{"product_id":"critical-component-wear-in-heavy-duty-engines-isbn-9780470828823","title":"Critical Component Wear in Heavy Duty Engines","description":"The critical parts of a heavy duty engine are theoretically designed for infinite life without mechanical fatigue failure. Yet the life of an engine is in reality determined by wear of the critical parts. Even if an engine is designed and built to have normal wear life, abnormal wear takes place either due to special working conditions or increased loading.  Understanding abnormal and normal wear enables the engineer to control the external conditions leading to premature wear, or to design the critical parts that have longer wear life and hence lower costs. The literature on wear phenomenon related to engines is scattered in numerous periodicals and books. For the first time, Lakshminarayanan and Nayak bring the tribological aspects of different critical engine components together in one volume, covering key components like the liner, piston, rings, valve, valve train and bearings, with methods to identify and quantify wear.  \u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe first book to combine solutions to critical component wear in one volume\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePresents real world case studies with suitable mathematical models for earth movers, power generators, and sea going vessels\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes material from researchers at Schaeffer Manufacturing (USA), Tekniker (Spain), Fuchs (Germany), BAM (Germany), Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd (India) and Tarabusi (Spain)\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eWear simulations and calculations included in the appendices\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eInstructor presentations slides with book figures available from the companion site\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCritical Component Wear in Heavy Duty Engines\u003c\/i\u003e is aimed at postgraduates in automotive engineering, engine design, tribology, combustion and practitioners involved in engine R\u0026amp;D for applications such as commercial vehicles, cars, stationary engines (for generators, pumps, etc.), boats and ships. This book is also a key reference for senior undergraduates looking to move onto advanced study in the above topics, consultants and product mangers in industry, as well as engineers involved in design of furnaces, gas turbines, and rocket combustion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompanion website for the book: \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.wiley.com\/go\/lakshmi\"\u003ewww.wiley.com\/go\/lakshmi\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e  List of Contributors xv  \u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePART I OVERTURE 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Wear in the Heavy Duty Engine 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Engine Life 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Wear in Engines 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Natural Aging 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 General Wear Model 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Wear of Engine Bearings 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Wear of Piston Rings and Liners 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Wear of Valves and Valve Guides 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Reduction in Wear Life of Critical Parts Due to Contaminants in Oil 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1 Oil Analysis 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Oils for New Generation Engines with Longer Drain Intervals 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.1 Engine Oil Developments and Trends 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.2 Shift in Engine Oil Technology 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Filters 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10.1 Air Filter 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10.2 Oil Filter 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10.3 Water Filter 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10.4 Fuel Filter 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Types of Wear of Critical Parts in a Highly Loaded Diesel Engine 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11.1 Adhesive Wear 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11.2 Abrasive Wear 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11.3 Fretting Wear 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11.4 Corrosive Wear 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Engine Size and Life 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Engine Life 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Factors on Which Life is Dependent 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Friction Force and Power 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Mechanical Efficiency 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Friction 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Similarity Studies 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Characteristic Size of an Engine 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Velocity 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Oil Film Thickness 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.4 Velocity Gradient 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.5 Friction Force or Power 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.6 Indicated Power and Efficiency 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Archard’s Law of Wear 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Wear Life of Engines 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Wear Life 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Nondimensional Wear Depth Achieved During Lifetime 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Summary 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 2.A Engine Parameters, Mechanical Efficiency and Life 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 2.B Hardness and Fatigue Limits of Different Copper–Lead–Tin\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Cu–Pb–Sn) Bearings 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 2.C Hardness and Fatigue Limits of Different Aluminium–Tin\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Al–Sn) Bearings 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePART II VALVE TRAIN COMPONENTS 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Inlet Valve Seat Wear in High bmep Diesel Engines 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Valve Seat Wear 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Design Aspects to Reduce Valve Seat Wear Life 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Shear Strain and Wear due to Relative Displacement 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Wear Model 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Wear Rate 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Finite Element Analysis 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Experiments, Results and Discussions 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Valve and Seat Insert of Existing Design 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Improved Valve and Seat Insert 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Summary 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Design Rule for Inlet Valve Seat Wear in High bmep Engines 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Wear of the Cam Follower and Rocker Toe 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Wear of Cam Follower Surfaces 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Wear Mechanism of the Cam Follower 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Typical Modes of Wear 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Experiments on Cam Follower Wear 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Follower Measurement 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Dynamics of the Valve Train System of the Pushrod Type 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Elastohydrodynamic and Transition of Boundary Lubrication 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Cam and Follower Dynamics 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Wear Model 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Wear Coefficient 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Valve Train Dynamics and Stress on the Follower 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Wear Depth 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Parametric Study 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Engine Speed 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Oil Film Thickness 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Wear of the Cast Iron Rocker Toe 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Summary 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePART III LINER, PISTON AND PISTON RINGS 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Liner Wear: Wear of Roughness Peaks in Sparse Contact 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Surface Texture of Liners and Rings 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Surface Finish 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Honing of Liners 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Surface Finish Parameters 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Bearing Area Curve 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Representation of Bearing Area Curve of Normally Honed Surface or Surfaces with Peaked Roughness 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Wear of Liner Surfaces 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Asperities 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Radius of the Asperity in the Transverse Direction 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Radius in the Longitudinal Direction 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Sparse Contact 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Contact Pressures 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Friction 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.7 Approach 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.8 Detachment of Asperities 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Wear Model 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Normally Honed Liner with Peaked Roughness 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Normal Surface Roughness 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Fatigue Loading of Asperities 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Wear Rate 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.5 Plateau Honed and Other Liners not Normally Honed 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Liner Wear Model for Wear of Roughness Peaks in Sparse Contact 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Parametric Studies 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Comparison with Archard’s Model 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Discussions on Wear of Liner Roughness Peaks due to Sparse Contact 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Summary 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 5.A Sample Calculation of the Wear of a Rough\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlateau Honed Liner 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Generalized Boundary Conditions for Designing Diesel Pistons 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Temperature Distribution and Form of the Piston 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Top Land 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Skirt 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Experimental Mapping of Temperature Field in the Piston 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Heat Transfer in Pistons 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Metal Slab 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Calculation of Piston Shape 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Popular Methods Used Before Finite Element Analysis 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Calculation by Finite Element Method 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Experimental Validation 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Summary 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Bore Polishing Wear in Diesel Engine Cylinders 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Wear Phenomenon for Liner Surfaces 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Bore Polishing 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Bore Polishing Mechanism 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Carbon Deposit Build Up on the Piston Top Land 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Quality of Fuel and Oil 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Piston Growth by Finite Element Method 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Piston Secondary Movement 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Simulation Program 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Wear Model 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Contact Pressures 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Wear Rate 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Calculation Methodology and Study of Bore Polishing Wear 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Finite Element Analysis 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Simulation 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Case Study on Bore Polishing Wear in Diesel Engine Cylinders 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Visual Observations 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Liner Measurements 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Results of Finite Element Analysis 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 Piston Motion 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.5 Wear Profile 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.6 Engine Oil Consumption 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.7 Methods Used to Reduce Liner Wear 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Summary 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Abrasive Wear of Piston Grooves in Highly Loaded Diesel Engines 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Wear Phenomenon in Piston Grooves 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Abrasive Wear 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Wear Mechanism 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Wear Model 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Real Contact Pressure 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Approach 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Wear Rate 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Experimental Validation 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Validation of the Model 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Wear Measurement 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Estimation of Wear Using Sarkar’s Model 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Parametric Study 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Summary 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Abrasive Wear of Liners and Piston Rings 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Wear of Liner and Ring Surfaces 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Design Parameters 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Piston and Rings Assembly 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Abrasive Wear 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Sources of Abrasives 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Study of Abrasive Wear on Off-highway Engines 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Abrasive Wear of Rings 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Abrasive Wear of Piston Pin and Liners 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Accelerated Abrasive Wear Test on an Engine to Simulate Operation in the Field 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Winnowing Effect 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy of Abrasive Wear 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Critical Dosage of Sand and Life of Piston–Ring–Liner Assembly 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.1 Simulation of Engine Life 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Summary 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Corrosive Wear 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Operating Parameters 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Corrosive Wear 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Corrosive Wear Study on Off-road Application Engines 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Accelerated Corrosive Wear Test 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Wear Related to Coolants in an Engine 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Under-cooling of Liners by Design 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Coolant Related Wear 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Summary 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 Tribological Tests to Simulate Wear on Piston Rings 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Friction and Wear Tests 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Testing Friction and Wear of the Tribo-System Piston Ring and Cylinder Liner Outside of Engines 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Test Procedures Assigned to the High Frequency, Linear Oscillating Test Machine 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Load, Friction and Wear Tests 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 EP Test 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Scuffing Test 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Reagents and Materials 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Test Results 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Selection of Coatings for Piston Rings 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Scuffing Tribological Test 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.3 Hot Endurance Test 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Selection of Lubricants 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 High Performance Bio-lubricants and Tribo-reactive Materials for Clean Automotive Applications 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1 Synthetic Esters 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2 Polyalkyleneglycols 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Tribo-Active Materials 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.1 Thematic ‘Piston Rings’ 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 EP Tribological Tests 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.1 Piston Ring Cylinder Liner Simulation 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePART IV ENGINE BEARINGS 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 Friction and Wear in Engine Bearings 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Engine Bearing Materials 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Babbitt or White Metal 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Copper–Lead Alloys 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Aluminium-based Materials 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Functions of Engine Bearing Layers 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Types of Overlays\/Coatings in Engine Bearings 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Lead-based Overlays 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Tin-based Overlays 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Sputter Bearing Overlays 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Polymer-based Overlays 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Coatings for Engine Bearings 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Relevance of Lubrication Regimes in the Study of Bearing Wear 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Boundary Lubrication 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Mixed Film Lubrication 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Fluid Film Lubrication 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Theoretical Friction and Wear in Bearings 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 Friction 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Wear 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Mechanisms of Wear 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.1 Adhesive Wear 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.2 Abrasive Wear 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.3 Erosive Wear 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Requirements of Engine Bearing Materials 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Characterization Tests for Wear Behaviour of Engine Bearings 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11.1 Fatigue Strength 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11.2 Pin-on-disk Test 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11.3 Scratch Test for Bond Strength 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 Summary 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePART V LUBRICATING OILS FOR MODERN ENGINES 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Oils, Emission Strategies and their Effect on Engine Oils 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 What Drives the Changes in Diesel Engine Oil Specifications? 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Role of the Government 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 OEMs’ Role 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 The Consumer’s Role 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Engine Oil Requirements 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Overview and What an Engine Oil Must Do 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Components of Engine Oil Performance 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Viscosity 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Protection against Wear, Deposits and Oil Deterioration 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 How Engine Oil Performance Standards are Developed 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Phase 1: Category Request and Evaluation (API, 2011a, pp. 36, 37) 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Phase 2: Category Development (API, 2011a, pp. 41, 42) 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Phase 3: Category Implementation (API, 2011a, p. 45) 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 API Licensing Process 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 API Service Classifications 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 ACEA Specifications 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.1 Current E Sequences 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 OEM Specifications 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Why Some API Service Classifications Become Obsolete 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Engine Oil Composition 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.1 Base Oils 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.2 Refining Processes Used to Produce Lubricating Oil Base Stocks 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.3 Synthetic Base Oils 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.4 Synthetic Blends 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.5 API Base Oil Categories 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Specific Engine Oil Additive Chemistry 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11.1 Detergent–Dispersant Additives 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11.2 Anti-Wear Additives 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11.3 Friction Modifiers 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11.4 Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11.5 Oxidation Inhibitors (Antioxidants) 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11.6 Viscosity Index Improvers 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11.7 Pour Point Depressants 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11.8 Foam Inhibitors 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 Maintaining and Changing Engine Oils 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12.1 Oil Change Intervals 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12.2 Used Engine Oil Analysis 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13 Diesel Engine Oil Trends 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14 Engine Design Technologies and Strategies Used to Control Emissions 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14.1 High Pressure Common Rail (HPCR) Fuel System 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14.2 Combustion Optimization 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14.3 Advanced Turbocharging 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14.4 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14.5 Advanced Combustion Emissions Reduction Technology 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14.6 Crankcase Ventilation 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14.7 Exhaust After-Treatment 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14.8 On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.15 Impact of Emission Strategies on Engine Oils 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.15.1 Impact of Cooled EGR on Engine Oil 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.15.2 Effects of Post-Injection on Engine Oils 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.16 How Have Engine Oils Changed to Cope with the Demands of Low Emissions? 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.17 Most Prevalent API Specifications Found In Use 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.17.1 API CH-4 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.17.2 API CI-4 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.17.3 API CI-4 Plus 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.17.4 API CJ-4 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.18 Paradigm Shift in Engine Oil Technology 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.18.1 Backward Compatibility and Engine Tests 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.18.2 New Engine Sequence Tests 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.18.3 Previous Engine Oil Sequence Tests 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.18.4 Differences Between CJ-4 and Previous Categories and Benefits of Using CJ-4 Engine Oils 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.19 Future Engine Oil Developments 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.20 Summary 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePART VI FUEL INJECTION EQUIPMENT 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 Wear of Fuel Injection Equipment 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Wear due to Diesel Fuel Quality 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Lubricity of Mineral Diesel Fuel 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Oxygen Content of Biodiesel 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Wear due to Abrasive Dust in Fuel 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Wear of Injector Nozzle due to Heat and Dust 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Fuel Filters 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Wear due to Water in Fuel 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Corrosive Wear due to Water Ingress 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Use of Emulsified Water for Reducing Nitric Oxides in Large Engines 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Microbiological Contamination of Fuel Systems 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Water Separators 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Summary 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePART VII HEAVY FUEL ENGINES 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 Wear with Heavy Fuel Oil Operation 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Fuel Treatment: Filtration and Homogenization 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Water and Chlorine 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Fuel Injection Equipment 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Viscosity, Carbon Residue and Dust 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Fuel Injection Equipment 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Deposit Build Up on Top Land and Anti-polishing Ring for Reducing the Wear of Liner, Rings and Piston 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 High Sulfur in Fuel 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Formation of Sulfuric Acid 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Mechanism of Corrosive Attack by Sulfuric Acid 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3 Control of Corrosion by Basicity and Oil Consumption 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.4 Control of Sulfur Corrosion by Maintaining Cooling Water Temperature High 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Low Sulfur in Fuel 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.1 Lubricity 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.2 Lack of Formation of Oil Pockets on the Liner Bore 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.3 Sudden Severe Wear of Liner and Rings 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Catalyst Fines 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 High Temperature Corrosion 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1 Turbocharger 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.2 Exhaust Valves 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Wear Specific to Four-stroke HFO Engines 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10.1 Wear of Bearings 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10.2 Inlet Valve 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10.3 Corrosive Wear of Valve Tips 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 New Engines Compliant to Maritime Emission Standards 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11.1 Steps to Satisfy Emission Standards 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12 Wear Life of an HFO Engine 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13 Summary 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePART VIII FILTERS 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 Air and Oil Filtration and Its Impact on Oil Life and Engine Wear Life 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Mechanisms of Filtration 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Classification of Filtration 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Classification by Filter Media 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Classification by Direction of Flow 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Classification by Filter Size 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Filter Rating 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Absolute Rating 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Nominal Rating 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Mean Filter Rating 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.4 b Ratio 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.5 Efficiency 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Filter Selection 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Introduction to Different Filters in the Engine 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 Air Filters 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2 Cleaning Air Filters and Impact on Wear Life 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Oil Filters and Impact on Oil and Engine Life 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.1 Oil Performance and Life 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.2 Oil Stress 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.3 Application of the Concept of Oil Stress 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.4 Advances in Oil Filter Technology 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Engine Wear 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8.1 Method to Predict Wear of Critical Engine Components 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Full Flow Oil Filters 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9.1 Bypass Filters 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9.2 Centrifugal Filters 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Summary 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 16.A Filter Tests and Test Standards 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP.A. Lakshminarayanan\u003c\/b\u003e is the Head of R\u0026amp;D at Ashok Leyland in India. He has been the team leader or lead designer of about 10 diesel and CNG engines for different applications. He has guided 2 PhDs at IIT Delhi and 4 M.Techs at IIT Madras, and has published 40 papers in ASME, SAE, IMechE, and AVL journals and conferences. Previous appointments include 20 years from Manger to Senior General Manger of R\u0026amp;D at Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd, over 15 years as a Visiting Lecturer at IIT Madras, and 5 years as a Research Associate to J.C. Dent at Loughborough University of Technology. He is a Fellow of SAE-International. Lakshminarayanan holds a B.Tech, and M.S. and a PhD from IIT Madras.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNagaaraj S. Nayak\u003c\/b\u003e is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering based at Sahyadri College of Engg. \u0026amp; Management. Previously, he was a Senior Manager at the R\u0026amp;D department of Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd for 9 years, and was a Postdoctoral Fellow at University of Wisconsin Madison for 2 years. He has been a team leader for emission upgrades on 3 engines platforms, and performance development of 2 new engine platforms.\u003c\/p\u003e  The critical parts of a heavy duty engine are theoretically designed for infinite life without mechanical fatigue failure. Yet the life of an engine is in reality determined by wear of the critical parts. Even if an engine is designed and built to have normal wear life, abnormal wear takes place either due to special working conditions or increased loading.  Understanding abnormal and normal wear enables the engineer to control the external conditions leading to premature wear, or to design the critical parts that have longer wear life and hence lower costs. The literature on wear phenomenon related to engines is scattered in numerous periodicals and books. For the first time, Lakshminarayanan and Nayak bring the tribological aspects of different critical engine components together in one volume, covering key components like the liner, piston, rings, valve, valve train and bearings, with methods to identify and quantify wear.  \u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe first book to combine solutions to critical component wear in one volume\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePresents real world case studies with suitable mathematical models for earth movers, power generators, and sea going vessels\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes material from researchers at Schaeffer Manufacturing (USA), Tekniker (Spain), Fuchs (Germany), BAM (Germany), Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd (India) and Tarabusi (Spain)\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eWear simulations and calculations included in the appendices\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eInstructor presentations slides with book figures available from the companion site\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCritical Component Wear in Heavy Duty Engines\u003c\/i\u003e is aimed at postgraduates in automotive engineering, engine design, tribology, combustion and practitioners involved in engine R\u0026amp;D for applications such as commercial vehicles, cars, stationary engines (for generators, pumps, etc.), boats and ships. This book is also a key reference for senior undergraduates looking to move onto advanced study in the above topics, consultants and product mangers in industry, as well as engineers involved in design of furnaces, gas turbines, and rocket combustion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompanion website for the book: \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.wiley.com\/go\/lakshmi\"\u003ewww.wiley.com\/go\/lakshmi\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989006041317,"sku":"NP9780470828823","price":197.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470828823.jpg?v=1761782402","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/critical-component-wear-in-heavy-duty-engines-isbn-9780470828823","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}