{"product_id":"biodiesel-production-isbn-9781119771333","title":"Biodiesel Production","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAn incisive discussion of biofuel production from an economically informed technical perspective that addresses sustainability and commercialization together\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eBiodiesel Production: Feedstocks, Catalysts and Technologies\u003c\/i\u003e, renowned chemists Drs Rokhum, Halder, Ngaosuwan and Assabumrungrat present an up-to-date account of the most recent developments, challenges, and trends in biodiesel production. The book addresses select feedstocks, including edible and non-edible oils, waste cooking oil, microalgae, and animal fats, and highlights their advantages and disadvantages from a variety of perspectives. It also discusses several catalysts used in each of their methods of preparation, as well as their synthesis, reactivity, recycling techniques, and stability. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe contributions explore recently developed technologies for sustainable production of biodiesel and provides robust treatments of their sustainability, commercialization, and their prospects for future biodiesel production. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to the various catalysts used in the preparation of biodiesel and their characteristics\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive explorations of biofuel production from technical and economic perspectives, with complete treatments of their sustainability and commercialization\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussions of the development of new strategies for sustainable and economically viable biodiesel production\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth examinations of biodiesel feedstocks, catalysts, and technologies\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerfect for academic researchers and industrial scientists working in fields that involve biofuels, bioenergy, catalysis, and materials science, \u003ci\u003eBiodiesel Production: Feedstocks, Catalysts and Technologies \u003c\/i\u003ewill also earn a place in the libraries of bioenergy regulators. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Overview of Biodiesel Production xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 1 Biodiesel Feedstocks 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Advances in Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eUmer Rashid and Balkis Hazmi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 History of the Use of Vegetable Oil in Biodiesel 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Generations of Biodiesel 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 First-Generation Biodiesel 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Second-Generation Biodiesel 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Third-Generation Biodiesel 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Basics of the Transesterification Reaction 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Variables Affecting Transesterification Reaction 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Alkaline-Catalyzed Transesterification 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Enzymatic-Catalyzed Transesterification 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Fuel Properties and Quality Specifications for Biodiesel 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Conclusion 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Green Technologies in Valorization of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel 33\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBisheswar Karmakar and Gopinath Halder\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 The Necessity for Biodiesel 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Sourcing the Correct Precursor 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Importance of Valorization 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Purification and Characterization 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Transesterification: A Comprehensive Look 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conversion Techniques 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Traditional Conversion Approaches 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1.1 Acid Catalysis 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1.2 Alkali Catalysis 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1.3 Enzyme Catalysis 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1.4 Other Novel Heterogeneous Catalysts 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1.5 Two-Step Catalyzed Process 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Modern Conversion Approaches 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2.1 Supercritical Fluids 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2.2 Microwave Irradiation 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2.3 Ultrasonication 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Economics and Environmental Impact 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Non-edible Oils for Biodiesel Production: State of the Art and Future\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspectives 49\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eValeria D’Ambrosio, Enrico Scelsi, and Carlo Pastore\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Vegetable Non-edible Oils 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 General Cultivation Data 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Composition and Chemical–Physical Properties of Biodiesel Obtained from Non-edible Vegetable Oils 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Vegetable Oil 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.1 Extraction Methods 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.2 Biodiesel Production 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Criticisms Related to Non-edible Oils 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Future Perspectives of Non-edible Oils: Oils from Waste 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Conclusion 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Algal Oil as a Low-Cost Feedstock for Biodiesel Production 67\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Van Lal Chhandama, Kumudini Belur Satyan, and Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Microalgae for Biodiesel Production 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Lipid and Biosynthesis of Lipid in Microalgae 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Lipid Biosynthesis 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Lipid Extraction 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Optimization of Lipid Production in Microalgae 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Nitrogen Stress 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Phosphorous Stress 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 pH Stress 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Temperature Stress 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 Light 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Conclusion 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 2 Different Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production 83\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Homogeneous Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production 85\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBidangshri Basumatary, Biswajit Nath, and Sanjay Basumatary\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Transesterification in Biodiesel Synthesis 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Homogeneous Catalyst in Biodiesel Synthesis 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Homogeneous Acid Catalyst 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Homogeneous Base Catalyst 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Properties of Biodiesel Produced by Homogeneous Acid and Base-Catalyzed Reactions 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Relevance of Homogeneous Acid and Base Catalysts in Biodiesel Synthesis 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Conclusion 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Application of Metal Oxides Catalyst in Production of Biodiesel 103\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHui li\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Basic Metal Oxide 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Monobasic Metal Oxide 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1.1 Alkaline Earth Metal Oxide 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1.2 Transition Metal Oxide 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Multibasic Metal Oxide 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.1 Supported on Metal Oxide 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.2 Supported on Activated Carbon 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.3 Supported on Metal Organic Framework 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Active Site-Doped Basic Metal Oxide 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3.1 Alkali Metal Doped 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3.2 Active Metal Oxide Doped 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4 Mechanism of Transesterification Catalyzed by Basic Metal Oxide 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Acid Metal Oxide 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Monoacid Metal Oxide 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Multiacid Metal Oxide 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Supported on Metal Organic Framework 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Mechanism of Transesterification\/Esterification Catalyzed by Acid Metal Oxide 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Deactivation of Metal Oxide 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Supported Metal\/Metal Oxide Catalysts in Biodiesel Production 119\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePratibha Agrawal and Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Supported Catalyst 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Metals and Metal Oxide Supported on Alumina 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Metals and Metal Oxide Supported on Zeolite 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Metals and Metal Oxide Supported on ZnO 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Metals and Metal Oxide Supported on Silica 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Metals and Metal Oxide Supported on Biochar 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Solid Acid Catalysts 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Solid Alkali Catalysts 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Metals and Metal Oxide Supported on Metal Organic Frameworks 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Metal\/Metal Oxide Supported on Magnetic Nanoparticles 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Summary 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts in Biodiesel Production 143\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBrandon Lowe, Jabbar Gardy, Kejun Wu, and Ali Hassanpour\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Previous Research 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 State of the Art 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Solid Acid MMO Catalysts 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Solid Base MMO Catalysts 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Solid Bifunctional MMO Catalysts 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Discussion 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Conclusion 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Symbols and Nomenclature 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production 167\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAvinash P. Ingle, Rahul Bhagat, Mangesh P. Moharil, Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum, Shreshtha Saxena, and S. R. Kalbande\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Transesterification of Vegetable Oils 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Conventional Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production: Advantages and Limitations 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Homogeneous Catalysts 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Biocatalysts 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Role of Nanotechnology in Biodiesel Production 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Different Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Metal-Based Nanocatalysts 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Carbon-Based Nanocatalysts 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Zeolites\/Nanozeolites 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Magnetic Nanocatalysts 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5 Nanoclays 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.6 Other Nanocatalysts 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conclusion 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Sustainable Production of Biodiesel Using Ion-Exchange Resin Catalysts 193\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNaomi Shibasaki-Kitakawa and Kousuke Hiromori\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Features of Ion-Exchange Resin Catalysts 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Cation-Exchange Resin Catalyst 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Notes of Caution When Comparing the Activity of Resins with Different Properties 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Reversible Reduction of Resin Catalytic Activity by Water 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Search for Operating Conditions for Maximum Productivity Rather than Maximum Catalytic Activity 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Challenges Regarding One-Step Reaction with Simultaneous Esterification and Transesterification Catalyzed by Cation-Exchange Resin 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Anion-Exchange Resin Catalysts 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Requirements for High Catalytic Activity in the Transesterification of Triglycerides 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Analysis of Previous Studies 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Decreased Catalytic Activity and Regeneration Method 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Additional Functions Unique to Anion-Exchange Resins 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Summary 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Advances in Bifunctional Solid Catalysts for Biodiesel Production 209\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBishwajit Changmai, Michael Van Lal Chhandama, Chhangte Vanlalveni, Andrew E.H. Wheatley, and Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Application of Solid Bifunctional Catalyst in Biodiesel Production 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Acid–Base Bifunctional Catalysts 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1.1 Oxides of Acid–Base 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1.2 Acid–Base Hydrides 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Bifunctional Acid Catalyst 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.1 Bifunctional Brønsted–Lewis Acid Oxides 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.2 Heteropolyacid-Based Bifunctional Catalyst 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Biowaste-Derived Bifunctional Catalyst 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Summary and Concluding Remarks 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Application of Catalysts Derived from Renewable Resources in Production of Biodiesel 229\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKanokwan Ngaosuwan, Apiluck Eiad-ua, Atthapon Srifa, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Weerinda Appamana, Doonyapong Wongsawaeng, Armando T. Quitain, and Suttichai Assabumrungrat\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Potential Renewable Resources for Production of Biodiesel Catalysts 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Animal Resources 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.1 Eggshells (Chicken and Ostrich) 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.2 Seashells (Snail, Mussel, Oyster, and Capiz) 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.3 Bones 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Plant Resources 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.1 Carbon-Supported Catalysts 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.2 Silica-Supported Catalysts 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.3 Other Potential Elements from Plant Residues 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Natural Resources 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3.1 Dolomitic Rock (Calcined Dolomite and Modified Dolomite) 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3.2 Lime 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3.3 Natural Clays 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3.4 Zeolites 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Industrial Waste Resources 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4.1 Food Industry Wastes 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4.2 Mining Industry Wastes 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Challenges of These Types of Catalyst for Biodiesel Production 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Biodiesel Production Using Ionic Liquid-Based Catalysts 249\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eB. Sangeetha and G. Baskar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Mechanism of IL-Catalyzed Biodiesel Production 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Acidic and Basic Ionic Liquids (AILs\/BILs) as Catalyst in Biodiesel Production 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Supported Ionic Liquids in Biodiesel Production 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 IL Lipase Cocatalysts 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Optimization and Novel Biodiesel Production Technologies Using ILs 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Recyclability of the Ionic Liquids on Biodiesel Production 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.1 Recovery of ILs 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.2 Reuse of Ionic Liquids 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Kinetics of IL-Catalyzed Biodiesel Production 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Techno-Economic Analysis and Environmental Impact Analysisof Biodiesel Production Using Ionic Liquid as Catalyst 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Conclusion 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as Versatile Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis 269\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVasudeva Rao Bakuru, Marilyn Esclance DMello, and Suresh Babu Kalidindi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Metal-Containing Secondary Building Units 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2 Organic Linker 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.3 Pore Volume 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Biodiesel Synthesis Over MOF Catalysts 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Transesterification Reaction 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1.1 Transesterification at SBUs of MOFs 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1.2 Transesterification at Linker Active Sites 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Esterification of Carboxylic Acids 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2.1 Esterification of Carboxylic Acids at SBUs of MOFs 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2.2 Esterification of Carboxylic Acids at Linker Active Sites 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2.3 Esterification at Pore Volume (Guest Incorporation) 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Conclusion 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 3 Technologies, By-product Valorization and Prospects of Biodiesel Production 285\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Upstream Strategies (Waste Oil Feedstocks, Nonedible Oils, and Unicellular Oil Feedstocks like Microalgae) 287\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAleksandra Sander and Ana Petračić\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Classification of Biodiesel 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Commercial Production of Biodiesel 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Biodiesel Feedstocks 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Edible Oils as Feedstock for Biodiesel Production 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Nonedible Oils as Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Waste Feedstocks (Waste Cooking Oils, Waste Animal Fats, Waste Coffee Ground Oil, Olive Pomace) 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.4 Unicellular Oil Feedstocks (Microalgae, Yeasts, Cyanobacteria) 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Composition of Oils and Fats 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Methods for Oil Extraction 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Mechanical Extraction 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Solvent Extraction 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Enzymatic Extraction 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Purification of Oils and Fats 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Deacidification 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Winterization 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.3 Demetallization 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.4 Degumming 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Production of Biodiesel 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Catalysts for Biodiesel Production 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Homogeneous Catalysts 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3 Heterogeneous Catalysts 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Future Prospects 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Mainstream Strategies for Biodiesel Production 311\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNarita Chanthon, Nattawat Petchsoongsakul, Kanokwan Ngaosuwan, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Doonyapong Wongsawaeng, Weerinda Appamana, and Suttichai Assabumrungrat\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Mainstream Strategies and Technology for Biodiesel Production 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Current Mainstream Operation 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1.1 Batch Mode 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1.2 Continuous Mode 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Process Mainstream for Biodiesel Production Based on the Reactor Types 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.1 Rotating Reactor 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.2 Tubular Flow Reactor 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.3 Cavitational Reactor 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.4 Microwave Reactor 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.5 Multifunctional Reactor (Reactive Distillation, Membrane, Centrifugal Reactors) 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.6 Other Process Intensification 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Future Prospects and Challenges 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Downstream Strategies for Separation, Washing, Purification, and Alcohol Recovery in Biodiesel Production 331\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRamón Piloto-Rodríguez and Yosvany Díaz-Domínguez\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1 Factors Affecting Biodiesel Yield 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.2 Transesterification Reaction Conditions 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.3 Separation After FAME Conversion 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.4 Washing 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Glycerol Separation and Refining 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Membrane Reactors 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Methanol Recovery 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Additization 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Conclusion 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Heterogeneous Catalytic Routes for Bio-glycerol-Based Acrylic Acid Synthesis 345\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNittan Singh, Pavan Narayan Kalbande, and Putla Sudarsanam\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Acrylic Acid Synthesis from Propylene 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Acrylic Acid Synthesis from Glycerol 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Glycerol Dehydration to Acrolein 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Acrylic Acid Synthesis from Glycerol 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Conclusion 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Sustainability, Commercialization, and Future Prospects of Biodiesel Production 355\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePothiappan Vairaprakash, and Arumugam Arumugam\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Biodiesel as a Promising Renewable Energy Carrier 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Overview of the Biodiesel Production Process 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Evolution in the Feedstocks Used for the Sustainable Production of Biodiesel 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 First-Generation Biodiesel and the Challenges in Its Sustainability 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Development of Second-Generation Biodiesel to Address the Sustainability 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Algae-Based Biodiesel 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Waste Oils, Grease, and Animal Fats in Biodiesel Production 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9 Technical Impact by the Biodiesel Usage 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10 Socioeconomic Impacts 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.11 Toxicological Impact 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.12 Sustainability Challenges in the Biodiesel Production and Use 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.13 Concluding Remarks 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Advanced Practices in Biodiesel Production 377\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTrinath Biswal, Krushna Prasad Shadangi, and Rupam Kataki\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Mechanism of Transesterification 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Advanced Biodiesel Production Technologies 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Production of Biodiesel Using Membrane Reactor 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1.1 Principle 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Transesterification Technology 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2.1 Principle 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.3 Ultrasonic-Assisted Transesterification Techniques 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.4 Production of Biodiesel Using Cosolvent Method 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.4.1 Principle 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.5 In Situ Biodiesel Production Technology 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.5.1 Principle 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.6 Production of Biodiesel Through Reactive Distillation Process 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.6.1 Principle 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Conclusion 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Future Perspectives 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 397\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSamuel Lalthazuala Rokhum, PhD,\u003c\/b\u003e is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the laboratory of Prof. Andrew EH Wheatley in the Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, UK and Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology in Silchar, India. His research interest includes organic chemistry, material chemistry, renewable energy, and heterogeneous catalysis. He is actively engaged in numerous scientific societies and currently served as an Academic Editor of Journal of Chemistry (Hindawi) and a guest editor in several journals. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGopinath Halder, Ph.D.,\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, India. As a chemical engineer, Prof. Halder has more than two decades of teaching and research experience in biofuel synthesis from non-edible and microalgal feedstock, preparation of heterogeneous carbonaceous catalyst, process optimization and bioremediation of contaminated waste water containing heavy metals, fluoride ions and pharmaceutical active compounds. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuttichai Assabumrungrat\u003c\/b\u003e is Full Professor in Chemical Engineering, and the Director of Bio-Circular-Green economy Technology and Engineering Center (BCGeTEC), Faculty of Engineering at Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. His research interest includes applications of multifunctional reactors and process intensification for chemical, petrochemical and biorefinery industries. Particular focuses are on technologies related to production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals and hydrogen as well as CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e capture and utilization.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKanokwan Ngaosuwan\u003c\/b\u003e is Associate Professor in Chemical Engineering at the Division of Chemical Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep, Bangkok, Thailand. She earned her Ph.D. degree in chemical engineering from Chulalongkorn University, Thailand. Her research interests include biomass conversion, heterogenous catalysis and catalytic reaction engineering, and process intensification.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAn incisive discussion of biofuel production from an economically informed technical perspective that addresses sustainability and commercialization together\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn\u003ci\u003eBiodiesel Production: Feedstocks, Catalysts, and Technologies,\u003c\/i\u003e renowned chemists Drs. Rokhum, Halder, Ngaosuwan, and Assabumrungrat present an up-to-date account of the most recent developments, challenges, and trends in biodiesel production. The book addresses select feedstocks, including edible and non-edible oils, waste cooking oil, microalgae, and animal fats, and highlights their advantages and disadvantages from a variety of perspectives. It also discusses several catalysts used in each of their methods of preparation, as well as their synthesis, reactivity, recycling techniques, and stability. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe contributions explore recently developed technologies for sustainable production of biodiesel and provides robust treatments of their sustainability, commercialization, and their prospects for future biodiesel production. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to the various catalysts used in the preparation of biodiesel and their characteristics\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive explorations of biofuel production from technical and economic perspectives, with complete treatments of their sustainability and commercialization\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussions of the development of new strategies for sustainable and economically viable biodiesel production\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth examinations of biodiesel feedstocks, catalysts, and technologies\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for academic researchers and industrial scientists working in fields that involve biofuels, bioenergy, catalysis, and materials science, \u003ci\u003eBiodiesel Production: Feedstocks, Catalysts, and Technologies\u003c\/i\u003e will also earn a place in the libraries of bioenergy regulators.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988815167717,"sku":"NP9781119771333","price":175.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119771333.jpg?v=1761781698","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/biodiesel-production-isbn-9781119771333","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}