{"product_id":"chemistry-biology-and-pharmacology-of-lichen-isbn-9781394190676","title":"Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology of Lichen","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnderstand the properties and applications of one of the world’s most ubiquitous flora\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLichen is a single entity comprising two or more organisms—most typically algae and fungus—in a symbiotic relationship. It is one of the planet’s most abundant categories of flora, with over 25,000 known species across all regions of the globe. Lichens’ status as a rich source of bioactive metabolites and phytochemicals, as well as their potential as bio-indicators, has given them an increasingly prominent role in modern research into medicine, cosmetics, food, and more.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eChemistry, Biology and Pharmacology of Lichen\u003c\/i\u003e provides a comprehensive overview of these bountiful flora and their properties. It provides not only in-depth analysis of lichen physiology and ecology, but also a thorough survey of their modern and growing applications. It provides all the tools readers need to domesticate lichen and bring their properties to bear on some of humanity’s most intractable scientific problems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eChemistry, Biology and Pharmacology of Lichen\u003c\/i\u003e readers will also find:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eApplications of lichen in fields ranging from food to cosmetics to nanoscience and beyond\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetailed discussion of topics including lichen as habitats for other organisms, lichens as anticancer drugs, antimicrobial properties of lichen, and many more\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetailed discussion on key bioactive compounds from lichens\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eChemistry, Biology and Pharmacology of Lichen\u003c\/i\u003e is ideal for scientists and researchers in ethnobotany, pharmacology, chemistry, and biology, as well as teachers and students with an interest in biologically important lichens.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is gratifying to see the enthusiasm of Indian mycologists for lichens grow over the last 25 years, especially in their possible exploitation. That this book has a staggering 63 contributors, of which all but seven are from India or Pakistan, is a testament to that enthusiasm. Following a series of nine chapters on general aspects of lichen biology, conservation and ecology, are ten on different aspects of actual or prospected applications. These cover traditional uses, therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds, antioxidant properties, antimicrobial activities, anticancer drugs, food value, perfumery and cosmetics, bioindication, and nanoparticles. One contribution compiles ethnobotanical and pharmacological properties of four particular genera (Cetraria, Cladonia, Parmelia s.lat., and Usnea). The compilations of pertinent very scattered publications and reports will be of value for anyone wishing to explore particular activities further, especially as starting points for fresh research. However, it has to be recognized that many of the studies commented on, especially in relation to potential medical applications, are based on individual rather small-scale studies (and not always on precisely identified material). Further, in many chapters, published reports are carefully compiled but generally accepted without indications of their limitations. I was concerned to see that in the chapter on taxonomy, lichens were not presented from the standpoint of the phylogenetic placements of the fungal partners (to which the “lichen” name applies). Instead, it is Zahlbruckner’s system that is used, treating them as a separate group divided into Ascolichens, Basidiolichens, and categories such as Gymnocarpeae. In justification they say this “has been widely adopted by all British lichenologists” and give a reference to a 1959 publication! It is sad to see such obsolete treatments being perpetuated, as in addition to misleading readers it may inhibit them from looking into what is known of the activities and properties of related non-lichen fungi and their products. There are also inconsistencies in the scientific names used, and erratic use of author citations (which in any case have no place in nontaxonomic works). It is unfortunate that a work on a subject of such potentially wide interest was evidently not as critically reviewed and edited to the standard I would have expected from such a prestigious and respected publisher.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDavid L. Hawksworth, 2024 Mycological book news, Fungal Biology Reviews, Volume 50, 2024, 100399. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fbr.2024.100399\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fbr.2024.100399\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Overview of Lichen 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAshoke Kumar Das, Subrata Sarkar, and Papori Devi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Distribution 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Morphology and Anatomy 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Reproduction 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Lichen Phytochemicals 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Economic Importance 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Conservation 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Conclusion 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 The Biology of Lichen 13\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eLudmilla Fitri Untari\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Lichen Life Form 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 The Internal Structure of Lichen 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Reproduction of Lichen 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Lichen Substrates 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Taxonomy of Lichen 21\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDarshita Sinha, Munmi Borkataky, Bhaben Chowardhara, and Ratul Nath\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Identification of Lichen 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Nomenclature of Lichen 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Classification of Lichen 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Phylogeny of Lichen 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Molecular Taxonomy of Lichens 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Therapeutic and Commercial Values of Lichen 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Conclusion 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Lichen as Habitats for Other Organisms 39\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eLudmilla Fitri Untari\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Lichens as Habitat 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Benefits of Living in Lichens 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Importance of Lichen for Biodiversity 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Threats to Lichen Habitats 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Conclusion 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Ecology of Lichen 49\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eTridip Boruah, Krity Dulal, and Puja Namo Das\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Ecological Habitats 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Ecological Factors for Lichen Development 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Adaptations of Lichen 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Lichens in Extreme Habitat 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Physiology of Lichen 71\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eFarishta Yasmin and Rosni Jabin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Physiological Interaction 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Metabolism 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Physiological Peculiarities 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Conclusion 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Lichen as Pioneer of Natural Ecosystem 81\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eBhaskor Kolita and Ridip Kumar Gogoi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Lichens as Pioneer of Ecological Succession 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Impact of Lichen on Natural Ecosystem 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Conclusion 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Conservation of Lichens 91\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eBeena Kumari, Girish Kumar Sharma, Amit Vaish, Prashant Kumar, and Mohammad Javed Ansari\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Important Roles of Lichens 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Biogeography (Geographic Distribution of Lichen) 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Conservation of Lichen Diversity 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Conservation Challenges of Lichens 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Recommendation for Conservation of Lichens 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Conclusion 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Lichen at the Age of Climate Change 113\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarsha Devi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Adaptation of Lichen to the Harsh Environment 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Impact of Climate Change on Lichen Flora 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Sensitivity of Lichen to Climate Change 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Lichen as an Indicator of Climate Change 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Transplant Experiment on Lichen 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Carbon Sequestration by Lichen 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Conclusion 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Commercial and Traditional Uses of Lichen 125\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eFarak Ali, Shahnaz Alom, Apurba Gohain, Sheikh Rezzak Ali, Nilayan Guha, and Shuby Kumari\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Historical Background 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Lichen as Ethnomedicine 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Cultural Aspects of Lichen 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Commercial Uses of Lichen 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Conclusion 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Bioactive Compounds in Lichens and Their Therapeutic Potential 137\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eFarhan Saeed, Muhammad Afzaal, Muhammad Ahtisham Raza, Habiba Arooj, Mariam Islam, and Rimsha Gulzar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Diversity in Lichens 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Bioactive Compounds in Lichens 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Therapeutic Potential of Lichens 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.5 Antimicrobial Activity 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.6 Antioxidant Activity 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Conclusion 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Antioxidant Properties of Lichen 153\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eHadiqa Faiz ul Rasul, Fareed Afzal, Waseem Khalid, Mateen Ahmad, Shirin gull, Izza Faiz ul Rasool, Maryam Ilyas, and Miral Javed\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Botanical History of Lichens 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Classification of Lichen 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Source and Formation of Lichen 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Antioxidant Property 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Constituents Responsible for Antioxidant Activity in Lichens 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Antioxidant Activity in Parmelia sulcata, Lasallia pustulata, Hypogymnia physodes 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Constituents Responsible for Antioxidant Behavior in Cetraria islandica 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Techniques Used to Determine the Antioxidant Activities in Lichens 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Conclusion 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Antimicrobial Activities of Lichens 169\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad Zeeshan Ahmed, Tazeen Rao, Nihad Ashraf Khan, Muneeba Aslam, and Yunita Sari Pane\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Antimicrobial Compounds of Lichen 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Lichen Species Having Antimicrobial Properties 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Antibacterial Properties 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Antifungal Properties 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Conclusion 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Lichens: A Source of Anticancer Drugs 193\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAri Satia Nugraha, Thi Hai Yen Lam, Hendris Wongso, Lilla Nur Firli, and Paul A. Keller\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Lichen Extracts with Anticancer Activities 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Lichen Compounds with Anticancer Activities 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Anticancer of Lichen in Animal Model 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Properties of Parmelia, Cetraria, Cladonia, and Usnea 231\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eVarsha Sharma and Alka Rajput\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Parmelia 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Cetraria 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Cladonia 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Usnea 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Conclusion 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Food Values of Lichen 261\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAshoke Kumar Das, Subrata Sarkar, Lily Devi, Chatna Hasnu, and Saurabh Bhattacharjee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Historical Background 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Lichen as Food for Human 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Lichen as Spices and Flavor Enhancer 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Lichens as Beverage 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Lichens as Feed 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Conclusion 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Lichen as a Raw Material in Perfumery and Cosmetic Industries 275\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eShahnaz Alom, Farak Ali, Bibhuti Busan Kakoti, Sandipan Choudhury, and Abdul Baquee Ahmed\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Historical Background of Lichens Used in Perfume Industry 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Commercially Viable Lichen Species in Perfumery and Cosmetic Industries 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Lichen as Perfume and its Chemistry 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Conclusion 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Lichen as Bio Indicators 289\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eTridip Boruah, Himasri Devi, and Shilpa Sarkar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Effective Biomonitoring of Lichen Species 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Methods of Lichen Biomonitoring 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Lichen as Indicator to Air Pollution 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Lichen as Heavy Metal Indicator 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Lichen as Indicator to Toxic Material 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Conclusion 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Lichen Based Nanoparticles 305\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eSwati Gajbhiye and Sanjay J. Dhoble\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Lichen Based Nanoparticles and Their Application 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Biocompatibility of Lichen Based Nanoparticle 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Biosynthesis of Lichen-Based Nanoparticles 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Future Prospects and Conclusions 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 325\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAshoke Kumar Das, PhD,\u003c\/b\u003e Department of Botany, Abhayapuri College, Gauhati University, Bongaigaon (Assam), India. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAjay Sharma, PhD,\u003c\/b\u003e Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab, India. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDeepika Kathuria, PhD,\u003c\/b\u003e Department of Chemistry, University Centre for Research and Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab, India. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMohammad Javed Ansari, PhD,\u003c\/b\u003e Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad, Moradabad, India. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGarima Bhardwaj, PhD,\u003c\/b\u003e Department of Chemistry, Sant Longowal Institute, Sangrur, India.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnderstand the properties and applications of one of the world’s most ubiquitous flora\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLichen is a single entity comprising two or more organisms—most typically algae and fungus—in a symbiotic relationship. It is one of the planet’s most abundant categories of flora, with over 25,000 known species across all regions of the globe. Lichens’ status as a rich source of bioactive metabolites and phytochemicals, as well as their potential as bio-indicators, has given them an increasingly prominent role in modern research into medicine, cosmetics, food, and more. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eChemistry, Biology and Pharmacology of Lichen\u003c\/i\u003e provides a comprehensive overview of these bountiful flora and their properties. It provides not only in-depth analysis of lichen physiology and ecology, but also a thorough survey of their modern and growing applications. It provides all the tools readers need to domesticate lichen and bring their properties to bear on some of humanity’s most intractable scientific problems. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eChemistry, Biology and Pharmacology of Lichen\u003c\/i\u003e readers will also find: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eApplications of lichen in fields ranging from food to cosmetics to nanoscience and beyond \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed discussion of topics including lichen as habitats for other organisms, lichens as anticancer drugs, antimicrobial properties of lichen, and many more \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed discussion on key bioactive compounds from lichens\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eChemistry, Biology and Pharmacology of Lichen\u003c\/i\u003e is ideal for scientists and researchers in ethnobotany, pharmacology, chemistry, and biology, as well as teachers and students with an interest in biologically important lichens.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988908294373,"sku":"NP9781394190676","price":220.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781394190676.jpg?v=1761782009","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/chemistry-biology-and-pharmacology-of-lichen-isbn-9781394190676","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}