{"product_id":"efficiency-of-biomass-energy-isbn-9781118702109","title":"Efficiency of Biomass Energy","description":"\u003cp\u003eDetails energy and exergy efficiencies of all major aspects of bioenergy systems\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers all major bioenergy processes starting from photosynthesis and cultivation of biomass feedstocks and ending with final bioenergy products, like power, biofuels, and chemicals\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eEach chapter includes historical developments, chemistry, major technologies, applications as well as energy, environmental and economic aspects in order to serve as an introduction to biomass and bioenergy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eA separate chapter introduces a beginner in easy accessible way to exergy analysis and the similarities and differences between energy and exergy efficiencies are underlined\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes case studies and illustrative examples of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation biofuels production, power and heat generation (thermal plants, fuel cells, boilers), and biorefineries\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eTraditional fossil fuels-based technologies are also described in order to compare with the corresponding bioenergy systems \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Author xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART I | Background and Outline\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 1 | Bioenergy Systems: An Overview 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Energy and the Environment 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Biomass Conversion Processes 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Utilization of Biomass 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Closing Remarks 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2 | Exergy Analysis 37\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Sustainability and Efficiency 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Processes 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Exergy Concept 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Exergetic Evaluation of Processes and Technologies 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Renewability of Biofuels 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Closing Remarks 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART II | Biomass Production and Conversion\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3 | Photosynthesis 93\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Photosynthesis: An Overview 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Exergy of Thermal Radiation 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Exergy Analysis of Photosynthesis 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Global Photosynthesis 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Closing Remarks 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4 | Biomass Production 123\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Overview 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Efficiency of Solar Energy Capture 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Fossil Inputs for Biomass Cultivation and Harvesting 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Fossil Inputs for Biomass Logistics 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Closing Remarks 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5 | Thermochemical Conversion: Gasification 153\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Gasification: An Overview 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Gasification of Carbon 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Gasification of Biomass 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Gasification of Typical Fuels 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Closing Remarks 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6 | Gasification: Parametric Studies and Gasification Systems 203\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Effect of Fuel Chemical Composition on Gasification Performance 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Effect of Biomass Moisture Content, Gasification Pressure, and Heat Addition on Gasification Performance 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Improvement of Gasification Exergetic Efficiency 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Gasification Efficiency Using Equilibrium versus Nonequilibrium Models 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Quasi-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Models 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Comparison of Gasification Efficiency 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Performance of Typical Gasifiers 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Comparison of FICFB and Viking Gasifiers 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Fluidized-Bed Gasifiers for the Production of H2-Rich Syngas 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Downdraft Fixed-Bed Gasifier 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Updraft Fixed-Bed Gasifier 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Plasma Gasification 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Plasma Gasification Technology 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Plasma Gasification of Sewage Sludge 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Thermochemical Conversion in Sub- and Supercritical Water 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Conversion of Wet Biomass in Hot Compressed Water 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3 Hydrothermal Upgrading (HTU) under Subcritical Water Conditions 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Closing Remarks 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART III | Biofuels First-Generation Biofuels\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 7 | Biodiesel 261\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Biodiesel: An Overview 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Introduction 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Historical Development 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Chemistry 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 Feedstocks 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5 Production Process 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.6 Biodiesel as Transport Fuel 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.7 Energy, Environmental, and Economic Performance 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Biodiesel from Plant Oils 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Exergy Analysis of Transesterification 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Exergy Analysis of Overall Production Chain 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Biodiesel from Used Cooking Oil 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Exergy Analysis of Biodiesel Production 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Exergy Analysis of Overall Production Chain 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Biodiesel from Microalgae 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Introduction 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Exergy Analysis of Transesterification of Algal Oil 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Exergy Analysis of Overall Production Chain of Algal Biodiesel 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Closing Remarks 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 8 | Bioethanol 289\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Bioethanol: An Overview 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Introduction 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Historical Development 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Ethanol as Transport Fuel 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.4 Chemistry 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.5 Bioethanol Production Methods 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.6 Energy, Environmental and Economic Aspects 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Exergy Analysis of Ethanol from Sugar Crops 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Introduction 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Ethanol from Sugarcane 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Exergetic Performance of Sugarcane Ethanol Plants for Various Cogeneration Configurations 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Ethanol from Sugar Beets 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Renewability of Ethanol from Sugar Crops 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Exergy Analysis of Ethanol from Starchy Crops 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Introduction 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Corn Ethanol: Exergy Analysis 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Corn Ethanol: Cumulative Exergy Consumption (CExC) and Renewability 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Wheat Ethanol 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Exergy Analysis of Lignocellulosic Ethanol (Second Generation) 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Introduction 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Ethanol from Wood (NREL Process) 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Impact of Biomass Pretreatment and Process Configuration 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Comparison of Exergetic Efficiency 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.5 Renewability of Lignocellulosic Ethanol from Tropical Tree Plantations 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Alternative Ethanol Processes 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Fossil Ethanol from Mineral Oil 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Ethanol via Water Electrolysis 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Closing Remarks 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond-Generation Liquid Biofuels\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 9 | Fischer–Tropsch Fuels 341\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: An Overview 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Introduction 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Historical Development 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Process Chemistry 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4 Comparison of F-T Fuels to Conventional Transport Fuels 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.5 Process Design 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.6 Process Performance 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Exergy Analysis of Coal-to-Liquid (CTL) Process 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Description of CTL Process 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Mass Balance and Energy Analysis 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Exergy Analysis 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Exergy Analysis of Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Processes 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 GTL Process with Tail Gas Recycling: Internal and External 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Impact of Reformer Temperature on GTL Efficiency: External Tail Gas Recycling 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Exergy Analysis of Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) Processes 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Introduction 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Once-Through F-T Process 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Impact of Biomass Feedstock on Process Efficiency 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Reforming and Recycling of F-T Reactor Tail Gas 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Recycling of F-T Reactor Tail Gas to Biomass Gasifier 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Closing Remarks 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 10 | Methanol 387\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Methanol: An Overview 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Introduction 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Historical Development 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Chemistry 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4 Methanol as Transport Fuel 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.5 Process Design 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.6 Process Performance 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Methanol from Fossil Fuels 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Methanol from Natural Gas 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Methanol from Coal 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Methanol from Biomass 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Methanol from Waste Biomass (Sewage Sludge) 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Other Biomass-Based Methanol Processes 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Closing Remarks 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 11 | Thermochemical Ethanol 419\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Thermochemical Ethanol: An Overview 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Introduction 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Process Chemistry 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3 Catalysts for Ethanol Synthesis 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4 Process Design 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.5 Energy, Environmental and Economic Aspects 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Exergy Analysis 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Process Description 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Mass and Energy Balances (Rh-Based Catalyst) 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Exergy Analysis (Rh-Based Catalyst) 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Impact of Ethanol Synthesis Catalyst (MoS2-Based Target Catalyst) 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.5 Impact of Gasification Temperature 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Closing Remarks 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 12 | Dimethyl Ether (DME) 445\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Dimethyl Ether: An Overview 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Introduction 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Historical Development 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Process Chemistry 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.4 DME as Energy Carrier 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.5 Production Technology 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.6 Energy, Environmental, and Economic Aspects 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Dimethyl Ether from Fossil Fuels 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 DME from Natural Gas 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 DME from Coal 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 DME from Co-Feed of Natural Gas and Coal 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Dimethyl Ether from Biomass 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 DME via Indirect Steam Gasification 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Influence of Syngas Preparation Method on Process Efficiency 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Closing Remarks 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 13 | Hydrogen 475\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Hydrogen: An Overview 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Introduction 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 History: from Discovery to Hydrogen Economy 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.3 Chemistry of Hydrogen Production 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.4 Hydrogen Use 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.5 Hydrogen Storage 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.6 Production Methods 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.7 Energy, Environmental, and Economic Performance 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Hydrogen from Natural Gas 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Comparison of Efficiency for Hydrogen-from-Natural Gas Processes 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Hydrogen-from-Coal Gasification 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Comparison of Efficiency for Hydrogen-from-Coal Processes 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen from Water Electrolysis 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Process Description 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Mass and Energy Balances 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Exergy Analysis 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Exergy Analysis of Future Hydrogen Production Processes 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Thermochemical Cycles 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Geothermal Energy 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Solar Energy 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen Production from Biomass Gasification 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen from Wood 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Influence of Biomass Feedstocks on Exergetic Efficiency 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Influence of Gasification System Configurations on Exergetic Efficiency 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 Comparison of Efficiency for Hydrogen-from-Biomass Gasification 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Exergy Analysis of Biological Hydrogen Production 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Process Description 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Mass and Energy Balances 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.3 Exergy Analysis 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Closing Remarks 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 14 | Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) 523\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Substitute Natural Gas: An Overview 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Introduction 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2 Historical Development 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.3 Chemistry of Methanation 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.4 Natural Gas as Energy Carrier 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.5 SNG Production Technology 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.6 Energy, Environmental and Economic Aspects 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 SNG from Coal 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Description of Coal-to-SNG Process 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Process Modeling 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Mass and Energy Balances 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Exergy Analysis 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.5 Overview of Coal-to-SNG Processes 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 SNG from Biomass Gasification 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 SNG via Wood Gasification 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Comparison of SNG Production from Various Biomass Feedstocks 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Overview of Biomass-to-SNG Processes 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Closing Remarks 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART IV | Bioenergy Systems\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 15 | Thermal Power Plants, Heat Engines, and Heat Production 561\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Biomass-Based Power and Heat Generation: An Overview 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Introduction 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Historical Development 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.3 Technologies for Power Generation from Biomass 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.4 Biofuels in Internal Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.5 Biomass Heating Systems 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.6 Performance and Cost of Power Generation Systems 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.7 Environmental Aspects 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Biomass Combustion Power Systems 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Introduction 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Biomass Steam Cogeneration Plant 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Externally Fired Gas Turbine–Combined Cycle 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.4 Biomass-Fired Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Biomass Gasification Power Systems 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Introduction 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Biomass Integrated Gasification Gas Turbine–Combined Cycle (BIG\/GT-CC) 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Improving Efficiency BIG\/GT-CC Plants 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Biomass Integrated Gasification Internal Combustion Engine–Combined Cycle (BIG\/ICE-CC) 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Comparison of Various Biomass-Fueled Power Plants 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Internally and Externally Fired Gas Turbine Simple Cogeneration Cycles 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Internally and Externally Fired Gas Turbine: Simple and Combined Cycles 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Comparison of Biomass Combustion and Gasification CHP Plants 602\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Biomass-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Ethanol-Fueled Spark-Ignition Engines 609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Biodiesel-Fueled Compression-Ignition Engines 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.3 Biofuel-Fired Gas Turbines 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Polygeneration of Electricity, Heat, and Chemicals 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Introduction 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Methanol Synthesis 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3 Ethanol Production 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Biomass Boilers and Heating Systems 624\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.1 Introduction 624\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.2 Biomass Boilers 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.3 Energy Utilization in Buildings 627\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Closing Remarks 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 16 | Biomass-Based Fuel Cell Systems 633\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Biomass-Based Fuel Cell Systems: An Overview 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.1 Introduction 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2 Historical Development 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.3 Fuel Cell Fundamentals 635\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.4 Fuel Cell Types 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.5 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.6 Overview of Biomass-Based Fuel Cell Configurations 640\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.7 Energy Efficiency, Cost, and Environmental Impact 642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Biomass Integrated Gasification–Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (BIG\/SOFC) Systems 642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Central Power Production Using BIG\/SOFC\/GT Systems 643\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Other Central Power Production Studies Using BIG\/SOFC Systems 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Distributed Power Production Using BIG\/SOFC Systems 648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4 Integration of Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) with SOFC\/GT Hybrid System 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Biomass Integrated Gasification–Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (BIG\/PEMFC) Systems 652\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Distributed Combined Heat and Power Generation Based on Central Hydrogen Production 652\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Effect of Hydrogen Quality on Efficiency of Distributed CHP Systems 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Fuel Cell Systems Fed with Liquid Biofuels 660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Introduction 660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Maximum Electricity Obtainable from Various Fuels 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Integrated Fuel Processor–Fuel Cell (FP-FC) System 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.4 Direct Liquid Fuel Cell Systems 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Closing Remarks 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 17 | Biorefineries 673\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Biorefineries: An Overview 673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1 Introduction 673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.2 Historical Development 674\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.3 Chemical Value of Biomass 675\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.4 Biorefinery Systems 677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.5 Biorefinery Technology 679\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Comparison of Various Biomass Utilization Routes 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Biomass Utilization Routes 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Power Generation 682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Biofuels Production 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.4 Chemical Biorefinery 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Exergy Inputs to Basic Biorefinery Steps 684\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Biorefinery Model 684\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Processing Simple Carbohydrates into Fermentable Sugars 686\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 Processing Complex Carbohydrates into Fermentable Sugars 686\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.4 Processing Fermentable Sugars into Ethanol 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.5 Processing Ethanol into Ethylene 689\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.6 Fatty Acids Processing 690\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.7 Amino Acids Processing 692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.8 Lignin Processing 695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.9 Ash and Residuals Processing 695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Optimal Biomass Crops as Biorefinery Feedstock 696\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Biomass versus Petrochemical Route for the Production of Bulk Chemicals 696\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Cumulative Fossil Fuel Consumption in the Biomass Route 697\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Cumulative Fossil Fuel Consumption in the Petrochemical Route 698\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.4 Fossil Fuel Savings 699\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.5 Optimal Crops for Biorefineries 699\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Closing Remarks 702\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 702\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostface 707\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendixes\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A – Conversion Factors 709\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix B – Constants 711\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix C – SI Prefixes 713\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary of Selected Terms 715\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotation 721\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments for Permission to Reproduce Copyrighted Material 729\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor Index 733\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubject Index 745\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cb\u003eKrzysztof J. Ptasinski\u003c\/b\u003e, Ph.D., D.Sc., has over 40 years of experience in academic teaching and research in chemical engineering and energy technology. He has held appointments at the Eindhoven University of Technology and the University of Twente (the Netherlands) as well as the Warsaw University of Technology and as visiting professor at the Silesian University of Technology (Poland). His pioneering research on application of exergy analysis to biomass and bioenergy is internationally acclaimed. He is the author and co-author of more than 200 publications, including 19 book chapters and 75 research papers. Currently he serves as an Executive Editor \u003ci\u003eBiomass and Bioenergy – Energy, The International Journal\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCovering energy and exergy \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eefficiencies of all main aspects of biomass energy \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is widely acknowledged that the existing fossil fuels should be replaced in future by renewable energy such as biomass, solar, wind, and geothermal. At present biomass is the fourth largest energy resource in the world, after oil, gas and coal. Biomass can be converted into all major energy carriers like electricity, heat, transport fuels as well as a wide diversity of chemicals and materials which are presently produced from fossil fuels.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEfficiency of Biomass Energy\u003c\/i\u003e provides a systematic and comprehensive overview of energy and exergy efficiencies together with environmental and economic aspects of biomass energy systems. The book emphasizes the modern exergy (energy quality) approach applied to design and improve bioenergy systems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis text is the first to discuss the efficiency of all main steps involved in biomass production and conversion. The major features of \u003ci\u003eEfficiency of Biomass Energy\u003c\/i\u003e are:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eBioenergy processes covered in separate chapters which are organized in a logical order starting from photosynthesis and cultivation of biomass feedstocks and ending with final products, like power, biofuels, and chemicals\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eEach chapter includes historical developments, chemistry, major technologies, applications as well as energy, environmental and economic aspects, also serving as an introduction to bioenergy for students and professionals\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eA separate chapter introduces a beginner in easy accessible way to exergy analysis and the similarities and differences between energy and exergy efficiencies are underlined\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes case studies and illustrative examples of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation biofuels production, power and heat generation (thermal plants, fuel cells, boilers), and biorefineries\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTraditional fossil fuels-based technologies are also described to compare with the corresponding bioenergy systems.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eSplit into four parts the book details the energy and exergy efficiencies of biomass energy. The first part, Background and Outline, introduces a beginner to biomass energy and exergy analysis; the second part, Biomass Production and Conversion covers energy and exergy analyses of the initial steps of bioenergy chains like photosynthesis, biomass cultivation, and gasification; Biofuels, the third part, details energy and exergy analyses of biofuels production; finally Bioenergy Systems presents analyses of integrated biomass energy systems, like power plants, fuels, and biorefineries.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe book is intended for a wide audience in the field of energy, particularly renewable energy, biomass and bioenergy, including industrial people (energy and chemical professionals, R\u0026amp;D, practicing engineers and technical managers); fuel and automobile engineers; agricultural professionals. The content of this book is multidisciplinary and it can be useful for advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as researchers in Energy, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, and Agricultural Engineering. The book is also addressed to government employees: energetic, environmental, agricultural, and economic policy makers.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989108703461,"sku":"NP9781118702109","price":218.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118702109.jpg?v=1761782829","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/efficiency-of-biomass-energy-isbn-9781118702109","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}