{"product_id":"cochrane-handbook-for-systematic-reviews-of-diagnostic-test-accuracy-isbn-9781119756163","title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy","description":"\u003cb\u003eCochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA guide to conducting systematic reviews of test accuracy\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eCochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy\u003c\/i\u003e, a team of distinguished researchers deliver the official guide to preparing and maintaining systematic reviews of test accuracy in healthcare. This first edition of the \u003ci\u003eHandbook\u003c\/i\u003e contains guidance on understanding test accuracy measures, search strategies and study selection, understanding meta-analysis and risk of bias and applicability assessments, presentation of findings, and drawing conclusions. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReaders will also find: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAn introduction to test evaluation, including the purposes of medical testing, test accuracy and the impact of tests on patient outcomes\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive explorations of the design of test accuracy studies, including discussions of reference standards and comparative test accuracy studies\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eConsiderations of the methods and presentation of systematic reviews of test accuracy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eElaboration of study selection, data collection, and undertaking risk of bias and applicability assessments\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for medical practitioners and clinicians, \u003ci\u003eCochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy\u003c\/i\u003e will also benefit professionals in epidemiology and students in related fields. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eContributors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart One About Cochrane Reviews of diagnostic test accuracy 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Planning a Cochrane Review of diagnostic test accuracy 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Why do a systematic review of test accuracy? 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Undertaking a Cochrane Review of diagnostic test accuracy 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 The role of the Diagnostic Test Accuracy Editorial Team 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Expectations for the conduct and reporting of Cochrane Reviews of diagnostic test accuracy 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Data management and quality assurance 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Keeping the Review up to date 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Proposing a new Cochrane Review of diagnostic test accuracy 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Cochrane Protocols 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 The author team 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 The importance of the team 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Criteria for authorship 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.3 Incorporating relevant perspectives and stakeholder involvement 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Resources and support 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.1 Identifying resources and support 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.2 Funding and conflicts of interest 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.3 Training 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.4 Software 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Chapter information 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 References 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart Two Introducing test accuracy 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Evaluating medical tests 21\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Types of medical tests 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Test accuracy 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 How do diagnostic tests affect patient outcomes? 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Direct test effects 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Altering clinical decisions and actions 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Changes to time frames and populations 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Influencing patient and clinician perceptions 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Evaluations of test accuracy during test development 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Evaluations of accuracy during biomarker discovery 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Early evaluations of test accuracy 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Clinical evaluations of test accuracy 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Other purposes of medical testing 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Predisposition 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Risk stratification 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Screening 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.4 Staging 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.5 Prognosis 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.6 Treatment selection 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.7 Treatment efficacy 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.8 Therapeutic monitoring 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.9 Surveillance for progression or recurrence 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Chapter information 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 References 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Understanding the design of test accuracy studies 35\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 The basic design for a test accuracy study 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Multiple groups of participants 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Multiple reference standards 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 More on reference standards 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Delayed verification 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Composite reference standard 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Panel- based reference 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Latent class analysis 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5 Gold standard 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.6 Clinical reference standard 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Comparative test accuracy studies 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Paired comparative accuracy study 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Randomized comparative accuracy study 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Non- randomized comparative accuracy study 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Additional aspects of study designs 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Prospective versus retrospective 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Pragmatic versus explanatory 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Concluding remarks 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Chapter information 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 References 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Understanding test accuracy measures 53\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Types of test data 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Inconclusive index test results 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Target condition 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Analysis of a primary test accuracy study 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Sensitivity and specificity 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Predictive values 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Proportion with the target condition 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Pre- test and post- test probabilities 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.5 Interpretation of sensitivity, specificity and predictive values 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.6 Confidence intervals 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.7 Other test accuracy measures 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Positivity thresholds 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Receiver operating characteristic curves 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Analysis of a comparative accuracy study 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Chapter information 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 References 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart Three Methods and presentation of systematic reviews of test accuracy 73\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Defining the review question 75\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Aims of systematic reviews of test accuracy 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Investigations of heterogeneity 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Identifying the clinical problem 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Role of a new test 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Defining the clinical pathway 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Unclear and multiple clinical pathways 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Defining the review question 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Population 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Index test(s) 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Target condition 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 The review question: PIT 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.5 From review question to objectives 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.6 Broad versus narrow questions 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Defining eligibility criteria 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Types of studies 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Participants 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Index test(s) 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4 Target condition 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.5 Reference standard 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Chapter information 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 References 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Searching for and selecting studies 97\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Searching for studies 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Working in partnership 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Advice for review teams that do not include an information specialist 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Sources to search 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Bibliographic databases 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.1 MEDLINE, PubMed and Embase 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.2 National and regional databases 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.3 Subject- specific databases 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.4 Dissertations and theses databases 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Additional sources to search 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.1 Related reviews, guidelines and reference lists as sources of studies 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.2 Handsearching 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.3 Forward citation searching and co- citation searching 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.4 Web searching 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.5 Grey literature databases 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.6 Trial registries 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.7 Contacting colleagues, study authors and manufacturers 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Designing search strategies 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Structuring the search strategy 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Controlled vocabulary and text words 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Text word or keyword searching 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Search filters 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.5 Language, date and type of document restrictions 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.6 Identifying fraudulent studies, other retracted publications, errata and comments 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.7 Minimizing the risk of bias through search methods 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Documenting and reporting the search process 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Documenting the search process 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Reporting the search process 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2.1 Reporting the search process in the protocol 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2.2 Reporting the search process in the review 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Selecting relevant studies 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Examine full- text reports for compliance of studies with eligibility criteria 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Future developments in literature searching and selection 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Chapter information 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 References 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Collecting data 131\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Sources of data 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Studies (not reports) as the unit of interest 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Correspondence with investigators 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 What data to collect 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 What are data? 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Study methods (participant recruitment and sampling) 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Participant characteristics and setting 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Index test(s) 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Target condition and reference standard 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6 Flow and timing 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7 Extracting study results and converting to the desired format 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7.1 Obtaining 2×2 data from accuracy measures 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7.2 Using global measures 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7.3 Challenges defining reference standard positive and negative: strategies when there are more than two categories 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7.4 Challenges defining index test positive and negative: inconclusive results 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7.5 Challenges defining index test positive and negative: test failures 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7.6 Challenges defining index test positive and negative: dealing with multiple thresholds and extracting data from ROC curves or other graphics 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7.7 Extracting data from figures with software 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7.8 Corrections for missing data: adjusting for partial verification bias 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7.9 Multiple index tests from the same study 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7.10 Subgroups of patients 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7.11 Individual patient data 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7.12 Extracting covariates 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.8 Other information to collect 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Data collection tools 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Rationale for data collection forms 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Considerations in selecting data collection tools 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Design of a data collection form 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Extracting data from reports 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Introduction 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Who should extract data? 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Training data extractors 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4 Extracting data from multiple reports of the same study 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.5 Reliability and reaching consensus 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.6 Suspicions of scientific misconduct 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.7 Key points in planning and reporting data extraction 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Managing and sharing data and tools 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Chapter information 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 References 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Assessing risk of bias and applicability 169\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Understanding bias and applicability 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Bias and imprecision 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Bias versus applicability 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Biases in test accuracy studies: empirical evidence 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Quadas- 2 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Background 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Risk- of- bias assessment 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Applicability assessment 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Using and tailoring QUADAS- 2 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Flow diagram 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.6 Performing the QUADAS- 2 assessment 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Domain 1: Participant selection 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Participant selection: risk- of- bias signalling questions (QUADAS- 2) 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Participant selection: additional signalling questions for comparative accuracy studies (QUADAS- C) 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Participant selection: concerns regarding applicability 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Domain 2: Index test 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Index test: risk- of- bias signalling questions (QUADAS- 2) 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Index test: additional signalling questions for comparative accuracy studies (QUADAS- C) 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Index test: concerns regarding applicability 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Domain 3: Reference standard 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Reference standard: risk- of- bias signalling questions (QUADAS- 2) 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Reference standard: additional signalling questions for comparative accuracy studies (QUADAS- C) 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 Reference standard: concerns regarding applicability 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Domain 4: Flow and timing 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Flow and timing: risk- of- bias signalling questions (QUADAS- 2) 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 Flow and timing: additional signalling questions for comparative accuracy studies (QUADAS- C) 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Presentation of risk- of- bias and applicability assessments 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Narrative summary of risk- of- bias and applicability assessments 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Chapter information 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 References 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Understanding meta- analysis 203\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Aims of meta- analysis for systematic reviews of test accuracy 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 When not to use a meta- analysis in a review 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 How does meta- analysis of diagnostic test accuracy differ from metaanalysis of interventions? 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4 Questions that can be addressed in test accuracy analyses 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4.1 What is the accuracy of a test? 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4.2 How does the accuracy vary with clinical and methodological characteristics? 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4.3 How does the accuracy of two or more tests compare? 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.5 Planning the analysis 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Graphical and tabular presentation 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Coupled forest plots 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Summary ROC plots 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Linked SROC plots 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3.1 Example 1: Anti- CCP for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis – descriptive plots 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Tables of results 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Meta- analytical summaries 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Should I estimate an SROC curve or a summary point? 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Heterogeneity 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Fitting hierarchical models 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Bivariate model 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Example 1 continued: anti- CCP for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 The Rutter and Gatsonis HSROC model 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Example 2: Rheumatoid factor as a marker for rheumatoid arthritis 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Data reported at multiple thresholds per study 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6 Investigating heterogeneity 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6.1 Criteria for model selection 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6.2 Heterogeneity and regression analysis using the bivariate model 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6.3 Example 1 continued: Investigation of heterogeneity in diagnostic performance of anti- CCP 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6.4 Heterogeneity and regression analysis using the Rutter and Gatsonis HSROC model 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6.5 Example 2 continued: Investigating heterogeneity in diagnostic accuracy of rheumatoid factor (RF) 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.7 Comparing index tests 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.7.1 Test comparisons based on all available studies 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.7.2 Test comparisons using the bivariate model 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.7.3 Example 3: CT versus MRI for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.7.4 Test comparisons using the Rutter and Gatsonis HSROC model 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.7.5 Test comparison based on studies that directly compare tests 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.7.6 Example 3 continued: CT versus MRI for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.8 Approaches to analysis with small numbers of studies 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.9 Sensitivity analysis 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Special topics 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Imperfect reference standard 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Investigating and handling verification bias 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Investigating and handling publication bias 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Developments in meta- analysis for systematic reviews of test accuracy 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Chapter information 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 References 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Undertaking meta- analysis 249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Estimation of a summary point 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Fitting the bivariate model using SAS 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Fitting the bivariate model using Stata 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Fitting the bivariate model using R 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Bayesian estimation of the bivariate model 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4.1 Specification of the bivariate model in rjags 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4.2 Monitoring convergence 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4.3 Summary statistics 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4.4 Generating an SROC plot 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4.5 Sensitivity analyses 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Estimation of a summary curve 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Fitting the HSROC model using SAS 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Bayesian estimation of the HSROC model 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2.1 Specification of the HSROC model in rjags 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2.2 Monitoring convergence 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2.3 Summary statistics and SROC plot 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2.4 Sensitivity analyses 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Comparison of summary points 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Fitting the bivariate model in SAS to compare summary points 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Fitting the bivariate model in Stata to compare summary points 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Fitting the bivariate model in R to compare summary points 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Bayesian inference for comparing summary points 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4.1 Summary statistics 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Comparison of summary curves 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Fitting the HSROC model in SAS to compare summary curves 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Bayesian estimation of the HSROC model for comparing summary curves 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.1 Monitoring convergence 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.2 Summary statistics 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Meta- analysis of sparse data and a typical data sets 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Facilitating convergence 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Simplifying hierarchical models 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Meta- analysis with multiple thresholds per study 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.1 Meta- analysis of multiple thresholds with R 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.2 Meta- analysis of multiple thresholds with rjags 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Meta- analysis with imperfect reference standard: latent class meta- analysis 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.1 Specification of the latent class bivariate meta- analysis model in rjags 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.2 Monitoring convergence 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.3 Summary statistics and summary ROC plot 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.4 Sensitivity analyses 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Concluding remarks 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Chapter information 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 References 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Presenting findings 327\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Results of the search 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Description of included studies 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Methodological quality of included studies 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Individual and summary estimates of test accuracy 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Presenting results from included studies 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Presenting summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.3 Presenting SROC curves 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.4 Describing uncertainty in summary statistics 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.5 Describing heterogeneity in summary statistics 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Comparisons of test accuracy 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Comparing tests using summary points 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Comparing tests using SROC curves 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.3 Interpretation of confidence intervals for differences in test accuracy 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Investigations of sources of heterogeneity 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Re- expressing summary estimates numerically 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.1 Frequencies 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.2 Predictive values 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.3 Likelihood ratios 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Presenting findings when meta- analysis cannot be performed 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Chapter information 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 References 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Drawing conclusions 349\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 ‘Summary of findings’ tables 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Assessing the strength of the evidence 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Key issues to consider when assessing the strength of the evidence 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.1 How valid are the summary estimates? 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.2 How applicable are the summary estimates? 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.3 How heterogeneous are the individual study estimates? 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.4 How precise are the summary estimates? 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.5 How complete is the body of evidence? 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.6 Were index test comparisons made between or within primary studies? 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 GRADE approach for assessing the certainty of evidence 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 GRADE domains for assessing certainty of evidence for test accuracy 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1.1 Risk of bias 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1.2 Indirectness (applicability) 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1.3 Inconsistency (heterogeneity) 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1.4 Imprecision 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1.5 Publication bias 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Summary of main results in the Discussion section 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Strengths and weaknesses of the review 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Strengths and weaknesses of included studies 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Strengths and weaknesses of the review 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2.1 Strengths and weaknesses due to the search and selection process 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2.2 Strengths and weaknesses due to methodological quality assessment and data extraction 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2.3 Weaknesses due to the review analyses 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2.4 Direct and indirect comparisons 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Comparisons with previous research 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Applicability of findings to the review question 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Drawing conclusions 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.1 Implications for practice 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.2 Implications for research 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Chapter information 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 References 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Writing a plain language summary 377\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Audience and writing style 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Contents and structure of a plain language summary 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Title 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Key messages 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 ‘Why is improving [ ] diagnosis important?’ 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 ‘What is the [ ] test?’ 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.5 What did we want to find out? 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.6 What did we do? 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.7 What did we find? 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.7.1 Describing the included studies 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.7.2 Presenting information on test accuracy 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.7.3 Presenting single estimates of accuracy 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.7.4 Presenting multiple estimates of accuracy: two index tests 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.7.5 Presenting multiple estimates of accuracy: more than two index tests 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.7.6 When presenting a numerical summary of test accuracy is not appropriate 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.7.7 Graphical illustration of test accuracy results 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.8 What are the limitations of the evidence? 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.9 How up to date is this evidence? 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Chapter information 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 References 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Appendix: Additional example plain language summary 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 399\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJonathan J. Deeks\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor at the Institute of Applied Health Research at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom. He is a member of Cochrane’s Diagnostic Test Accuracy Editorial team. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePatrick M. Bossuyt\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor at the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science in the Netherlands. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMariska M. Leeflang\u003c\/b\u003e is Associate Professor at the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science in the Netherlands. She is a Convenor of Cochrane’s Screening and Diagnostic Tests Methods Group. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYemisi Takwoingi\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor at the Institute of Applied Health Research at the University of Birmingham, UK and a Convenor of Cochrane’s Screening and Diagnostic Tests Methods Group.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA guide to conducting systematic reviews of test accuracy\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eCochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy\u003c\/i\u003e, a team of distinguished researchers deliver the official guide to preparing and maintaining systematic reviews of test accuracy in healthcare. This first edition of the \u003ci\u003eHandbook\u003c\/i\u003e contains guidance on understanding test accuracy measures, search strategies and study selection, understanding meta-analysis and risk of bias and applicability assessments, presentation of findings, and drawing conclusions. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReaders will also find: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAn introduction to test evaluation, including the purposes of medical testing, test accuracy and the impact of tests on patient outcomes\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive explorations of the design of test accuracy studies, including discussions of reference standards and comparative test accuracy studies\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eConsiderations of the methods and presentation of systematic reviews of test accuracy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eElaboration of study selection, data collection, and undertaking risk of bias and applicability assessments\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for medical practitioners and clinicians, \u003ci\u003eCochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy\u003c\/i\u003e will also benefit professionals in epidemiology and students in related fields.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988940177637,"sku":"NP9781119756163","price":67.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119756163.jpg?v=1761782135","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/cochrane-handbook-for-systematic-reviews-of-diagnostic-test-accuracy-isbn-9781119756163","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}