{"product_id":"biomolecular-engineering-solutions-for-renewable-specialty-chemicals-isbn-9781119771920","title":"Biomolecular Engineering Solutions for Renewable Specialty Chemicals","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiscover biomolecular engineering technologies for the production of biofuels, pharmaceuticals, organic and amino acids, vitamins, biopolymers, surfactants, detergents, and enzymes \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eBiomolecular Engineering Solutions for Renewable Specialty Chemicals\u003c\/i\u003e, distinguished researchers and editors Drs. R. Navanietha Krishnaraj and Rajesh K. Sani deliver a collection of insightful resources on advanced technologies in the synthesis and purification of value-added compounds. Readers will discover new technologies that assist in the commercialization of the production of value-added products. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe editors also include resources that offer strategies for overcoming current limitations in biochemical synthesis, including purification. The articles within cover topics like the rewiring of anaerobic microbial processes for methane and hythane production, the extremophilic bioprocessing of wastes to biofuels, reverse methanogenesis of methane to biopolymers and value-added products, and more. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe book presents advanced concepts and biomolecular engineering technologies for the production of high-value, low-volume products, like therapeutic molecules, and describes methods for improving microbes and enzymes using protein engineering, metabolic engineering, and systems biology approaches for converting wastes.  \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReaders will also discover: \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to engineered microorganisms for the production of biocommodities and microbial production of vanillin from ferulic acid \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExplorations of antibiotic trends in microbial therapy, including current approaches and future prospects, as well as fermentation strategies in the food and beverage industry \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussions of bioactive oligosaccharides, including their production, characterization, and applications \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth treatments of biopolymers, including a retrospective analysis in the facets of biomedical engineering \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for researchers and practicing professionals in the areas of environmental and industrial biotechnology, biomedicine, and the biological sciences, \u003ci\u003eBiomolecular Engineering Solutions for Renewable Specialty Chemicals\u003c\/i\u003e is also an invaluable resource for students taking courses involving biorefineries, biovalorization, industrial biotechnology, and environmental biotechnology. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Engineered Microorganisms for Production of Biocommodities \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAkhil Rautela and Sanjay Kumar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Fundamentals of Genetic Engineering 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 DNA-altering Enzymes 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1.1 DNA Polymerases 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1.2 Nucleases 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1.3 Ligases 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1.4 DNA-modifying Enzymes 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Vectors 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Incorporation of Modified DNA into Host 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3.1 Introducing Recombinants into Prokaryotes 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3.2 Introducing Recombinants into Eukaryotic Hosts 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Selection of Transformants 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4.1 Direct Selection 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4.2 Identification of the Clone from a Gene Library 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Beneficial Biocommodities Produced Through Engineered Microbial Factories 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Biopolymers 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.1 Cellulose 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.2 Poly-ϒ- glutamic Acid 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.3 Hyaluronic Acid 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.4 Polyhydroxyalkoate 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Organic Acids 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.1 Citric Acid 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.2 Lactic Acid 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.3 Succinic Acid 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.4 Fumaric Acid 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Therapeutic Proteins 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Photosynthetic Production of Biofuels 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Biohydrogen 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Biodiesel 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Bioethanol 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.4 Terpenoids 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Conclusion 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Microbial Cell Factories for the Biosynthesis of Vanillin and Its Applications \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e49\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSukumaran Karthika, Manoj Kumar, Santhalingam Gayathri, Perumal Varalakshmi, and Balasubramaniem Ashokkumar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Natural Sources of Vanilla and Its Production 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Biotechnological Production of Vanillin 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Enzymatic Synthesis of Vanillin 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Microbial Biotransformation of Ferulic Acid to Vanillin 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Agro-wastes as a Source for Biovanillin Production 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Strain Development for Improved Production of Vanillin 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Metabolic and Genetic Engineering 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Bioactive Properties of Vanillin 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Antimicrobial Activity 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Antioxidant Activity 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Anticancer Activity 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3.1 Apoptosis Pathway 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3.2 Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced Apoptosis 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3.3 Cell Cycle Arrest 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3.4 Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB) Pathway 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.4 Anti-sickling Activity 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.5 Hypolipidemic Activity 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Conclusion 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Antimicrobials: Targets, Functions, and Resistance \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e77\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMadhuri Dutta, Sinjini Patra, Shivam Saxena, and Anasuya Roychowdhury\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Classification of Antibiotics 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Classification of Antibiotics Based on Mode of Action: Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Classification of Antibiotics Based on the Spectrum of Action: Broad-and Narrow-spectrum Antibiotics 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Antibacterial Agents 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Penicillins 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.1 Mechanism of Action 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.2 Clinical Implications 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Cephalosporins 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.1 Mechanism of Action 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.2 Clinical Indications 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Macrolides 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3.1 Mechanism of Action 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3.2 Clinical Indications 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Fluoroquinolones 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4.1 Mechanism of Action 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4.2 Clinical Indication 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Sulfonamides 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5.1 Mechanism of Action 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5.2 Clinical Indication 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 Tetracyclines 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6.1 Mechanism of Action 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6.2 Clinical Indication 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.7 Aminoglycosides 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.7.1 Mechanism of Action 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.7.2 Clinical Indication 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Antifungal Agents 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Polyenes 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.1 Mechanism of Action 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.2 Clinical Indication 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Azoles 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.1 Mechanism of Action 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.2 Clinical Indication 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Echinocandins 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3.1 Mechanism of Action 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3.2 Clinical Indication 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Flucytosine 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4.1 Mechanism of Action 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4.2 Clinical Implication 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Antiviral agents 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Antiparasitic Agents 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Antiprotozoan Agents 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Antihelminthic Agents 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Ectoparasiticides 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Antimicrobial Resistance 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Genetic Basis of AMR 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Mechanistic Basis of Antimicrobial Resistance 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Conclusion 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Trends in Antimicrobial Therapy: Current Approaches and Future Prospects \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e111 \u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMohan Kumar Verma, Santhalingam Gayathri, Balasubramaniem\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eAshokkumar, and Perumal Varalakshmi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Antibiotics: A Brief History 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Classification of Antibiotics 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Evolution of Antibiotics 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 AMR: A Global Burden 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Global Scenario 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Origin of SUPERBUGS and the “END of Antibiotics” 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Molecular Insights and Mechanism of AMR 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.1 Horizontal Gene Transfer 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.2 Increased Mutation Rate 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.3 Antibiotic Inactivation 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.4 Alteration of the Antibiotic Targets 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.5 Changes in Cell Permeability and Efflux 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.6 The Major Facilitator Superfamily 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.7 The ATP-Binding Cassette Superfamily 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.8 The Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion Family 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.9 The Resistance–Nodulation–Division (RND) Superfamily 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.10 The Small Multidrug-Resistance Family 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Development of Antibiotic Resistance 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Prioritization of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.5 Understanding Biofilm Resistance 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Alternatives to Antibiotics 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Peptide Antibiotics 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1.1 Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides (CAMPs) 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1.2 Marine Antimicrobial Peptides 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Nano Drugs 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Probiotics 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Bacteriocins 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.5 Bdellovibrio 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.6 Bdellovibrio as Live Antimicrobial Agent 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Antibiotics: Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Conclusion 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Fermentation Strategies in the Food and Beverage Industry \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e141 \u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMohit Bibra, R. Navanietha Krishnaraj, and Rajesh K. Sani\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Current Trends in Food Fermentation 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Fermentation Types 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1.1 Spontaneous Fermentation 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1.2 Back-Slopping Fermentation 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1.3 Starter-Culture Fermentation 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Microbial Cultures 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.1 Starter Cultures 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.2 Adjunct Cultures 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.3 Bio-protective Cultures 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.4 Probiotic Cultures 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Future Directions 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Use of Defined Mixed Cultures 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Nanotechnology 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2.1 Nanosensors 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2.2 Nanoparticles 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2.3 Nanocomposites 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Meat Analogues 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Conclusions 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Questions for Thought 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Bioactive Oligosaccharides: Production, Characterization, and Applications \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e165\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eR. Aanandhalakshmi, K. Sundar, and B. Vanavil\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Sources, Types, Structure of Oligosaccharides 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Plant Source 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Animal Source 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Insect Source 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Marine Source 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Microbial Source 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.6 Synthetic Oligosaccharides 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.7 Pseudo-oligosaccharides 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Production Methods of Oligosaccharides 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Chemical Methods 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Physical Methods 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Microbial Production of Oligosaccharides 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Extraction, Separation, and Purification of Oligosaccharides 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Characterization of Oligosaccharides 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Functional Properties of Oligosaccharides 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Applications of Oligosaccharides 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Prebiotics 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.1 Effects on Intestinal Microflora 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.2 Effects on Urogenital Infections 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.3 Type II Diabetes and Obesity 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.4 Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Activities 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.5 Effect on Cardiovascular Risk 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.6 Lowering of Cholesterol 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.7 Role in Osteoporosis 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.8 Antihypertensive Effects 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.9 Hepatic Protection 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.10 Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Agent 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.11 Antimicrobial Activity 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.12 Antibiotics 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.13 Oligosaccharides as Vaccine Components 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3 Environmental Fortification 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.4 Cosmetics 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.5 Elicitors and Agriculture 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.6 Novel Biomaterials 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Market Potential of Oligosaccharides 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Future Prospects 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Biopolymers: A Retrospective Analysis in the Facet of Biomedical Engineering \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e201 \u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGayathri Ravichandran and Aravind Kumar Rengan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Natures’ Advanced Materials: A Glance at Its Structure and Properties 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Polypeptides 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.1 Collagen 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.2 Elastin 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.3 Silk Fibroin 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.4 Gelatin 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.5 Albumin 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.6 Casein 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Polysaccharides 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.1 Cellulose 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.2 Starch 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.3 Cyclodextrin 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.4 Hyaluronic Acid 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.5 Chitosan 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.6 K-carrageenan 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.7 Agarose 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.8 Alginate 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Polynucleotides-based Biopolymers 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Smart Biopolymers 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Chemical-Responsive Biopolymers 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.1 pH-Sensitive Smart Biopolymers 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.2 Glucose-Responsive Biopolymers 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Physically Responsive Biopolymers 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.1 Temperature-Sensitive Smart Biopolymers 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.2 Light-Responsive Smart Polymers 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.3 Electric-Responsive Smart Polymers 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.4 Magnetic-Responsive Smart Polymers 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.5 Redox-Responsive Biopolymer 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Biochemical Stimuli-Responsive Biopolymers 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.1 Enzyme-Responsive Biopolymer 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Fundamental Applications of Biopolymers in Biomedical Engineering 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Biopolymers in Cancer Theranostics 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.1 Drug Delivery 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.2 Cancer Diagnosis and Molecular Imaging 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Biopolymeric-based Biosensor 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Wound Healing 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.1 Biopolymers as Bioink for 3D Scaffolds 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.2 Corneal Regeneration 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.3 Neural Tissue Engineering 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.4 Bone Tissue Engineering 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.5 Cartilage Tissue Regeneration 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5 Biopolymers for Biological Implants 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.6 Biopolymers in Other Applications 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Processing Techniques for the Contrivance of Biopolymers 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 3D Bioprinting 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 4D Bioprinting 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Electrospinning 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusion 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Metabolic Engineering Strategies to Enhance Microbial Production of Biopolymers \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e247\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShailendra Singh Shera and Rathindra Mohan Banik\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Microbes as Cell Factories for the Production of Speciality Biochemicals 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Bacteria as Cell Factories for the Production of Biopolymers 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.1 Polysaccharides 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.2 Polyesters 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.3 Polyamides 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Fungus as Cell Factories for the Production of Biopolymers 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.1 Polysaccharides 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.2 Polyester 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.3 Polyamides 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Microalgae as Cell Factories for the Production of Biopolymers 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.1 Polysaccharides from Microalgae 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.2 Polyester 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.3 Polyamides 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Microbial Production Pathways for Various Types of Biopolymers 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Polysaccharide Production Pathways in Bacteria 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Mechanism of Fungal Polysaccharides Synthesis 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Mechanism of Synthesis of Polyester in Bacteria 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Mechanism of Synthesis of Polyamide in Bacteria 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Tools and Technologies Available for Metabolic Engineering 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Metabolic Pathway Reconstruction 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Metabolic Flux Analysis 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Metabolic Control Analysis 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Omics Analysis 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Dynamic Metabolic Flux Analysis and its Role in Metabolic Engineering 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Production of Biopolymers from Metabolically Engineered Microbes 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Metabolic Modification of Pathway for Synthesis of Polysaccharides 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Levan 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 Metabolic Modification of Pathway for Synthesis of Polyester 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.4 Metabolic Modification of Pathway for Synthesis of Polyamides 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.5 Culture of Metabolically Engineered Microbes in Fermentation or Bioreactor for Production of Biopolymer 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Recovery and Purification of Biopolymers from Fermentation Broth 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Separation and Purification of Xanthan 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 Separation of Poly-L- lysine 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Conclusion and Future Challenges 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeb References 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Bioplastics Production: What Have We Achieved? \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e287\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTanvi Govil, David R. Salem, and Rajesh K. Sani\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Current Trends 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Different Types of Bioplastics 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Bio-based PET 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Polylactic Acid 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Starch Blends 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoate 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6 Polybutylene Succinate 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.7 Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.8 Polycaprolactone 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.9 Epoxies 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.10 Cellulose Acetate 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Challenges Facing the Bioplastics Industry 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Misconceptions and Negative Impacts 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Take Home Message and Future Directions 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Questions for Thought 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict of Interest 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol: Recent Advances \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e311\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRamiya Baskaran, Vignesh Natarajan, Shereena Joy, and Chandraraj Krishnan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 LCB: Structure, Composition, and Recalcitrance 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 LCB to Ethanol: Bioprocess Strategies 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Pretreatment of LCB 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Physical Pretreatment 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Physicochemical Pretreatment 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.1 Steam Explosion 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.2 Liquid Hot Water 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.3 Ammonia Fiber Explosion 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Chemical Pretreatment 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3.1 Dilute Acid Pretreatment (DAP) 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3.2 Alkali Pretreatment 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3.3 Organosolv 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3.4 Ionic Liquid (IL) and Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3.5 Supercritical Fluid Pretreatment 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Biological Pretreatment 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4.1 Bacterial Pretreatment 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4.2 Fungal Pretreatment 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4.3 Enzymatic Pretreatment 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.5 Optimization of Pretreatment Process 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Cellulose Hydrolysis 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Xylan Hydrolysis 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Accessory Enzymes 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4 Auxiliary Activity and Non-Hydrolytic Enzymes 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.5 Enzyme Cocktail for Biomass Hydrolysis 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.5.1 Cocktail Development 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 High Solids Loading Enzymatic Hydrolysis (HSLEH) 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Enzyme Inhibitors and Detoxification 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Cellulase Feedback Inhibition 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3 Rheology 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.4 Reactors and Impellers 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Fermentation 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Genetic Engineering in LCB Bioconversion 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Conclusions 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Advancement in Biogas Technology for Sustainable Energy Production \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e359\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRouf Ahmad Dar, Saroj Bala, and Urmila Gupta Phutela\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Biogas Developments Worldwide 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Biogas Development in India 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Recent Issues in Biogas Production 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Current Trends in Biogas Production 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Advanced Anaerobic Digestion Methodologies 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Anaerobic Membrane Reactor (AnMBRs) 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Dry Anaerobic Digestion Technology (DADT) 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.3 Anaerobic Co-digestion Technology (AcoD) 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Role of Biotechnology in Enhancing Biogas Production 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Application of Nanotechnology in Biogas and Methane Production 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Biogas Upgrading Technologies 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Conclusion 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Biofertilizers: A Sustainable Approach Towards Enhancing the Agricultural Productivity \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e387\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSatya Sundar Mohanty\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Types of Biofertilizers 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Nitrogen-Fixing Biofertilizer 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.1 Free-Living Nitrogen-Fixing Microorganisms 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.2 Photosynthetic Nitrogen-Fixing Microorganisms 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Phosphorus Biofertilizer 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.1 Phosphate-solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.2 Phosphate-mobilizing Microorganisms 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Plant-Growth- promoting Biofertilizers 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Effect on Bioremediation of Environmental Pollutants 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Bioformulations and Its Types 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Preparation of Biofertilizers 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Various Modes of Biofertilizer Application 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Challenges to Commercialization of Biofertilizers 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Future Perspective 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Biofertilizers from Food and Agricultural By-Products and Wastes \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e419\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVeknesh Arumugam, Muhammad Heikal Ismail, and Winny Routray\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Biofertilizer 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 N2-fixing Biofertilizer 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1.1 Free-living N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e-fixing Biofertilizer 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1.2 Symbiotic N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e-Fixing Biofertilizer 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Phosphate-solubilizing Biofertilizers 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Phosphate-mobilizing Biofertilizer 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Plant-Growth- promoting Biofertilizers 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Agricultural Waste 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Agro-industrial Wastes 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Food Waste 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Biofertilizer Production Using Fermentation Technology 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Submerged Fermentation (SmF) 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Production of N2-fixing Biofertilizer 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3.1 Production of Rhizobium Biofertilizer 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3.2 Production of Azotobacter Biofertilizer 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3.3 Production of Azospirillum Biofertilizer 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 Production of Phosphate-solubilizing Biofertilizer 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.5 Production of Phosphate-mobilizing Biofertilizer 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Biofertilizer for Organic Farming 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Conclusion 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict of Interest 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eR. Navanietha Krishnaraj, PhD,\u003c\/b\u003e is Research Professor in the Composite and Nanocomposite Advanced Manufacturing-Biomaterials Center in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. He received the Award for Cutting Edge Research (Fulbright Faculty Award) in 2016. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRajesh K. Sani, PhD,\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor in the Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, South Dakota, USA. He is the Biocatalysis Program Committee Member for the Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiscover biomolecular engineering technologies for the production of biofuels, pharmaceuticals, organic and amino acids, vitamins, biopolymers, surfactants, detergents, and enzymes \u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eBiomolecular Engineering Solutions for Renewable Specialty Chemicals\u003c\/i\u003e, distinguished researchers and editors Drs. R. Navanietha Krishnaraj and Rajesh K. Sani deliver a collection of insightful resources on advanced technologies in the synthesis and purification of value-added compounds. Readers will discover new technologies that assist in the commercialization of the production of value-added products.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe editors also include resources that offer strategies for overcoming current limitations in biochemical synthesis, including purification. The articles within cover topics like the rewiring of anaerobic microbial processes for methane and hythane production, the extremophilic bioprocessing of wastes to biofuels, reverse methanogenesis of methane to biopolymers and value-added products, and more.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book presents advanced concepts and biomolecular engineering technologies for the production of high-value, low-volume products, like therapeutic molecules, and describes methods for improving microbes and enzymes using protein engineering, metabolic engineering, and systems biology approaches for converting wastes.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReaders will also discover: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to engineered microorganisms for the production of biocommodities and microbial production of vanillin from ferulic acid\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExplorations of antibiotic trends in microbial therapy, including current approaches and future prospects, as well as fermentation strategies in the food and beverage industry\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussions of bioactive oligosaccharides, including their production, characterization, and applications\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth treatments of biopolymers, including a retrospective analysis in the facets of biomedical engineering\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for researchers and practicing professionals in the areas of environmental and industrial biotechnology, biomedicine, and the biological sciences, \u003ci\u003eBiomolecular Engineering Solutions for Renewable Specialty Chemicals\u003c\/i\u003e is also an invaluable resource for students taking courses involving biorefineries, biovalorization, industrial biotechnology, and environmental biotechnology.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988839907557,"sku":"NP9781119771920","price":242.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119771920.jpg?v=1761781726","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/biomolecular-engineering-solutions-for-renewable-specialty-chemicals-isbn-9781119771920","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}