{"product_id":"characterization-of-pharmaceutical-nano-and-microsystems-isbn-9781119414049","title":"Characterization of Pharmaceutical Nano- and Microsystems","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLearn about the analytical tools used to characterize particulate drug delivery systems with this comprehensive overview\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEdited by a leading expert in the field, \u003ci\u003eCharacterization of Pharmaceutical Nano- and Microsystems\u003c\/i\u003e provides a complete description of the analytical techniques used to characterize particulate drug systems on the micro- and nanoscale.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe book offers readers a full understanding of the basic physicochemical characteristics, material properties and differences between micro- and nanosystems. It explains how and why greater experience and more reliable measurement techniques are required as particle size shrinks, and the measured phenomena grow weaker.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCharacterization of Pharmaceutical Nano- and Microsystems\u003c\/i\u003e deals with a wide variety of topics relevant to chemical and solid-state analysis of drug delivery systems, including drug release, permeation, cell interaction, and safety. It is a complete resource for those interested in the development and manufacture of new medicines, the drug development process, and the translation of those drugs into life-enriching and lifesaving medicines.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCharacterization of Pharmaceutical Nano- and Microsystems\u003c\/i\u003e covers all of the following topics:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAn introduction to the analytical tools applied to determine particle size, morphology, and shape\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCommon chemical approaches to drug system characterization\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eA description of solid-state characterization of drug systems\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDrug release and permeation studies\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eToxicity and safety issues\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe interaction of drug particles with cells\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e Perfect for pharmaceutical chemists and engineers, as well as all other industry professionals and researchers who deal with drug delivery systems on a regular basis, \u003ci\u003eCharacterization of Pharmaceutical Nano- and Microsystems\u003c\/i\u003e also belongs on bookshelves of interested students and faculty who interact with this topic. \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeries Preface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Abbreviations xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Selecting a Particle Sizer for the Pharmaceutical Industry 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMargarida Figueiredo, M. José Moura and Paulo J. Ferreira\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Relevance of Particle Size in the Pharmaceutical Industry 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Main Goals 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 Why it is So Difficult to Select a Particle Sizer 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Particle Size Distribution 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Equivalent Diameter 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Reporting Particle Size 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Distribution Statistics 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Selecting a Particle Sizer 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Classification 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Selection Criteria 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Aspects of Some Selected Methods 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Optical Microscopy-based Methods 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Laser Light-scattering Techniques 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2.1 Laser Diffraction and Static Light Scattering 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2.2 Dynamic Light Scattering 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 The Time-of-Flight Counter 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.4 Cascade Impactor 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Conclusions 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Spectroscopic Methods in Solid-state Characterization 27\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eClare Strachan, Jukka Saarinen, Tiina Lipiäinen, Elina Vuorimaa-Laukkanen, Kaisa Rautaniemi, Timo Laaksonen, Marcin Skotnicki and Martin Dračínský\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Solid-state Structure of Particulates 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Spectroscopy Overview 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Spectroscopic Data Analysis 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Band Assignment 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Statistical Analysis 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Infrared Spectroscopy 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Principle 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 MIR Applications 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 MIR Imaging 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Near-infrared Spectroscopy 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Principle 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 NIR Applications 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 NIR Imaging 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Terahertz Spectroscopy 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Principle 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Terahertz Applications 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Terahertz Imaging 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Raman Spectroscopy 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Principle 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Raman Applications 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3 Raman Imaging 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Nonlinear Optics 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.1 Principle 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.2 Nonlinear Optics Applications 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.3 Nonlinear Optical Imaging 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.1 Principle 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.2 Fluorescence from Solid-state Samples 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.3 Intrinsic Fluorophores in Solid Samples 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.4 Fluorescence Imaging 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.5 Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.1 The Basic Theory of NMR Spectroscopy 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.2 Solid-state NMR Technique 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.2.1 Dipole–Dipole Interactions 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.2.2 Chemical Shift Anisotropy 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.2.3 Quadrupolar Coupling 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.2.4 Indirect Coupling 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.2.5 Magic-angle Spinning and High-power Proton Decoupling 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.3 Solid-state NMR Experiments 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.3.1 Sample Preparation 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.3.2 Cross-polarization 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.3.3 Heteronuclear Correlation Experiments 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.4 Pharmaceutical Applications of Solid-state NMR 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Conclusions 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Microfluidic Analysis Techniques for Safety Assessment of Pharmaceutical Nano- and Microsystems 97\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTiina M. Sikanen, Iiro Kiiski and Elisa Ollikainen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Microfluidic Bioanalytical Platforms 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Microfabrication Methods and Materials 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Microfluidic Cell Cultures 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Selection of the Microfabrication Material by Design 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Additional Design Considerations 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Characterization of Pharmaceutical Nano- and Microsystems Using Organ-on-a-chip 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Immobilized Enzyme Microreactors for Hepatic Safety Assessment 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Nanoparticle Impacts on the Hepatic Clearance of Xenobiotics 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Cytochrome P450 Interaction Studies in Through-flow Conditions 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.1 Immobilization Strategies for Cytochrome P450 Enzymes 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.2 Microfabrication Materials and Design Considerations 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Microfluidic Total Analysis Systems 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Microfluidic Separation Systems 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Toward n-in-one Analytical Platforms 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Epilogue 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 \u003ci\u003eIn Vitro–In Vivo \u003c\/i\u003eCorrelation for Pharmaceutical Nano- and Microsystems 137\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePreshita P. Desai and Vandana B. Patravale\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 \u003ci\u003eIn Vitro \u003c\/i\u003eDissolution and \u003ci\u003eIn Vivo \u003c\/i\u003ePharmacokinetics 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Levels of Correlation 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Level A Correlation 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Level B Correlation 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Level C Correlation 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Multiple Level C Correlation 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 Level D Correlation 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Models of IVIVC 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Deconvolution Model 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Convolution Model 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Miscellaneous Models 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 IVIVC Model Validation: Predictability Evaluation 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 IVIVC Development Step-by-Step Approach 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Brief Introduction to Micro\/Nanosystems and IVIVC Relevance 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Selection of Appropriate Dissolution Method 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Selection of Appropriate Dissolution Medium 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Selection of Appropriate IVIVC Mathematical Model 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Applications of IVIVC for Micro\/nanoformulations 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.1 Formulation Optimization 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.2 Surrogate for Bioequivalence Studies and Biowaivers 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Softwares Used for IVIVC 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Characterization of Bioadhesion, Mucin-interactions and Mucosal Permeability of Pharmaceutical Nano- and Microsystems 171\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEllen Hagesaether, Malgorzata Iwona Adamczak, Marianne Hiorth and Ingunn Tho\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Background and Theory 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Mucosal Membranes 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Oral Mucosa 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Gastrointestinal Mucosa 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Pulmonary Mucosa 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Nasal Mucosa 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Ocular Mucosa 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Vaginal Mucosa 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Use of Mucosal Membranes in Studies of Micro- and Nanoparticles 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Diffusion Chambers 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Permeability Support for Cell-based Systems 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Selection of Biological Models 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Tissue-based Models 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Cell-based Models 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Mucus as Models 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4 Artificial Models 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Methods for Testing Biocompatibility 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Viability 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Cytotoxicity 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 Paracellular Permeability 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Methods for Testing Mucoadhesion 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3 Rheology 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.4 Rheology in Combination with Light Scattering (Rheo-SALS) 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.5 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Zeta Potential Measurements 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.6 Mechanical Methods 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.7 Mucin Adsorption Study 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.8 Wash-off Tests 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Methods for Testing Mucopenetration 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.1 Fluorescent Recovery after Photobleaching (FRAP) and Multiple Image Photography (MIP) 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2 Permeability Studies 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3 Water-assisted Transport Through Mucus 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.4 Particles with Dynamic Properties 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Methods for Assessing Cell Interactions 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9.1 Cell Adhesion 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9.2 Cellular Uptake 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9.3 Transcellular Transport 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Concluding Remarks 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Cell–Nanoparticle Interactions: Toxicity and Safety Issues 207\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFlavia Fontana, Nazanin Zanjanizadeh Ezazi, Nayab Tahir and Helder A. Santos\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Role of Nanoparticles in Modern Medicine and Applications 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Cell–NP Interactions 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.1 Size 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.2 Shape 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.3 Surface Charge 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.4 Surface Functionalization and Hydrophobicity 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.5 Protein Corona 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 NP Toxicity 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Mechanisms of NP-Induced Cellular Toxicity 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Damage to the Plasma Membrane 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Alterations or Disruptions in the Cytoskeleton 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Mitochondrial Toxicity 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Nuclear Damage 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.6 Interference in the Signaling Pathways 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 \u003ci\u003eIn Vitro \u003c\/i\u003eAssays to Evaluate Cell–NP Interactions 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Traditional Assays 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Innovative Assays 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Zinc Oxide 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Cerium Oxide 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Iron Oxide 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Non-metallic Nanoparticles 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Liposomes 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Polymeric Delivery Systems 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Dendrimers 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Silicon\/Silica-based Drug Delivery Systems 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Intestinal Mucosal Models to Validate Functionalized Nanosystems 243\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCláudia Azevedo, In\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eês Pereira and Bruno Sarmento\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Intestinal Mucosal Characteristics 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Intestinal Morphology 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Transport Mechanisms 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 \u003ci\u003eIn Vitro \u003c\/i\u003eModels 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Monoculture Models 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Co-culture Models 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.1 The Caco-2\/HT29-MTX Model 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.2 The Caco-2\/Raji B Model 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.3 The Caco-2\/HT29-MTX\/Raji B Model 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 3D Co-culture Models 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Gut-on-a-Chip 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 \u003ci\u003eEx Vivo \u003c\/i\u003eIntestinal Models for \u003ci\u003eIn Vitro\/In Vivo \u003c\/i\u003eCorrelation of Functionalized Nanosystems 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Diffusion Chambers 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.1 Ussing Chamber 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.2 Franz Cell 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Everted Intestinal Sac Model 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Non-everted Intestinal Sac Model 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Everted Intestinal Ring 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 \u003ci\u003eIn Situ \u003c\/i\u003eModels 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Intestinal Perfusion 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Intestinal Loop 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Intestinal Vascular Cannulation 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 \u003ci\u003eIn Vivo \u003c\/i\u003eModels 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Conclusion 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Biodistribution of Polymeric, Polysaccharide and Metallic Nanoparticles 275\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNazl\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003e𝚤 Erdo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eğar, Gamze Varan, Cem Varan and Erem Bilensoy\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Mechanisms Affecting Biodistribution 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Nanoparticle Properties 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.1 Effect of Particle Size 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.2 Effect of Surface Charge 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.3 Effect of Particle Shape 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Dosing and Toxicity 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Effect of Coating 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Conclusion 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Opportunities and Challenges of Silicon-based Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Imaging 291\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDidem \u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eŞen Karaman, Martti Kaasalainen, Helene Kettiger and Jessica M. Rosenholm\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Synthesis and Characteristics of Silica-based Nanoparticles 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Nonporous Silica NPs 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Mesoporous Silica NPs 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Core@Shell Materials 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4 Hollow Silica Nanoparticles 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.5 Porous Silicon (PSi) 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Solid-state Characterization 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Porosity and Morphology on the Nanoscale 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Structural Analysis 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Methods for Determination of Surface Functionalization 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Medium-dependent Characterization 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Hydrodynamic Size 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1.1 Dynamic Light Scattering 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Surface Charge and Zeta Potential 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Colloidal Stability 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Challenges in Particularly Porous Nanoparticle Characterization 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Incorporation of Active Molecules 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Drug Loading 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Labeling with Imaging Agents 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Biorelevant Physicochemical Characterization 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Biodegradation\/Dissolution of Silica 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Biocompatibility and Nano–Bio Interactions 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Drug Release 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Label-free (Imaging) Technologies 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conclusions 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Statistical Analysis and Multidimensional Modeling in Research 339\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eOsmo Antikainen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Measurement in Research 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Mean and Sample Mean 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Correlation 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Modeling Relationships Between Series of Observations 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Quality of a Model 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 The Meaning of \u003ci\u003eR\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e in Linear Regression 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Cross-validation 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Multivariate Data 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Screening Designs 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Full Factorial Designs 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2.1 Full Factorial Designs in Two Levels 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2.2 Full Factorial Designs in Three Levels (3\u003ci\u003e\u003csup\u003en\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/i\u003eDesign) 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Conclusions 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeena Peltonen\u003c\/b\u003e is Adjunct Professor in the Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology at the University of Helsinki, Finland. She holds two master's degrees, as well as a PhD in Pharmacy that she obtained in 2001.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCharacterization of Pharmaceutical Nano- and Microsystems\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLearn about the analytical tools used to characterize particulate drug delivery systems with this comprehensive overview\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEdited by a leading expert in the field, \u003ci\u003eCharacterization of Pharmaceutical Nano- and Microsystems\u003c\/i\u003e provides a complete description of the analytical techniques used to characterize particulate drug systems on the micro- and nanoscale. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book offers readers a full understanding of the basic physicochemical characteristics, material properties and differences between micro- and nanosystems. It explains how and why greater experience and more reliable measurement techniques are required as particle size shrinks, and the measured phenomena grow weaker. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCharacterization of Pharmaceutical Nano- and Microsystems\u003c\/i\u003e deals with a wide variety of topics relevant to chemical and solid-state analysis of drug delivery systems, including drug release, permeation, cell interaction, and safety. It is a complete resource for those interested in the development and manufacture of new medicines, the drug development process, and the translation of those drugs into life-enriching and lifesaving medicines. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCharacterization of Pharmaceutical Nano- and Microsystems\u003c\/i\u003e covers all of the following topics: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAn introduction to the analytical tools applied to determine particle size, morphology, and shape\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCommon chemical approaches to drug system characterization\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eA description of solid-state characterization of drug systems\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDrug release and permeation studies\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eToxicity and safety issues\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe interaction of drug particles with cells\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for pharmaceutical chemists and engineers, as well as all other industry professionals and researchers who deal with drug delivery systems on a regular basis, \u003ci\u003eCharacterization of Pharmaceutical Nano- and Microsystems\u003c\/i\u003e also belongs on bookshelves of interested students and faculty who interact with this topic.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988902985957,"sku":"NP9781119414049","price":199.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119414049.jpg?v=1761781987","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/characterization-of-pharmaceutical-nano-and-microsystems-isbn-9781119414049","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}