{"product_id":"a-problem-solving-approach-to-aquatic-chemistry-isbn-9781119884347","title":"A Problem-Solving Approach to Aquatic Chemistry","description":"\u003cb\u003eA Problem-Solving Approach to Aquatic Chemistry\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnables civil and environmental engineers to understand the theory and application of aquatic equilibrium chemistry \u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe second edition of \u003ci\u003eA Problem-Solving Approach to Aquatic Chemistry\u003c\/i\u003e provides a detailed introduction to aquatic equilibrium chemistry, calculation methods for systems at equilibrium, applications of aquatic chemistry, and chemical kinetics. The text directly addresses two required ABET program outcomes in environmental engineering: “… chemistry (including stoichiometry, equilibrium, and kinetics)” and “material and energy balances, fate and transport of substances in and between air, water, and soil phases.”  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book is very student-centered, with each chapter beginning with an introduction and ending with a summary that reviews the chapter’s main points. To aid in reader comprehension, important terms are defined in context and key ideas are summarized. Many thought-provoking discussion questions, worked examples, and end of chapter problems are also included. Each part of the text begins with a case study, a portion of which is addressed in each subsequent chapter, illustrating the principles of that chapter. In addition, each chapter has an \u003ci\u003eHistorical Note\u003c\/i\u003e exploring connections with the people and cultures connected to topics in the text. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eA Problem-Solving Approach to Aquatic Chemistry\u003c\/i\u003e includes: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Fundamental concepts, such as concentration units, thermodynamic basis of equilibrium, and manipulating equilibria\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Solutions of chemical equilibrium problems, including setting up the problems and algebraic, graphical, and computer solution techniques\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Acid–base equilibria, including the concepts of acids and bases, titrations, and alkalinity and acidity\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Complexation, including metals, ligands, equilibrium calculations with complexes, and applications of complexation chemistry\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Oxidation-reduction equilibria, including equilibrium calculations, graphical approaches, and applications\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Gas–liquid and solid–liquid equilibrium, with expanded coverage of the effects of global climate change\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Other topics, including chemical kinetics of aquatic systems, surface chemistry, and integrative case studies\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor advanced\/senior undergraduates and first-year graduate students in environmental engineering courses, \u003ci\u003eA Problem-Solving Approach to Aquatic Chemistry\u003c\/i\u003e serves as an invaluable learning resource on the topic, with a variety of helpful learning elements included throughout to ensure information retention and the ability to apply covered concepts in practical settings. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Fundamental Concepts\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Getting Started with the Fundamental Concepts 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Why Calculate Chemical Species Concentrations at Equilibrium? 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Primary Variables: Importance of pH and pe 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Properties of Water 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Part I Roadmap 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Chapter Summary 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury be Formed Chemically in Water? 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: S.P.L. Sørensen and the p in pH 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Concentration Units 13\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Units Analysis 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Molar Concentration Units 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Mass Concentration Units 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Dimensionless Concentration Units 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Equivalents 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Review of Units Interconversion 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Common Concentration Units in the Gas Phase 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Common Concentration Units in the Solid Phase 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Activity 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Chapter Summary 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury Be Formed Chemically in Water? 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Amadea Avogadro and Avogadro’s Number 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Thermodynamic Basis of Equilibrium 35\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Thermodynamic Properties 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Why Do We Need Thermodynamics to Calculate Species Concentrations? 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Thermodynamic Laws 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Gibbs Free Energy 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Properties of Thermodynamic Functions 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Changes in Thermodynamic Properties During Chemical Reactions 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Relating Gibbs Free Energy to Species Concentrations 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Chemical Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Chapter Summary 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury Be Formed Chemically in Water? 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Josiah Willard Gibbs 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Manipulating Equilibrium Expressions 69\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Chemical and Mathematical Forms of Equilibria 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Units of Equilibrium Constants 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Reversing Equilibria 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Effects of Stoichiometry 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Adding Equilibria 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Creating Equilibria 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Chapter Summary 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury Be Formed Chemically in Water? 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Henri- Louis Le Châtelier and Le Châtelier’s Principle 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Solving Chemical Equilibrium Problems\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Getting Started withSolving Equilibrium Problems 95\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 A Framework for Solving Chemical Equilibrium Problems 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Introduction to Defining the Chemical System 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Introduction to Enumerating Chemical Species 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Introduction to Defining the Constraints on Species Concentrations 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Part II Roadmap 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Chapter Summary 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today? 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: “Active Mass” and Familial Relations 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Setting Up Chemical Equilibrium Calculations 105\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Defining the Chemical System 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Enumerating Chemical Species 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Defining the Constraints on Species Concentrations 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Review of Procedures for Setting up Equilibrium Systems 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Concise Mathematical Form for Equilibrium Systems 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Chapter Summary 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today? 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Salts of the Ocean 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Algebraic Solutions to Chemical Equilibrium Problems 131\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Background on Algebraic Solutions 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Method of Substitution 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Method of Approximation 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Chapter Summary 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today? 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter Key Ideas 152\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: What’s in a Name? 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Graphical Solutions to Chemical Equilibrium Problems 155\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Log Concentration and pC- pH Diagrams 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Using pC- pH Diagrams with More Complex Systems 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Special Shortcuts for Monoprotic Acids 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 When Graphical Methods Fail: The Proton Condition 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Chapter Summary 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today? 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Who Was First? 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Reference 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Computer Solutions to Chemical Equilibrium Problems 183\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Chapter Problem 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Spreadsheet Solutions 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Equilibrium Calculation Software 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Nanoql SE 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 The Tableau Method and Other Equilibrium Calculation Apps 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Visual MINTEQ 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Chapter Summary 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today? 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: ALGOL to VBA 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Acid–Base Equilibria in Homogenous Aqueous Systems\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Getting Started with Acid–Base Equilibrium in Homogenous Aqueous Systems 209\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Homogeneous Systems 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Types of Reactions in Homogeneous Systems 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 The Wonderful World of Acids and Bases 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Part III Roadmap 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Chapter Summary 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Part III Case Study: Acid Rain 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: “An Evil of the Highest Magnitude” 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Acids and Bases 219\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Definitions of Acids and Bases 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Acid and Base Strength 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Polyprotic Acids 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Alpha Values (Distribution Functions) 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Chapter Summary 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Part II Case Study: Acid Rain 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Why Is a Base a Base? 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddendum: A Surprising Exact Solution 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Acid–Base Titrations 249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Principles of Acid–Base Titrations 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Equivalence Points 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Titration of Polyprotic Acids 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Buffers 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Interpretation of Acid–Base Titration Curves with Complex Mixtures 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Chapter Summary 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Part III Case Study: Acid Rain 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Mohr about Titrations 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Alkalinity and Acidity 287\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Alkalinity and the Acid Neutralizing Capacity 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Alkalinity and the Charge Balance 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Characteristics of Alkalinity and Acidity 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Using the Definitions of Alkalinity to Solve Problems 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Effects of Other Weak Acids and Bases on Alkalinity 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Chapter Summary 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Part III Case Study: Acid Rain 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Can You Pass the Litmus Test? 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Other Equilibria in Homogenous Aqueous Systems\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Getting Started with Other Equilibria in Homogeneous Aqueous Systems 319\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Electron- Sharing Reactions 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Electron Transfer 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Part IV Roadmap 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Chapter Summary 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Part IV Case Study: Which Form of Copper Plating Should You Use? 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Hauptvalenz and Nebenvalenz 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Complexation 327\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Metals 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Ligands 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Equilibrium Calculations with Complexes 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Systems with Several Metals and Ligands 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Applications of Complexation Chemistry 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Chapter Summary 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Part IV Case Study: Which Form of Copper Plating Should You Use? 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: British Anti- Lewisite – A WMD- Inspired Ligand 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Oxidation and Reduction 371\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 A Few Definitions 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Balancing Redox Reactions 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Which Redox Reactions Occur? 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Redox Thermodynamics and Oxidant and Reductant Strength 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Manipulating Half Reactions 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Algebraic Equilibrium Calculations in Systems Undergoing Electron Transfer 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Graphical Representations of Systems Undergoing Electron Transfer 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Applying Redox Equilibrium Calculations to the Real World 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Chapter Summary 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 Part IV Case Study: Which Form of Copper Plating Should You Use? 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Walther Hermann Nernst 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart V Heterogeneous Systems\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Getting Started with Heterogeneous Systems 425\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Equilibrium Exchange Between Gas and Aqueous Phases 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Equilibrium Exchange Between Solid and Aqueous Phases 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Part V Roadmap 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Chapter Summary 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Part V Case Study: The Killer Lakes 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: “A Spirit Case and a Gasogene” 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Gas–Liquid Equilibria 431\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Raoult’s Law and Henry’s Law 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Equilibrium Calculations Involving Gas–Liquid Equilibria 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Dissolved Carbon Dioxide 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Chapter Summary 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Part V Case Study: The Killer Lakes 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: A Brief History of Carbon Dioxide 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Solid–Liquid Equilibria 463\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Saturation and the Activity of Pure Solids 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Equilibrium Calculations with Solid–Liquid Equilibria 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Factors Affecting Metal Solubility 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Solubility of Calcium Carbonate 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Models for the Acid–Base Chemistry of Natural Waters 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Chapter Summary 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Part V Case Study: The Killer Lakes 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Black Smokers and White Smokers 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddendum: Information Requirements 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart VI Beyond Dilute Solutions at Equilibrium\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Getting Started with Beyond Dilute Solutions at Equilibrium 501\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Extensions to Nonideal and Nonstandard Conditions 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 The Strange World of Surfaces 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Nonequilibrium Conditions 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Integrated Case Studies 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Part VI Roadmap 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 Chapter Summary 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: “Harcourt, Come to Me!” 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Thermodynamics Revisited: The Effects of Ionic Strength, Temperature, and Pressure 509\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Effects of Ionic Strength 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Effects of Temperature on Equilibrium Constants 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Effects of Pressure on Equilibrium Constants 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Chapter Summary 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Aquatic Chemistry ofSurfaces 535\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Nomenclature 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Isotherms and Ion Exchange 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Introduction to Surface Complexation Modeling 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Surface Complexation Modeling 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Chapter Summary 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: From “Cat’s Cradle” to the “Swiss Model” to Surface Complexation Modeling 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddendum: The Freundlich Isotherm and Adsorption Equilibria 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Chemical Kinetics of Aquatic Systems 559\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 The Need for Chemical Kinetics 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Reaction Rates 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Common Rate Expressions 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 More Complex Kinetic Forms 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Effects of Temperature and Ionic Strength on Kinetics 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 Chapter Summary 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Arrhenius, Chick, and Foote 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Putting It All Together: Integrated Case Studies in Aquatic Chemistry 593\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Integrated Case Study 1: Metal Finishing 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Integrated Case Study 2: Oxidation of Fe(+II) by Oxygen 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Integrated Case Study 3: Inorganic Mercury Chemistry in Natural Waters 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Integrated Case Study 4: Phosphate Buffers 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Integrated Case Study 5: Global Climate Change 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7 Chapter Summary 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Stumm and Morgan 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix A: Background Information 617\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.1 Introduction 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2 Chemical Principles 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.3 Mathematical Principles 619\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.4 Spreadsheet Skills 620\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUseful Physical Constants and Conversions 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix B: Equilibrium Revisited 625\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.1 Introduction 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.2 Equilibrium and Steady State 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.3 Energy Minimization and Algebraic Solutions 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix C: Summary of Procedures 633\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.1 Oxidation States and Balancing Reactions 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.2 Setting Up Chemical Equilibrium Systems (Section 6.5) 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.3 Algebraic Solution Techniques 635\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.4 Graphical Solutions 635\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.5 Computer Solutions: Tableau Method (Section 9.6.6) 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.6 Acid–Base Titrations 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.7 Complexation (Section 15.4.4) 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.8 Ionic Strength Effects (Section 21.2.7) 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.9 Surface Complexation Modeling Method (Section 22.5.4) 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.10 Chemical Kinetics (Section 23.3.4) 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix D: Selected Equilibrium Constants 641\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 651\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix E: Animations and Example Spreadsheet Files 653\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.1 Introduction to Animations 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.2 Variation of the Equilibrium pH of a Monoprotic Acid Solution with the Total Acid Concentration and K a 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.3 How to Draw pC- pH Diagrams for Monoprotic Acids 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.4 Equilibrium pH During the Titration of a Monoprotic Acid with a Strong Base 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.5 Spreadsheet Examples 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix F: Nanoql SE 661\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.1 Introduction 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.2 Entering Your System 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.3 How to Solve Systems and Vary System Parameters 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.4 Nanoql SE Examples 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Reference 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiographical Index 677\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJames N. Jensen\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor in the Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering at the State University of New York at Buffalo.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnables civil and environmental engineers to understand the theory and application of aquatic equilibrium chemistry \u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe second edition of \u003ci\u003eA Problem-Solving Approach to Aquatic Chemistry\u003c\/i\u003e provides a detailed introduction to aquatic equilibrium chemistry, calculation methods for systems at equilibrium, applications of aquatic chemistry, and chemical kinetics. The text directly addresses two required ABET program outcomes in environmental engineering: “… chemistry (including stoichiometry, equilibrium, and kinetics)” and “material and energy balances, fate and transport of substances in and between air, water, and soil phases.”  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book is very student-centered, with each chapter beginning with an introduction and ending with a summary that reviews the chapter’s main points. To aid in reader comprehension, important terms are defined in context and key ideas are summarized. Many thought-provoking discussion questions, worked examples, and end of chapter problems are also included. Each part of the text begins with a case study, a portion of which is addressed in each subsequent chapter, illustrating the principles of that chapter. In addition, each chapter has an \u003ci\u003eHistorical Note\u003c\/i\u003e exploring connections with the people and cultures connected to topics in the text. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eA Problem-Solving Approach to Aquatic Chemistry\u003c\/i\u003e includes: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Fundamental concepts, such as concentration units, thermodynamic basis of equilibrium, and manipulating equilibria\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Solutions of chemical equilibrium problems, including setting up the problems and algebraic, graphical, and computer solution techniques\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Acid–base equilibria, including the concepts of acids and bases, titrations, and alkalinity and acidity\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Complexation, including metals, ligands, equilibrium calculations with complexes, and applications of complexation chemistry\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Oxidation-reduction equilibria, including equilibrium calculations, graphical approaches, and applications\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Gas–liquid and solid–liquid equilibrium, with expanded coverage of the effects of global climate change\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Other topics, including chemical kinetics of aquatic systems, surface chemistry, and integrative case studies\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor advanced\/senior undergraduates and first-year graduate students in environmental engineering courses, \u003ci\u003eA Problem-Solving Approach to Aquatic Chemistry\u003c\/i\u003e serves as an invaluable learning resource on the topic, with a variety of helpful learning elements included throughout to ensure information retention and the ability to apply covered concepts in practical settings.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988643430629,"sku":"NP9781119884347","price":99.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119884347.jpg?v=1761781091","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/a-problem-solving-approach-to-aquatic-chemistry-isbn-9781119884347","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}