{"product_id":"carbon-materials-for-catalysis-isbn-9780470178850","title":"Carbon Materials for Catalysis","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis is the first comprehensive book covering all aspects of the use of carbonaceous materials in heterogeneous catalysis. It covers the preparation and characterization of carbon supports and carbon-supported catalysts; carbon surface chemistry in catalysis; the description of catalytic, photo-catalytic, or electro-catalytic reactions, including the development of new carbon materials such as carbon xerogels, aerogels, or carbon nanotubes; and new carbon-based materials in catalytic or adsorption processes. This is a premier reference for carbon, inorganic, and physical chemists, materials scientists and engineers, chemical engineers, and others.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContributors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Physicochemical Properties of Carbon Materials: A Brief Overview 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLjubisa R. Radovic\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1. Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2. Formation of Carbons 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1. Gas Phase 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2. Liquid Phase 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3. Solid Phase 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3. Structure and Properties of Carbons 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1. Macrostructure 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2. Microstructure 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3. Nanostructure 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4. Bulk Properties 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5. Surface Properties 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4. Reactions of Carbons 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1. Gas Phase 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2. Liquid Phase 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3. Solid Phase 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5. Conclusions 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Surface Chemistry of Carbon Materials 45\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTeresa J. Bandosz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1. Introduction 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2. Surface Functionalities 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1. Oxygen-Containing Functionalities 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2. Nitrogen-Containing Functionalities 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3. Hydrogen–Carbon Species 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4. Sulfur Phosphorus and Halogen Functionalities 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3. Surface Modifications 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1. Oxidation 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2. Introduction of Nitrogen-Containing Species 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3. Introduction of Sulfur Functionality 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4. Halogenization 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5. Impregnation and Dry Mixing 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.6. Heat Treatment 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4. Characterization of Surface Chemistry 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1. Elemental Analysis 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2. Titration 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3. pH of Carbons Point of Zero Charge and Isoelectric Point 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4. Spectroscopic Methods 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5. Calorimetric Techniques 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6. Inverse Gas Chromatography 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.7. Temperature-Programmed Desorption 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.8. Characterization of Surface Functionalities by Electrochemical Techniques 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5. Role of Surface Chemistry in the Reactive Adsorption on Activated Carbons 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6. Role of Carbon Surface Chemistry in Catalysis 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Molecular Simulations Applied to Adsorption on and Reaction with Carbon 93\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZhonghua (John) Zhu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1. Introduction 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2. Molecular Simulation Methods Applied to Carbon Reactions 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1. Electronic Structure Methods (or Quantum Mechanics Methods) 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2. Molecular Dynamics Simulations 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3. Monte Carlo Simulations 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3. Hydrogen Adsorption on and Reaction with Carbon 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1. Atomic Hydrogen Adsorption on the Basal Plane of Graphite 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2. Reactivities of Graphite Edge Sites and Hydrogen Reactions on These Sites 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3. Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Nanotubes 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4. Carbon Reactions with Oxygen-Containing Gases 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1. Carbon Reactions with Oxygen-Containing Gases and the Unified Mechanism 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2. Catalyzed Gas–Carbon Reactions 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3. More Specific Studies on NO\u003ci\u003e\u003csub\u003ex\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e, and O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e–Carbon Reactions 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5. Metal–Carbon Interactions 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6. Conclusions 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Carbon as Catalyst Support 131\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFrancisco Rodríguez-Reinoso and Antonio Sepúlveda-Escribano\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1. Introduction 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2. Properties Affecting Carbon’s Role as Catalyst Support 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1. Surface Area and Porosity 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2. Surface Chemical Properties 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3. Inertness 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3. Preparation of Carbon-Supported Catalysts 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1. Impregnation 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2. Other Methods 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4. Applications 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1. Ammonia Synthesis 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2. Hydrotreating Reactions 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3. Hydrogenation Reactions 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5. Summary 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Preparation of Carbon-Supported Metal Catalysts 157\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJohannes H. Bitter and Krijn P. de Jong\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1. Introduction 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2. Impregnation and Adsorption 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1. Interaction Between Support and Precursor 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2. Role of Pore Structure 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3. Deposition Precipitation 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1. Increase in pH 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2. Change of Valency 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3. Ligand Removal 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4. Emerging Preparation Methods 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5. Conclusions 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Carbon as Catalyst 177\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJosé Luís Figueiredo and Manuel Fernando R. Pereira\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1. Introduction 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2. Factors Affecting the Performance of a Carbon Catalyst 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1. Nature of the Active Sites 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2. Concentration of the Active Sites 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3. Accessibility of the Active Sites 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3. Reactions Catalyzed by Carbons 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1. Oxidative Dehydrogenation 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2. Dehydration of Alcohols 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3. SO\u003ci\u003e\u003csub\u003ex\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e Oxidation 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4. NO\u003ci\u003e\u003csub\u003ex\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e Reduction 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5. H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eS Oxidation 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.6. Hydrogen Peroxide Reactions 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.7. Catalytic Ozonation 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.8. Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.9. Other Reactions 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4. Conclusions 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Catalytic Properties of Nitrogen-Containing Carbons 219\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHanns-Peter Boehm\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1. Introduction 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2. Nitrogen Doping of Carbons 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1. Preparation of Nitrogen-Containing Carbons 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2. Quantitative Analysis 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3. Electron Emission Spectrometric Analysis 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4. Properties of Nitrogen-Containing Carbons 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3. Catalysis of Oxidation Reactions with Dioxygen 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1. Oxidation of Aqueous Sulfurous Acid 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2. Oxidation of Oxalic Acid 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3. Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4. Oxidation of Iron(II) Ions 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5. Oxidation of Other Compounds 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4. Catalysis of Aging of Carbons 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5. Catalysis of Dehydrochlorination Reactions 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6. Mechanism of Catalysis by Nitrogen-Containing Carbons 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Carbon-Anchored Metal Complex Catalysts 267\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCristina Freire and Ana Rosa Silva\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1. Introduction 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2. General Methods for Molecule Immobilization 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3. Methods for Immobilization of Transition-Metal Complexes Onto Carbon Materials 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1. Functionalization of Carbon Materials 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2. Direct Immobilization of Metal Complexes 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3. Metal Complex Immobilization via Spacers 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4. Application of Coordination Compounds Anchored Onto Carbon Materials in Several Catalytic Reactions 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1. [M(salen)]-Based Materials 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2. [M(acac)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e]-Based Materials 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3. Metal Phthalocyanine and Porphyrin-Based Materials 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5. Application of Carbon-Supported Organometallic Compounds in Hydrogenation and Hydroformylation Catalytic Reactions 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1. Materials Based on Pd and Rh Amino Complexes 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2. Materials Based on Rh and Pd Complexes with π-Bonding Ligands (Phosphines and Dienes) 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6. Carbon-Supported Organometallic Complexes in the Polymerization Reaction of Olefins 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7. Conclusions 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers in Catalysis 309\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePhilippe Serp\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1. Introduction 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2. Catalytic Growth of Carbon Nanofibers and Nanotubes 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1. Catalytic Carbon Deposition 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2. Growth Mechanism 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3. Why CNTs or CNFs Can Be Suitable for Use in Catalysis 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1. Structural Features and Electronic Properties 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2. Adsorption Properties 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3. Mechanical and Thermal Properties 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4. Macroscopic Shaping of CNTs and CNFs 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4. Preparation of Supported Catalysts on CNTs and CNFs 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5. Catalytic Performance of CNT- and CNF-Based Catalysts 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1. Hydrogenation Reactions 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2. Reactions Involving CO\/H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3. Polymerization 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4. Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis by Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrocarbons 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5. Ammonia Synthesis and Decomposition 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.6. Environmental Catalysis and Oxidation Reactions 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.7. Other Reactions 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.8. Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.9. CNTs for Enzyme Immobilization 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.10. CNTs and CNFs as Catalysts 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6. Conclusions 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Carbon Gels in Catalysis 373\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCarlos Moreno-Castilla\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1. Introduction 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2. Carbon Gels: Preparation and Surface Properties 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3. Metal-Doped Carbon Gels 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1. Dissolving the Metal Precursor in the Initial Mixture 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2. Introducing a Functionalized Moiety 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3. Depositing the Metal Precursor on the Organic or Carbon Gel 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4. Catalytic Reactions of Metal-Doped Carbon Gels 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1. Environmental Applications 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2. Fuel Cell Applications 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3. C=C Double-Bond Hydrogenation 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4. Skeletal Isomerization of 1-Butene 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.5. Hydrodechlorination Reaction 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.6. Other Reactions 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5. Conclusions 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Carbon Monoliths in Catalysis 401\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKaren M. de Lathouder Edwin Crezee Freek Kapteijn and Jacob A. Moulijn\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1. Introduction 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2. Carbon 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3. Monolithic Structures 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4. Carbon Monoliths 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5. Carbon Monoliths in Catalysis: An Overview 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6. Example of Carbon Monoliths as Catalyst Support Material 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1. Carbon Monoliths as Support Material in Biocatalysis 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2. Selective Hydrogenation of D-Glucose over Monolithic Ruthenium Catalysts 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.3. Performance of Carbon Monoliths 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.4. Morphology and Porosity of Various Carbon Composites 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.5. Enzyme Adsorption and Catalyst Performance in the Msr 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.6. Performance of Monolithic Ruthenium Catalysts 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7. Evaluation and Practical Considerations 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1. Monolithic Biocatalysts 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2. Monolithic Ruthenium Catalysts 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3. Practical Considerations 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8. Conclusions 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Carbon Materials as Supports for Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts 429\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFrédéric Maillard Pavel A. Simonov and Elena R. Savinova\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1. Introduction 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2. Structure and Morphology of Carbon Materials 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1. Carbon Blacks 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2. Activated Carbons 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3. Carbons of the Sibunit Family 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4. Ordered Mesoporous Carbons 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.5. Carbon Aerogels 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.6. Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3. Physicochemical Properties of Carbon Materials Relevant to Fuel Cell Operation 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1. Electron Conduction 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2. Surface Properties 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4. Preparation of Carbon-Supported Electrocatalysts 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1. Methods Based on Impregnation 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2. Colloidal Synthesis 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3. Electrodeposition 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4. Other Methods 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5. Structural Characterization of Carbon-Supported Metal Catalysts 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1. Adsorption Studies 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3. Xray Diffraction and Xray Absorption Spectroscopy 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.4. Electrochemical Methods 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6. Influence of Carbon Supports on the Catalytic Layers in PEMFCs 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1. Intrinsic Catalytic Activity 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2. Macrokinetic Parameters 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3. Novel Carbon Materials as Supports for Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7. Corrosion and Stability of Carbon-Supported Catalysts 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1. Influence of Microstructure on the Corrosion of Carbon Materials 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2. Mechanism of Carbon Corrosion 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.3. Corrosion and Stability of MEAs 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8. Conclusions 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Carbon Materials in Photocatalysis 481\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJoaquim Luís Faria and Wendong Wang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1. Introduction 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2. Carbon Materials Employed to Modify TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e in Photocatalysis 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1. Activated Carbon 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2. Carbon Black and Graphite 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3. Carbon Fiber 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4. Carbon Nanotubes 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5. Other Forms of Carbon 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3. Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon–TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Composites 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1. Mechanical Mixture of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e and Carbon Materials 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2. TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Coated or Loaded on Carbon Materials 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3. Carbon Materials Coated or Deposited on TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4. Other Approaches and Concurrent Synthesis of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e–Carbon Composites 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.5. Methods of Characterization 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4. Photodegradation on Carbon-Containing Surfaces 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in the Liquid Phase with Carbon–TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Composites 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in the Gas Phase with Carbon–TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Composites 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5. Role of the Carbon Phase in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6. Conclusions 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Carbon-Based Sensors 507\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJun li\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1. Introduction 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1. Structure of Various Carbon Allotropes 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2. sp\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e Carbon Materials: Graphite Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2. Physicochemical Properties of sp\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e Carbon Materials Relevant to Carbon Sensors 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1. Electrical and Electronic Properties 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2. Chemical Properties 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3. Electrochemical Properties 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3. Carbon-Based Sensors 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1. Carbon Materials as Loading Media 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2. Carbon Electronic Sensors 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3. Carbon Electrochemical Sensors 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4. Carbon Composite Sensors 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4. Summary 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Carbon-Supported Catalysts for the Chemical Industry 535\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVenu Arunajatesan Baoshu Chen Konrad Möbus Daniel J. Ostgard Thomas Tacke and Dorit Wolf\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1. Introduction 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2. Requirements for Carbon Materials as Catalyst Supports in Industrial Applications 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1. Activated Carbon 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2. Carbon Black 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3. Industrial Manufacture of Carbon Supports 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1. Activated Carbon 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2. Carbon Black 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4. Manufacture of Carbon-Supported Catalysts 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1. Powder Catalysts 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2. Preparation Technology 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5. Reaction Technology 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1. Batch Stirred-Tank and Loop Reactors 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2. Fixed-Bed Reactors 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6. Industrial Applications 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1. Fatty Acid Hydrogenation 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2. Selective Nitrobenzene Hydrogenations 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3. Reductive Alkylation 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.4. Toluenediamine 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.5. Butanediol 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.6. Purified Terephthalic Acid 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7. Testing and Evaluation of Carbon Catalysts 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.1. Current Methods for Catalyst Evaluation 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.2. High-Throughput Testing of Carbon Powder Catalysts 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.3. Catalyst Profiling 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8. Conclusions 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHILIPPE SERP,\u003c\/b\u003e PHD, is a Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Ingénieurs en Arts Chimiques et Technologiques, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France. He is the recipient of the 2004 Catalysis Division of the French Chemical Society Award and the APDF 2005 Celestino da Costa\/Jean Perrin Award. Dr. Serp's research interests at Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination include nanostructured catalytic materials (e.g., nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanowires), nanocatalysis, and homogeneous catalytic reactions. He has published more than eighty papers and holds eight patents.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJOSé LUÍS FIGUEIREDO,\u003c\/b\u003e PHD, is a Professor of Chemical Engineering at Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Portugal. His research interests include applied catalysis and nanostructured carbon materials. In 2004, he received an award for excellence from the Portuguese Ministry for Higher Education and Scientific Research. Dr. Figueiredo has published more than 120 scientific papers in international journals and is the author or editor of seven books.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSetting the foundation for new advances in heterogeneous catalysis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe use of carbon materials in heterogeneous catalysis offers many potential benefits, including unparalleled flexibility in tailoring catalyst properties to meet specific needs. This book promotes technological advances in the field by establishing the state of the art, identifying areas where more research is needed, and advocating for more systematic approaches. Readers gain a better understanding of the chemistry of carbon surfaces, helping them design new catalysts. Moreover, they gain new insights into improving quality control and production methods in order to produce high-performance materials.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith contributions by a team of leading experts from industry and academia, the book pulls together and explains the significance of the most recent research findings. Each of the fifteen chapters has been carefully edited to ensure a consistent and thorough approach throughout. Among the key topics covered are:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003ePreparation and characterization of carbon supports and carbon-supported catalysts\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe role of carbon surface chemistry in catalysis, including molecular simulations\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCatalytic, photocatalytic, and electrocatalytic reactions\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCarbon materials as supports for fuel cell electrocatalysts\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe development of new carbon materials, such as carbon xerogels, aerogels, and carbon nanotubes\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCarbon-supported catalysts for the chemical industry\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences at the end of each chapter guide readers to the primary literature, where they can explore each topic in greater depth. This unique book brings researchers fully up to date with the latest advances, supporting their efforts to develop new carbon materials and fully exploit their potential in catalysis.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988885356773,"sku":"NP9780470178850","price":228.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470178850.jpg?v=1761781916","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/carbon-materials-for-catalysis-isbn-9780470178850","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}