{"product_id":"biophysics-isbn-9781119696407","title":"Biophysics","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAn introduction to the physics of living organisms\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe field of biophysics employs the principles of physics to study biological systems, and introduces the concept of the living state. It is a multidisciplinary approach to the study of the living state combining physics, biochemistry, molecular and cell biology, medicine and engineering. The physics of macromolecules and macromolecular assemblies is a particularly important aspect of this broader field. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBiophysics: Physical Processes Underlying the living state\u003c\/i\u003e offers an introduction to the general principles of the living state and their biological applications. Beginning with an historical overview of fundamental scientific theories and fields, the book then provides a brief introduction to cell biology and biochemistry, and then an overview of basic thermodynamics, kinetics, information theory, electrostatics in solution, fluid mechanics and macromolecular physics, and their relationship to the living state. After a presentation of physical methods, with an emphasis on light scattering, different biological macromolecules, selected aspects of their functions, and their physical properties and interactions are surveyed. A brief introduction to vision, biomotion, and theoretical biology is also provided. Exploration of some frontier issues in prebiotic origins of life, consciousness, and astrobiology round out the book. The result is a multifaceted window into the broad and evolving field of biophysics. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBiophysics\u003c\/i\u003e readers will also find: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProblems at the conclusion of each chapter to reinforce and focus student knowledge\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA gathering of topics in basic physics and physical chemistry which are seldom found in a single source\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis textbook is suitable for physics and engineering students studying biophysics, macromolecular science, and biophysical chemistry, as well as for polymer scientists, chemists, biochemists, cell and molecular biologists, bioengineers, and others. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xvi \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xx \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xxi \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Scientific Overview, Biological and Biochemical Surveys 1\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Background Notions, Histories, and Fundamental Issues in Physics and Biophysics 3\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 The Evolution of Scientific Thought 3 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Historical Sketch of Atomic Theory and Evolutionary and Genetic Thought 7 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Historical Developments in Biophysics 15 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Subfields in Biophysics 19 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Interdisciplinarity 20 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Disciplinary Physics 23 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Are Currently Known Physical Laws Adequate for Understanding Living State Phenomena? 28 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Unifying Characteristics of the Living State 29 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Summary 30 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Overview of Biological Cell Structure 34\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 The Prokaryotic Cell 34 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The Eukaryotic Cell 36 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Plant Cell 37 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Where Do Viruses Fit in? 37 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Overview of Cell Functions 39 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Specialized Cell Types and Structures 44 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Molecular Biology Methods 50 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Summary 52 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Biochemistry Survey 53\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Amino Acids and Proteins 53 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Nucleic Acids 58 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Carbohydrates 62 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Lipids 64 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Metabolism 67 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Summary 73 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Physical Processes Underlying the Living State 75\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Thermodynamics, Reaction Kinetics, and Information Theory 77\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Thermodynamically Based Forces 77 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Thermodynamic Laws 78 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Thermodynamic Processes Involving Ideal Gases 82 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Connection Between Ideal Gas Law and Molecular Kinetic Energy 84 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 The Boltzmann Distribution 86 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 The Partition Function 91 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy 93 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Ideal Osmotic Solutions 94 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Working Substances and Bioenergetics Cycles 99 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 The Hydrophobic Effect 99 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Surface Tension 99 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Solutions 102 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13 Chemical Potential for Nonideal Solutions 107 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14 Excluded Volume Approach to Nonideal Solutions 112 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15 Chemical Equilibrium 117 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16 Reaction Kinetics 122 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17 Phase Transitions 125 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.18 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics 126 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.19 Information Theory 126 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20 Summary 132 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Electrostatics in Solution 137\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Review of Electrostatics (in MKSA Units) 137 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Covalent Bonds in the Living State are Stable Against Thermal Energy 144 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 “Weak Electrostatic Forces” Allow for Self-organization and Rapid Dynamic Processes 144 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Hydrogen Bonds 147 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Electrically Charged Macromolecules and Colloids in Solution 148 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Poisson–Boltzmann Equation 148 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Osmotic Pressure of an Ideal Polyelectrolyte Solution with a Semi-Permeable Membrane: Donnan Equilibrium 158 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Self-energy of a Hydrated Ion 161 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Force on an Ion near an Interface of Two Media with Different Dielectric Constants 162 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Bjerrum Length and Counterion Condensation 163 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Summary 163 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Fluid Mechanics and Transport Processes 167\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Conceptual Approach to Viscosity 168 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 The Stress Tensor 170 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Navier–Stokes Equation of Motion for Incompressible, Viscous Fluids 170 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Applications of Navier–Stokes for Steady Flow 173 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Hemodynamics 177 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 The Intrinsic Viscosity [η] of Particles in a Fluid 177 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Force–Flux Relations 180 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Diffusion 184 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 The Nernst–Planck Equation 189 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Fluctuation–Dissipation and a Qualitative Overview of Its Consequences 191 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Coupled Forces and Flows: Onsager’s Reciprocal Relationships 195 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Fluid Transport in Plants 196 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13 Diffusional Versus Directed Motion 197 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14 Time Reversal Symmetry and Its Breaking 198 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15 Techniques for Determining Transport Properties 198 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.16 Summary 199 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Polymer Science 205\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Overview of Polymer Science 207\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Biological and Synthetic Polymers 207 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Brief Overview of Classes of Organic Molecules 208 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Synthetic Polymers 215 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Polymerization Reactions 221 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Free Radicals and Chain Reactions 224 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Free Radical Polymerization Kinetics 225 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Ideal Living Polymerization 232 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Chain Growth Copolymerization Kinetics 234 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Cumulative and Instantaneous Polymer Characteristics During Free Radical Reactions 238 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Fully Automatic Feedback Control of Molar Mass and Conversion During Chain Growth Polymerization 239 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Linear Step Growth Reactions 243 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12 Molar Mass Distributions (MMD) and Averages 244 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13 Experimental Methods for Determining Molar Mass Distributions 251 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14 Summary 256 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Polymer Physics 260\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Polymer Conformations and Dimensions 260 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Polymer Excluded Volume (EV) 276 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Polymers in Solution 278 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Electrically Charged Polymers: Polyelectrolytes 281 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Case Study of Polystyrene Characteristics in Tetrahydrofuran 285 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Thermodynamics of Polymer Solutions 285 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Rheology 288 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Solid-state Properties 290 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Summary 290 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Light Scattering and Cognate Methods 295\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Overview of Light Scattering 295 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 The Maxwell Electromagnetic Equations and the Prediction of Electromagnetic Waves and Their Properties, in Gaussian (CGS) Units 297 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Radiation Emitted by an Accelerated Charge 304 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Basic Scattering Theory: Light Emitted from an Oscillating Electric Dipole 305 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Relation of Light Scattering by Pure Liquids to Thermodynamic Fluctuations 311 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 The Angular Dependence of Scattered Light: Intramolecular Interference Effects on Scattering 315 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 The Angular Dependence of Scattered Light: Intermolecular Interference Effects on Scattering: The structure factor S(q,c) 326 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Mie Scattering 328 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Scattering Model for Index of Refraction 330 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Scattering at Interfaces 331 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Single Photon Scattering 337 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Dynamic Light Scattering 338 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.13 X-ray Diffraction and Crystallography 342 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.14 Raman Scattering 342 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.15 Optical Activity 343 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.16 Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) 344 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.17 Antimatter and PET Imaging 345 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.18 Electron Microscopy 346 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.19 Summary 347 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Examples of Specific Living State Phenomena 353\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Proteins: Structure, Folding, Enzyme Kinetics, and Cooperativity 355\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 The Protein Folding Problem 355 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Protein Aggregation 360 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Enzyme Kinetics 370 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Cooperative Binding in Proteins 377 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Cooperativity in the Helix–Coil Transition 381 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Histones and Other Chromosomal Proteins 383 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 The Action of Proteins Often Depends on Correlated Internal Motions 383 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Directed Protein Motion and Protein Motors 384 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Allostery and Feedback Regulation 385 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Energetics of Iscosahedral Viral Self-assembly 385 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Summary 387 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 DNA and RNA Properties and Structures: The Genetic Code 391\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Structure and Macromolecular Properties of RNA and DNA 391 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 The Genetic Code 393 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Brief Description of Gene Expression with a Focus on Protein Synthesis 395 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Chromatin and DNA Mechanics 397 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Summary 399 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Some Polysaccharide Phenomena 403\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Polymer and Polyelectrolyte Properties of Polysaccharides 403 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Proteoglycans and Extracellular Matrix Functions 404 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Proteoglycan Degradation Mechanisms Found by Light Scattering 408 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Summary 411 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Phospholipids Membranes: Channels and Nerve Impulses 413\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 General Properties of Membranes 413 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Membrane Potentials 413 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 The Voltage Clamp and Patch Clamp 418 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Membrane Current–Voltage Curves 419 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Membrane Channel Proteins 420 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Passive Propagation of Potentials Along an Axon 421 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Action Potentials and Nerve Impulse Propagation 423 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Summary 428 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Integrated Biological Systems 430\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Light and Life 430 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Vision 432 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Cilial and Flagellar Biomotion 439 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Theoretical Biology: Cycles, Instabilities, and Attractors 439 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Dissipative, Far from Equilibrium Spatially Self-organizing Systems 444 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Summary 448 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 On the Frontier 450\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Prebiotic Origins of Life 450 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Quantum Biology 454 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Neuroscience and the Question of Consciousness 456 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Artificial Intelligence 460 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Astrobiology and Exoplanets 463 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Summary 467 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfterword 472 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix I: Probability Distributions and Their Averages 473 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix II: Review of Vector Calculus and Notation Used 479 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 483\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWayne F. Reed\u003c\/b\u003e is professor of physics with an interdisciplinary appointment in chemical and biomolecular engineering at Tulane University, New Orleans, USA. He has published extensively in the area of polymer reactions, biomacromolecules, new macromolecular characterization instrumentation, and related subjects, and has a long history of fruitful industrial collaboration.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAn introduction to the physics of living organisms\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe field of biophysics employs the principles of physics to study biological systems, and introduces the concept of the living state. It is a multidisciplinary approach to the study of the living state combining physics, biochemistry, molecular and cell biology, medicine and engineering. The physics of macromolecules and macromolecular assemblies is a particularly important aspect of this broader field. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBiophysics: Physical Processes Underlying the living state\u003c\/i\u003e offers an introduction to the general principles of the living state and their biological applications. Beginning with an historical overview of fundamental scientific theories and fields, the book then provides a brief introduction to cell biology and biochemistry, and then an overview of basic thermodynamics, kinetics, information theory, electrostatics in solution, fluid mechanics and macromolecular physics, and their relationship to the living state. After a presentation of physical methods, with an emphasis on light scattering, different biological macromolecules, selected aspects of their functions, and their physical properties and interactions are surveyed. A brief introduction to vision, biomotion, and theoretical biology is also provided. Exploration of some frontier issues in prebiotic origins of life, consciousness, and astrobiology round out the book. The result is a multifaceted window into the broad and evolving field of biophysics. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBiophysics\u003c\/i\u003e readers will also find: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProblems at the conclusion of each chapter to reinforce and focus student knowledge\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA gathering of topics in basic physics and physical chemistry which are seldom found in a single source\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis textbook is suitable for physics and engineering students studying biophysics, macromolecular science, and biophysical chemistry, as well as for polymer scientists, chemists, biochemists, cell and molecular biologists, bioengineers, and others.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988840726757,"sku":"NP9781119696407","price":124.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119696407.jpg?v=1761781731","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/biophysics-isbn-9781119696407","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}