{"product_id":"critical-metals-handbook-isbn-9780470671719","title":"Critical Metals Handbook","description":"\u003cp\u003eMankind is using a greater variety of metals in greater quantities than ever before. As a result there is increasing global concern over the long-term availability of secure and adequate supplies of the metals needed by society. Critical metals, which are those of growing economic importance that might be susceptible to future scarcity, are a particular worry.  For many of these we have little information on how they are concentrated in the Earth’s crust, how to extract them from their ores, and how to use, recycle and dispose of them effectively and safely.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Published with the British Geological Survey, the \u003ci\u003eCritical Metals Handbook \u003c\/i\u003ebrings together a wealth of knowledge on critical metals and provides a foundation for improving the future security and sustainability of critical metal supplies. Written by international experts, it provides a unique source of authoritative information on diverse aspects of the critical metals, including geology, deposits, processing, applications, recycling, environmental issues and markets. It is aimed at a broad non-specialist audience, including professionals and academics working in the exploration and mining sectors, in mining finance and investment, and in mineral processing and manufacturing. It will also be a valuable reference for policy makers concerned with resource management, land-use planning, eco-efficiency, recycling and related fields.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Metal resources use and criticality 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eT.E. Graedel Gus Gunn and Luis Tercero Espinoza\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe geology and technology of metals 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey concepts 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinitions and terminology 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWill we run out of minerals? 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeological assessment 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsiderations of supply and demand 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling and reuse of metals 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concept of criticality 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessments of criticality 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproving criticality assessment 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplications of criticality for corporate and governmental policy 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutlining this book 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 The mining industry and the supply of critical minerals 20\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid Humphreys\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuppliers of minerals – miners and explorers 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndustry dynamics 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstraints on mineral supply response 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural constraints 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic constraints 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstitutional constraints 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical minerals and the role of China 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolicy issues 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Recycling of (critical) metals 41\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChristian Hagelüken\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRationale and benefits 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe urban mine 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling benefits 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatus and challenges of recycling critical metals 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe metals life cycle 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaste and resource legislation 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe recycling value chain 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling challenges 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe seven conditions for effective recycling 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling technologies 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollection and pre-processing 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetallurgical recovery 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatus of recycling of the EU critical metals 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe significance of life-cycle structures 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase study 1: Industrial PGM applications 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase study 2: Automotive PGM applications 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase study 3: Electronic PGM applications 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal flows of old products 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferences in recycling rates and pathways for improvement 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion and the way forward 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInnovation needs 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResource security as a societal driver for recycling 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMining and recycling as complementary systems 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Antimony 70\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eUlrich Schwarz-Schampera\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction 70\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinitions and characteristics 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbundance in the Earth 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMineralogy 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor deposit classes 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGold–antimony (epithermal) deposits 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein and carbonate replacement deposits 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduced magmatic gold systems 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction methods and processing 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMining 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOre processing beneficiation and conversion to metal 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecifications 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUses 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimony trioxide 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium antimonate 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther non-metallurgical uses 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimony metal 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstitution 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResources and reserves 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProjects under development 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld trade 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrices 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental aspects 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutlook 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Beryllium 99\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid L. Trueman and Phillip Sabey\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction 99\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties of beryllium 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution and abundance in the Earth’s crust 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUses of beryllium 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlloys containing less than 2% beryllium especially copper–beryllium 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePure beryllium metal and alloys containing over 60% beryllium 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeryllia (BeO) ceramics 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld production 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld trade 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld resources 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMineralogy of beryllium 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeryllium deposits 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePegmatite deposits 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrothermal deposits 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMining and processing of beryllium 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeryl ores 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBertrandite ores 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcessing of beryl and bertrandite to beryllium hydroxide 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction of metal and alloys from beryllium hydroxide 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction of beryllium oxide from beryllium hydroxide 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstitution 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental aspects 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrices 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutlook 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Cobalt 122\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eStephen Roberts and Gus Gunn\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction 122\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and chemical properties 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution and abundance in the Earth 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMineralogy 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeposit types 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrothermal deposits 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagmatic deposits 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaterites 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManganese nodules and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts on the seafloor 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction processing and refining 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCobalt from nickel sulfide ores 134\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eContentsvii Cobalt from nickel laterite ores 134\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCobalt from copper–cobalt ores in DRC and Zambia 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther sources of cobalt 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld production and trade 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResources and reserves 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003euses 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstitution 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental issues 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrices 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutlook 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Gallium 150\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eThomas Butcher and Teresa Brown\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction 150\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and chemical properties 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMineralogy and distribution 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSources of gallium 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBauxite 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSphalerite (ZnS) 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther geological settings 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery methods and refining 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary recovery 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary recovery 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefining and purification 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGallium in GaAs semiconductors 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecifications and uses 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGallium metal 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGallium antimonide 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGallium arsenide 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGallium chemicals 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGallium nitride 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGallium phosphide 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotovoltaics 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstitution 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental aspects 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld resources and production 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction in 2010 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture supplies 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld trade 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrices 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutlook 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Germanium 177\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFrank Melcher and Peter Buchholz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction 177\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and chemical properties 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution and abundance in the Earth 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMineralogy 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeposit types 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccumulation of germanium in sulfide deposits 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnrichment of germanium in lignite and coal 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction methods processing and beneficiation 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcessing 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecifications 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGermanium tetrachloride GeCl \u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e  188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGermanium dioxide GeO \u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e  188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst reduction metal 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction of zone-refined metal (‘intrinsic’ metal) 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle crystals 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUses 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling re-use and resource efficiency 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstitution 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental aspects of the life cycle of germanium and its products 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResources and reserves 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture supplies 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld trade 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrices 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutlook 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupply challenges 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemand drivers 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupply and demand scenario 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Indium 204\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eUlrich Schwarz-Schampera\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction 204\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and chemical properties 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbundance in the Earth’s crust 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMineralogy 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor deposit classes 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBase-metal sulfide deposits 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolymetallic vein-type deposits 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBase-metal-rich tin–tungsten and skarn deposits 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBase-metal-rich epithermal deposits 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction methods and processing 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMining 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcessing beneficiation and conversion to metal 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndium production from copper ores 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndium production from tin ores 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndium recovery from secondary sources 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecifications and uses 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndium–tin oxide (ITO) 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlloys and solders 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSemiconductors 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResources and reserves 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction from residues and scrap 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProjects under development 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbandoned production 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld trade 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrices 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling and substitution 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental aspects 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutlook 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Lithium 230\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKeith Evans\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction 230\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties and abundance in the Earth 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMineralogy and deposit types 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePegmatites 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinental brines 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeothermal brines 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOilfield brines 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHectorite 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJadarite 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction methods and processing 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecification and uses 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstitution 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental factors 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld resources and production 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReserves and resources 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent producers 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction costs 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture supplies 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePegmatite-based projects 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinental brines 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeothermal brine 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOilfield brine 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHectorite 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJadarite 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld trade 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrices 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutlook 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Magnesium 261\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNeale R. Neelameggham and Bob Brown\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction 261\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and chemical properties 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution and abundance in the Earth 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMineralogy 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeposit types 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction methods processing and beneficiation 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNineteenth-century magnesium production processes 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommercial magnesium production processes of the twentieth century 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecifications and uses 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling re-use and resource efficiency 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstitution 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental aspects 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-greenhouse-gas regulations – electrolytic magnesium production 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-greenhouse-gas regulations – thermal magnesium 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreenhouse-gas emission studies 273\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eContentsix World resources and production 275\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture supplies 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld trade 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrices 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutlook 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Platinum-group metals 284\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGus Gunn\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction 284\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties and abundance in the Earth 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMineralogy 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor deposit classes 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePGM-dominant deposits 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNickel–copper-dominant deposits 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther deposit types 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction and processing 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction methods 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcessing 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecifications and uses 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUses of platinum palladium and rhodium 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUses of ruthenium iridium and osmium 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling re-use and resource efficiency 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstitution 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental issues 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld resources and production 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResources and reserves 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld trade 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrices 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutlook 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Rare earth elements 312\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFrances Wall\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction 312\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and chemical properties 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution and abundance in the Earth’s crust 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMineralogy 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeposit types 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbonatite-related REE deposits 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkaline igneous rocks 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther hydrothermal veins 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIron oxide–apatite deposits including iron-oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) deposits 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlacer deposits (mineral sands) 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIon adsorption deposits 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeafloor deposits 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy-products co-products and waste products 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction methods processing and beneficiation 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMining 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeneficiation 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction and separation of the REE 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecifications and uses 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling re-use and resource efficiency 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstitution 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental aspects 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld resources and production 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture supplies 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld trade 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrices 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutlook 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Rhenium 340\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTom A. Millensifer Dave Sinclair Ian Jonasson and Anthony Lipmann\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction 340\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and chemical properties 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution and abundance 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMineralogy 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeposit types 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePorphyry deposits 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVein deposits 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSediment-hosted copper deposits 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUranium deposits 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagmatic nickel–copper–platinumgroup element (PGE) deposits 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld resources and production 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture supplies 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction methods processing and beneficiation 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecifications and uses 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling and re-use 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatalysts 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuperalloys 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstitution 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental issues 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld trade 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrices 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutlook 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Tantalum and niobium 361\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRobert Linnen David L. Trueman and Richard Burt\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction 361\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and chemical properties 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution and abundance in the Earth 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMineralogy 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeposit types 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbonatite deposits 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkaline to peralkaline granites and syenites 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeraluminous pegmatites 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeraluminous granites 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction methods and processing 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecifications and uses 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling re-use and resource efficiency 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstitution 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental aspects of niobium and tantalum 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeopolitical aspects 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld resources and production 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture supplies 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrices 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutlook 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Tungsten 385\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTeresa Brown and Peter Pitfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction 385\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and chemical properties 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution and abundance in the Earth’s crust 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMineralogy 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeposit types 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVein\/stockwork deposits 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkarn deposits 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisseminated or greisen deposits 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePorphyry deposits 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreccia deposits 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStratabound deposits 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePegmatite deposits 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePipe deposits 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHot-spring deposits 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlacer deposits 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrine\/evaporite deposits 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction methods processing and beneficiation 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcessing 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecifications and uses 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecifications 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUses 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling re-use and resource efficiency 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOld scrap 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew scrap 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnrecovered scrap 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling methods 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstitution 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental aspects of the life cycle of the metal and its products 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld resources and production 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResources and reserves 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture supplies 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld trade 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrices 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutlook 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendices 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary of technical terms 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 431 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“In general, this is an excellent edition, with high quality figures, readable tables, clearly written texts, well-organized structure, and precisely aimed at a broad range of non-specialists in policy, environment pollution, remediation, and economy domains; but professionals and researchers working in exploration and mining sectors, including mining finance and investment, as well as in mineral processing and manufacturing, will be greatly satisfied to have this Handbook on their bookshelves.”  (\u003ci\u003ePure Appl. Geophys\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 January 2015)\u003c\/p\u003e \"This is a highly recommended volume for anyone with an interest in the economics of the critical metals and their basic geology and mineralogy; it also belongs in any major earth sciences library. As these commodities have grown in importance during the past decade, bits and pieces of relevant material have been made available in various articles and government reports, but this is the first volume out the door to comprehensively bring all this material together, and it is a welcomed, well-produced, and data-rich book.\" \u003ci\u003eEconomic Geology\u003c\/i\u003e, July 2014 \u003cb\u003eGus Gunn\u003c\/b\u003e is a principal research scientist at the British Geological Survey in Nottingham, UK. He has spent his entire career, starting in 1975, working in mineral exploration and mineral deposits research. Since 2009 his main focus has been on critical metals and on the development of strategies to ensure their long-term security of supply. Mankind is using a greater variety of metals in greater quantities than ever before. As a result there is increasing global concern over the long-term availability of secure and adequate supplies of the metals needed by society. Critical metals, which are those of growing economic importance that might be susceptible to future scarcity, are a particular worry. For many of these we have little information on how they are concentrated in the Earth's crust, how to extract them from their ores, and how to use, recycle and dispose of them effectively and safely. \u003cp\u003eThe \u003ci\u003eCritical Metals Handbook\u003c\/i\u003e brings together a wealth of knowledge on critical metals and provides a foundation for improving the future security and sustainability of critical metal supplies. Written by international experts, it provides a unique source of authoritative information on diverse aspects of the critical metals, including geology, deposits, processing, applications, recycling, environmental issues and markets. It is aimed at a broad non-specialist audience, including professionals and academics working in the exploration and mining sectors, in mining finance and investment, and in mineral processing and manufacturing. It will also be a valuable reference for policy makers concerned with resource management, land-use planning, eco-efficiency, recycling and related fields.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"American Geophysical Union","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989006762213,"sku":"NP9780470671719","price":175.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470671719.jpg?v=1761782411","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/critical-metals-handbook-isbn-9780470671719","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}