain Soil Regime 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCropland Soil Regime 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Soil Loss by Erosion 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil Erosion by Runoff 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil Erosion and Sediment Loss Rates 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Environmental Impacts of Soil Erosion 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpacts on Water Features 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Impacts Related to Agriculture 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 The Challenge to Managing Our Soil Reservoir 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Summary 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12 Key Terms and Concepts 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13 Questions for Review 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Biological Diversity: Trends, Threats, and Protection \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e355\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 The Concept of a Species 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Process of Speciation 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Geographic Ranges of Species 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies Extinction 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Genetic Diversity: A Global Resource 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Species Counts, Estimates, and Extinction Trends 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtinction Events and Trends 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtinction and the Human Scene 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Loss of Tropical Forest Habitat 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Geographical Biodiversity 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationship between Organisms and Their Habitat 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand Use and Habitat Loss 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpportunistic Species 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Endangered, Threatened, and Protected Species 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Most Vulnerable Species 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Ways of Cutting Biodiversity Losses 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication of Landscape Ecology 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepairing Damaged Landscapes 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStream and Watershed Restoration 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Summary 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Key Terms and Concepts 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Questions for Review 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Open-Land Resources: Forests, Grasslands and Shrublands, Parks, and Preserves \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e377\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Development and Exploitation of Open-Land Resources 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForest Use and Mining 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecline of Wildlife and Closing of the Frontier 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSettlement and Resources Development Trends in Other Regions 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Conservation and Preservation of Open-Land Resources 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe American Conservation Movement 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew Deal Conservation 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent Public Land Management 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Forests, Woodlands, and Land Use 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Forests and Woodlands 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForests as a Multiple-Use Resource 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForests in Parks, Wilderness, and Other\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReserves 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLumber, Fuelwood, and Other Forest Products 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommercial Logging and Environmental Impact 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent Trends in Forest Resource Use in the United States 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForest Extent, Ownership, and Age 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTimber Harvest and Growth 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtected Forests 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe National Forest System 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustainable Forest Management 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Grasslands and Shrublands, Herding, and Ranching 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional Use of Grasslands and Shrublands 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommercial Ranching 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth America’s Grasslands and Shrublands 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of Grasslands and Shrublands in North America 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManaging the Public Range 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 The Parks Movement 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe National Park System in the United States 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eState, Provincial, and Urban Parks in the United States and Canada 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 The Wilderness Movement 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInventory of the Earth’s Wildlands 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational Wilderness Programs 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Role of Nongovernmental Organizations 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 Summary 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9 Key Terms and Concepts 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.10 Questions for Review 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAPTER \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Managing the Global Environment: The Drive Toward a Sustainable World \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e401\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Progress Toward Sustainable Development at the Beginning of the New Millennium 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStabilizing World Population 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeeting Human Needs 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaintaining Earth’s Life Support Systems and Living Resources 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtmosphere and Climate 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOceans and Freshwater 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand Use and Land Cover 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerrestrial Biodiversity 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToxics 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Summary of Progress 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Several Unsustainable Environmental Trends 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 International Institutions to Manage the Environment 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSetting the Precedent: Establishing Institutions 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustainable Economic Development: The Key to Environmental Management in Developing Countries 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProgress Since UNCED 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld Summit on Sustainable Development 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNongovernmental Organization (NGOs) 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrass-roots Movement 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Monitoring Environmental Change with Remote Sensing 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Introduction to Some Remote Sensing Systems 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAircraft Remote Sensing to Map and Inventory Resources 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSatellite Remote Sensing to Monitor the Environment 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeteorology Satellites 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth Resources Satellites 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSatellites Using Remote Sensing Radar 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMission to Planet Earth and Earth Science Enterprise 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Geographic Information Systems 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Input 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Manipulation and Analyses 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformation Output 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 The Role of GIS in Environmental Management 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Global Change, Research, and Geographic Information Systems 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGIS and Environmental Change 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGIS and Climate Change 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGIS and Hydrologic Systems 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcosystem Change Modeling and GIS 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interaction and GIS 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Summary 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10 Key Terms and Concepts 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.11 Questions for Review 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCredits 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences For Further Reading 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex I-1\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003eWilliam M. Marsh is the author of Environmental Geography: Science, Land Use, and Earth Systems, 3rd Edition, published by Wiley. John Grossa Jr. is the author of Environmental Geography: Science, Land Use, and Earth Systems, 3rd Edition, published by Wiley.   \u003cb\u003eAn environmental studies text written for geographers by geographers\u003c\/b\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOffering a true geographic approach to environmental issues, this Third Edition of William Marsh and John Grossa’s ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY: SCIENCE, LAND USE, AND EARTH SYSTEMS examines human-related environmental issues in the context of the processes and systems of physical geography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThroughout, the authors emphasize traditional themes of geography, such as the concept of an integrated planet; the principles of space, scale, and distributions; the idea of landscape as a human-environmental interplay; and the perspective of earth as a dynamic planet with many environmental opportunities, constraints, and risks.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNow updated and revised, this Third Edition features:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eA continuing theme of sustainability, with more emphasis on efforts by governments, corporations, private organizations, and individuals that are showing promise in bringing us into balance with the planet.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e16 new case studies, 12 of which deal with sustainability issues.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eA revised organization. The first five chapters have been rearranged to provide a better flow of topics from issues and perspectives, to environmental foundation material, to factual matter on the condition of earth and its people.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNew material in several chapters, including the increasing role of NGO's in working out solutions to environmental problems from the global to the local level.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThoroughly updated statistics on population, energy, and food production.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eRevised graphics, including dozens of new photos.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989145338085,"sku":"NP9780471482802","price":145.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780471482802.jpg?v=1761782980","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/environmental-geography-isbn-9780471482802","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}